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JP-10 (fuel)

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Jet fuel

JP-10 fuel (Jet Propellant 10) is a jet fuel, specified and used mainly as fuel in missiles. Being designed for military purposes, it is not a kerosene based fuel.

Developed to be a gas turbine fuel for cruise missiles, it contains mainly exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (a synthetic fuel), and adamantane. However, it is usually classed as a single component fuel, as well as a hydrocarbon. It is produced by catalytic hydrogenation of dicyclopentadiene and then isomerization.

It superseded JP-9, which is a mixture of norbornadiene-based RJ-5 fuel, tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene and methylcyclohexane, because of a lower temperature service limit and about four times lower price. Since the lack of volatile methylcyclohexane makes its ignition difficult, a separate priming fluid PF-1 with about 10-12% of this additive is required for the engine start-up. Its main use is in the Tomahawk missiles.

The Russian equivalent is called detsilin.

Chemical properties of JP-10 fuel

  • Chemical formula: C10H16
  • H/C (Hydrogen/Carbon) ratio (mole): 1.6
  • Average molecular weight (g/mol): 136.2
  • LHV (lower heating value) (MJ/kg): 43.0

Uses

JP-10 absorbs heat energy, so is endothermic with a relatively high density of 940 kg/m. It has a low freezing point of less than −110 °C (−166 °F) and the flash point is 130 °F (54 °C). The high energy density of 39.6 MJ/L makes it ideal for military aerospace applications - its primary use. The ignition and burn chemistry has been extensively studied. The exo isomer also has a low freezing point. Its other properties have also been studied extensively.

Even though its uses are mainly for the military, the relatively high cost has meant research has been undertaken to find lower costs routes including the use of cellulosic materials.

Further research

Current and past areas of research focus on:

  • The pyrolysis and kinetics of the fuel.
  • Catalytic addition of nanoparticles such as those based on cerium(IV) oxide.
  • Catalysis for the endo to exo isomerisation.
  • Use of additives in JP-10 for various enhancements.

References

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  12. Wu, Junjun; Gao, Lu Gem; Ning, Hongbo; Ren, Wei; Truhlar, Donald G. (2020-06-01). "Direct dynamics of a large complex hydrocarbon reaction system: The reaction of OH with exo-tricyclodecane (the main component of Jet Propellant-10)". Combustion and Flame. 216: 82–91. Bibcode:2020CoFl..216...82W. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.02.019. ISSN 0010-2180. S2CID 216384271.
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  17. Goh, K. H. H.; Geipel, P.; Hampp, F.; Lindstedt, R. P. (2013-01-01). "Regime transition from premixed to flameless oxidation in turbulent JP-10 flames". Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 34 (2): 3311–3318. Bibcode:2013PComI..34.3311G. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.173. ISSN 1540-7489.
  18. Li, Guangyi; Hou, Baolin; Wang, Aiqin; Xin, Xuliang; Cong, Yu; Wang, Xiaodong; Li, Ning; Zhang, Tao (2019-08-26). "Making JP-10 Superfuel Affordable with a Lignocellulosic Platform Compound". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 58 (35): 12154–12158. doi:10.1002/anie.201906744. ISSN 1433-7851.
  19. Chenoweth, Kimberly; van Duin, Adri C. T.; Dasgupta, Siddharth; Goddard III, William A. (2009-03-05). "Initiation Mechanisms and Kinetics of Pyrolysis and Combustion of JP-10 Hydrocarbon Jet Fuel". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 113 (9): 1740–1746. Bibcode:2009JPCA..113.1740C. doi:10.1021/jp8081479. ISSN 1089-5639.
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  22. Huang, Ming-Yu; Wu, Jung-Chung; Shieu, Fuh-Sheng; Lin, Jiang-Jen (2011-03-01). "Preparation of high energy fuel JP-10 by acidity-adjustable chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalyst". Fuel. 90 (3): 1012–1017. Bibcode:2011Fuel...90.1012H. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2010.11.041. ISSN 0016-2361.
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