James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury

(Redirected from James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury) British politician

The Most HonourableThe Marquess of SalisburyKG GCVO CB PC

Leader of the House of Lords

In office
27 April 1925 – 4 June 1929

Monarch

George V

Prime Minister

Stanley Baldwin

Preceded by

The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston

Succeeded by

The Lord Parmoor

Other ministerial offices


Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
In office 6 November 1924 – 4 June 1929
Monarch	George V
Prime Minister	Stanley Baldwin
Preceded by	John Robert Clynes
Succeeded by	James Henry Thomas
In office 17 October 1903 – 4 December 1905
Monarch	Edward VII
Prime Minister	The Marquess of Salisbury (his father) Arthur Balfour
Preceded by	Arthur Balfour
Succeeded by	The Marquess of Ripon
Lord President of the Council
In office 24 October 1922 – 22 January 1924
Monarch	George V
Prime Minister	Bonar Law Stanley Baldwin
Preceded by	Arthur Balfour
Succeeded by	The Lord Parmoor
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
In office 24 October 1922 – 25 May 1923
Monarch	George V
Prime Minister	Bonar Law Stanley Baldwin
Preceded by	Sir William Sutherland
Succeeded by	J. C. C. Davidson
President of the Board of Trade
In office 12 March 1905 – 4 December 1905
Monarch	Edward VII
Prime Minister	Arthur Balfour
Preceded by	Gerald Balfour
Succeeded by	David Lloyd George
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
In office 12 November 1900 – 9 October 1903
Monarchs	Victoria Edward VII
Prime Minister	The Marquess of Salisbury Arthur Balfour
Preceded by	The Earl Midleton
Succeeded by	The Earl Percy

Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal

In office
22 August 1903 – 4 April 1947
Hereditary peerage

Preceded by

The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury

Succeeded by

The 5th Marquess of Salisbury

Member of Parliament
for Rochester

In office
8 February 1893 – 22 August 1903

Preceded by

Horatio Davies

Succeeded by

Charles Tuff

Member of Parliament
for Darwen

In office
18 December 1885 – 26 July 1892

Preceded by

Constituency created

Succeeded by

Sir Charles Huntington

Personal details

Born

(1861-10-23)23 October 1861
London, United Kingdom

Died

4 April 1947(1947-04-04) (aged 85)
London, United Kingdom

Political party

Conservative

Spouse(s)

Lady Cicely Gore
(1867–1955)

Children

Parents

Alma mater

University College, Oxford

James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury, KG, GCVO, CB, PC (23 October 1861 – 4 April 1947), known as Viscount Cranborne from 1868 to 1903, was a British statesman.

Background and education

Born in London, Salisbury was the eldest son of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, who served as British Prime Minister, by his wife Georgina (née Alderson). The Right Reverend Lord William Cecil, Lord Cecil of Chelwood and Lord Quickswood were his younger brothers, and Prime Minister Arthur Balfour his first cousin. He was educated at Eton and University College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1885.

Political career

He started public life early, being of a very young age when he accompanied his father to the 1876–1877 Constantinople Conference and a year later to the Congress of Berlin.

Lord Cranborne sat as Conservative Member of Parliament for Darwen, then called North-East Lancashire, from 1885 to 1892. He lost his seat at the general election of the latter year. He was elected for Rochester at a by-election in 1893, continuing as MP there until 1903, when he succeeded his father and was elevated to the House of Lords.

On 29 October 1892, Lord Cranborne was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 4th (Militia) Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment, (formerly the Hertfordshire Militia) of which his father was Honorary Colonel. Cranborne was in command when the battalion saw active service in South Africa from March to November 1900, during the Second Boer War. The battalion, numbering 24 officers and 483 men, left Queenstown on 27 February in the transport Goorkha, with Lord Cranborne as the senior officer in command, arriving in Cape Town the following month. He received the Queen's South Africa Medal and was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) for his service during the war. In July 1902 he received the Honorary Freedom of the borough of Hertford in recognition of his service during the war. He was still in command of the battalion on the outbreak of World War I. He was also Colonel of the wartime Hertfordshire Volunteer Regiment and Hon Col of the 4th Battalion, Essex Regiment, of the Territorial Force. Lord Salisbury was ADC to Edward VII, and George V until 1929.

He served under his father and then his cousin Arthur Balfour as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1900 to 1903, under Balfour as Lord Privy Seal from 1903 to 1905, and as Lord President of the Board of Trade in 1905. In 1903 he was sworn of the Privy Council. In December 1908, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Hertfordshire. From 1906, following his uncle, he served as Chairman of the Canterbury House of Laymen.

Salisbury played a leading role in opposing David Lloyd George's People's Budget and the Parliament Bill of 1911. He commanded the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division in the UK from September 1915 to December 1916. He continued as a committed and eager member of the Territorial Army: he was Honorary Colonel of 86th (East Anglian) (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, and of 48th (South Midland) Divisional Engineers.

In 1917 he was made a Knight Companion of the Garter. He returned to the government in the 1920s and served under Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1922 to 1923, as Lord President of the Council from 1922 to 1924, as Lord Privy Seal from 1924 to 1929 and as Leader of the House of Lords from 1925 to 1929 in successive Conservative governments of Bonar Law and Baldwin. He resigned as leader of the Conservative peers in June 1931 and became one of the most prominent opponents of Indian Home Rule in the Lords, supporting the campaign waged in the House of Commons by Winston Churchill against the Home Rule legislation.

Salisbury was part of two parliamentary deputations which called on the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Neville Chamberlain, in the autumn of 1936 to remonstrate with them about the slow pace of British rearmament in the face of the growing threat from Nazi Germany. The delegation was led by Sir Austen Chamberlain, a former Foreign Secretary and its most prominent speakers included Winston Churchill, Leo Amery and Roger Keyes. The Marquess of Salisbury was Lord High Steward at the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1937.

Marriage and children

Lord Salisbury married Lady Cicely Alice Gore (born 15 July 1867, died 5 February 1955), second daughter of Arthur Gore, 5th Earl of Arran, on 17 May 1887 at St. Margaret's Church, Westminster. Between 1907 and 1910 she served as a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Alexandra; additionally she was appointed an Officer of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, and as a Justice of the Peace for Hertfordshire.

The couple had four children:

Lady Beatrice Edith Mildred Gascoyne-Cecil (born 10 August 1891, died 1980), married William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech.
Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury (born 27 August 1893, died 23 February 1972).
Lady Mary Alice Gascoyne-Cecil (born 29 July 1895, died 24 December 1988), married Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire.
Lord Edward Christian David Gascoyne-Cecil, CH (known as Lord David Cecil) (born 9 April 1902, died 1 January 1986).

Lord Salisbury died in April 1947, at 85, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Robert. The Marchioness of Salisbury died in February 1955.

He was the grandfather of actor Jonathan Cecil by his youngest son, David.

Ancestry

Ancestors of James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury

8. James Cecil, 1st Marquess of Salisbury

4. James Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury

9. Lady Emily Hill

2. Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury

10. Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire

5. Frances Mary Gascoyne

11. Lady Margaretta FitzGerald

1. James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury

12. Robert Alderson (1752–1833)

6. Sir Edward Hall Alderson, Baron Alderson

13. Elizabeth Hurry

3. Georgina Alderson

14. Rev Edward Drewe

7. Georgina Catherine Drewe

15. Antoinette Caroline Allen

References

^ "Marriage of Viscount Cranborne". Exeter and Plymouth Gazette. British Newspaper Archive. 18 May 1887. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
^ Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th Edn, 1999: 'Salisbury'.
^ "MARQUESS OF SALISBURY DEATH OF GREAT FIGURE". Western Morning News. British Newspaper Archive. 5 April 1947. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
^ Army List.
"The War - The Militia". The Times. No. 36077. London. 28 February 1900. p. 6.
"Court Circular". The Times. No. 36812. London. 5 July 1902. p. 8.
Hay, Col. George Jackson (1905). An Epitomized History of the Militia (The Constitutional Force). London: United Service Gazette. pp. 286–289. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
"THE PEER PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF TRADE". Western Times. British Newspaper Archive. 15 March 1905. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
"THE NEW MINISTRY AND THE OLD". Stamford Mercury. British Newspaper Archive. 29 December 1905. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
"No. 28211". The London Gazette. 1 January 1909. p. 33.
Becke, Archibald Frank (1935). Order of Battle of Divisions. H. M. Stationery Office. p. 33.
"LORD SALISBURY RETIRES FROM LEADERSHIP". Western Daily Press. British Newspaper Archive. 17 June 1931. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
McLynn, Frank (2012). The Road Not Taken How Britain Narrowly Missed a Revolution, 1381–1926. Random House. p. 576. ISBN 978-1446449356.
"No. 34453". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 November 1937. p. 7051.
Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003.

External links

Profile, leighrayment.com; accessed 3 April 2016.
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Marquess of Salisbury
Portraits of James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury at the National Portrait Gallery, London
"Archival material relating to James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury". UK National Archives.

Parliament of the United Kingdom
New constituency	Member of Parliament for Darwen 1885–1892	Succeeded byCharles Philip Huntington
Preceded byHoratio Davies	Member of Parliament for Rochester 1893–1903	Succeeded byCharles Tuff
Political offices
Preceded byHon. St John Brodrick	Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1900–1903	Succeeded byEarl Percy
Preceded byArthur Balfour	Lord Privy Seal 1903–1905	Succeeded byThe Marquess of Ripon
Preceded byGerald Balfour	President of the Board of Trade 1905	Succeeded byDavid Lloyd George
Preceded bySir William Sutherland	Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1922–1923	Succeeded byJohn Davidson
Preceded byArthur Balfour	Lord President of the Council 1922–1924	Succeeded byThe Lord Parmoor
Preceded byJohn Robert Clynes	Lord Privy Seal 1924–1929	Succeeded byJames Henry Thomas
Preceded byThe Marquess Curzon of Kedleston	Leader of the House of Lords 1925–1929	Succeeded byThe Lord Parmoor
Military offices
New title	GOC 61st (2nd South Midland) Division 1915−1916	Succeeded byRichard Bannatine-Allason
Court offices
VacantTitle last held byThe Viscount Hailsham	Lord High Steward 1937	VacantTitle next held byThe Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope
Party political offices
Preceded byThe Marquess Curzon of Kedleston	Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords 1925–1931	Succeeded byThe Viscount Hailsham
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded byRobert Gascoyne-Cecil	Marquess of Salisbury 1903–1947	Succeeded byRobert Gascoyne-Cecil
Peerage of England
Preceded byRobert Gascoyne-Cecil	Baron Cecil (descended by acceleration) 1903–1941	Succeeded byRobert Gascoyne-Cecil

v t e Leaders of the Opposition of the United Kingdom
House of Commons	Fox Howick Ponsonby Tierney Peel Althorp Peel Russell Peel Russell Bentinck Granby Granby/Herries/Disraeli Disraeli Russell Disraeli Palmerston Disraeli Gladstone Disraeli Gladstone Hartington Northcote Gladstone Hicks Beach Gladstone Balfour Harcourt Campbell-Bannerman Balfour Chamberlain Balfour Law Vacant Carson Asquith Maclean Asquith MacDonald Baldwin MacDonald Baldwin Henderson Lansbury Attlee Lees-Smith Pethick-Lawrence Greenwood Attlee Churchill Attlee Morrison Gaitskell Brown Wilson Douglas-Home Heath Wilson Heath Thatcher Callaghan Foot Kinnock Smith Beckett Blair Major Hague Duncan Smith Howard Cameron Harman Miliband Harman Corbyn Starmer Sunak Badenoch
House of Lords	Grenville Grey 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne Wellington 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne Wellington Melbourne Wellington Melbourne 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne Stanley 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne Derby (Stanley) Granville Derby Russell Granville Malmesbury Cairns Richmond Granville Beaconsfield 3rd Marquess of Salisbury Granville 3rd Marquess of Salisbury Granville Kimberley 3rd Marquess of Salisbury Rosebery Kimberley Spencer Ripon 5th Marquess of Lansdowne Crewe Curzon of Kedleston Haldane Parmoor 4th Marquess of Salisbury Hailsham Parmoor Ponsonby of Shulbrede Snell Addison 5th Marquess of Salisbury Addison Jowitt Alexander of Hillsborough Carrington Shackleton Carrington Peart Cledwyn of Penrhos Richard Cranborne Strathclyde Royall of Blaisdon Smith of Basildon True

Leaders of the Opposition of the United Kingdom

House of Commons

House of Lords

v t e Presidents of the Board of Trade
Shaftesbury Bridgewater Stamford Weymouth Stamford Winchilsea Guilford Berkeley Suffolk Holderness FitzWalter Monson Halifax Sandys Townshend Shelburne Hillsborough Dartmouth Hillsborough Nugent Hillsborough Dartmouth Sackville Carlisle Grantham Sydney Liverpool Montrose Auckland Bathurst Clancarty Robinson Huskisson Grant Vesey-Fitzgerald Herries Auckland Thomson Baring Thomson Labouchere Ripon Gladstone Dalhousie Clarendon Labouchere Henley Cardwell Stanley Henley Donoughmore Gibson Northcote Richmond Bright Parkinson-Fortescue Adderley Sandon Chamberlain Richmond Stanhope Mundella Stanley Hicks Beach Mundella Bryce Ritchie Balfour Salisbury Lloyd George Churchill Buxton Burns Runciman Stanley Geddes Horne Baldwin Cunliffe-Lister Graham Cunliffe-Lister Runciman Stanley Duncan Lyttelton Duncan Llewellin Dalton Lyttelton Cripps Wilson Shawcross Thorneycroft Eccles Maulding Erroll Heath Jay Crosland Mason Noble Davies Walker Benn Varley Joseph Jenkin Shore Dell Smith Nott Biffen Cockfield Parkinson Tebbit Brittan Channon Young Ridley Lilley Heseltine Lang Beckett Mandelson Byers Hewitt Johnson Darling Hutton Mandelson Cable Javid Clark Fox Truss Trevelyan Badenoch Reynolds

Cabinet of Bonar Law (1922–1923)

Prime Minister Leader of the House of Commons	Bonar Law (1922–1923)
Lord Chancellor	Lord Cave (1922–1923)
Lord President of the Council Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster	Lord Salisbury (1922–1923)
Chancellor of the Exchequer	Stanley Baldwin (1922–1923)
Home Secretary	William Bridgeman (1922–1923)
Foreign Secretary Leader of the House of Lords	Lord Curzon (1922–1923)
Secretary of State for the Colonies	The Duke of Devonshire (1922–1923)
Secretary of State for War	Lord Derby (1922–1923)
Secretary of State for India	Lord Peel (1922–1923)
Secretary of State for Scotland	Lord Novar (1922–1923)
First Lord of the Admiralty	Leo Amery (1922–1923)
President of the Board of Trade	Sir Phillip Lloyd-Greame (1922–1923)
Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries	Sir Robert Sanders (1922–1923)
President of the Board of Education	E. F. L. Wood (1922–1923)
Minister of Labour	Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow (1922–1923)
Minister of Health	Arthur Griffith-Boscawen (1922–1923) Neville Chamberlain (1923)

v t e Marquesses of Salisbury
James Cecil, 1st Marquess (1789–1823) James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess (1823–1868) Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess (1868–1903) James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess (1903–1947) Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess (1947–1972) Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess (1972–2003) Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess (from 2003)

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