John Koch - Misplaced Pages

American painter This article is about the artist. For other uses, see John Koch (disambiguation).

John Koch

Born	(1909-08-18)August 18, 1909 Toledo, Ohio, US
Died	April 19, 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 68) New York City, US
Education	self-taught
Known for	portraits, genre scenes
Notable work	Cocktail Party (1956) Studio – End of Day (1961) Siesta (1962) The Sculptor (1964)
Movement	Realism
Spouse	Dora Zaslavsky
Awards	National Academy of Design (multiple awards) National Arts Club gold medal

John Koch (August 18, 1909 — April 19, 1978), (pronounced "KŌK") was an American painter and teacher, and an important figure in 20th century Realism. He is best known for his light-filled paintings of urban interiors, often featuring classical allusions, many set in his own Manhattan apartment.

His work is in the collections of prominent American museums, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and many others.

Life and career

He was born in Toledo, Ohio, to Marian Joan and Edward John Koch, and grew up mostly in Ann Arbor, Michigan. During his high school years he spent two summers at an artists' colony in Provincetown, Massachusetts. He moved to New York City in 1928, where he met and became friends with Dora Zaslavsky, a talented piano teacher, four years his senior. He moved to Paris, where he spent five years studying on his own, copying paintings at the Louvre and other museums, and supporting himself by painting portraits.

He returned to New York City in 1934, where Zaslavsky was teaching at the Manhattan School of Music and waiting for her divorce to be finalized. They were married on December 23, 1935. The Koch marriage was childless, which may have been a cause of regret—his 1955 painting Father and Son depicts him turning from his easel to see himself as a boy lying on the floor and sketching.

Koch was drafted into the US Army in 1943, but wound up doing alternative service in New York veterans hospitals. He taught at the Art Students League of New York, 1944–1946. After World War II he became a featured artist at Portraits Incorporated, which managed commissions and charged up to $10,000 for a group portrait by him.

In 1953, John and Dora Koch bought a 14-room apartment on the tenth floor of The El Dorado, a building at 300 Central Park West. They soon bought an adjacent apartment for Dora's piano studio. After the death of Koch's mother, his father came to live with them, and appeared in individual portraits and some of the group portraits.

Koch suffered a stroke in 1975, that paralyzed his right hand and forced him into a wheelchair. He recovered some use of his hand, but died following another stroke in 1978.

I am quite visibly a Realist, occupied essentially with human beings, the environments they create, and their relationships. — John Koch

Art

Koch's early work may be considered Impressionist. A review of his 1943 one-man show at Kraushaar Galleries praised his "throwing off his Renoirish tendency and asserting himself on his own". Much of his mature work is made up of portraits and social scenes, including cocktail parties and scenes with the artist at work with his models. The models are often but not always nude.

Koch has developed a soft and luminous style of underpainting in egg tempera and glazing with misty oils to create a cool and ingratiating effect vaguely reminiscent of the seventeenth-century Dutch master Vermeer. He paints mostly portraits of wealthy New Yorkers, at $3,000 and up, set in the elegant interiors that best become them.

His Portraits Inc. commissions included Family Group (1951, Smithsonian American Art Museum), John and Barbara Wood and their two sons; Roosevelt Ladies at Oyster Bay (1953, private collection), Mrs. Quentin Roosevelt II, her three young daughters, and a friend; and a c.1954 double portrait of composer Richard Rodgers and his wife, designer Dorothy Rodgers. Publisher Malcolm Forbes commissioned two group portraits: The Forbes Family (1956, private collection) and The Forbes Family at Dinner (1966, private collection). The Forbes Magazine Collection also purchased numerous paintings by Koch. Both Koch's 1955 portrait of Great Britain's Princess Margaret and his 1966 portrait of actress Julie Andrews are in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery.

Cocktail Party (1956), is perhaps Koch's most famous work. "The party he portrayed occurred only in his imagination, although its attendees were all acquaintances of the Kochs in the mid-1950s. Each was painted from life at separate sittings, and placed by Koch into his immaculate new living room at the El Dorado, with the painter and his wife as the consummate hosts. John stands at the bar, self-consciously reflected in a mirror as he pours one of his famous martinis; Dora bends forward to attend to the seated music critic Noel Strauss." The painting also is an example of his games-playing with spaces and objects: "Koch often shifted the location and appearance of his precious objects in his paintings. A couch might be burgundy in one work and navy blue in another. A door might lead to a bathroom or a bedroom, depending upon the needs of the composition. In this instance, the painting over the mantle is a Tiepolo entirely of Koch's creation. Tiepolo never painted it, and the Kochs never owned it. Nonetheless, Koch thought it was a fine placement for a Tiepolo such as this one, and so here it is."

In his personal works, Koch created unusual and complex compositions, sometimes through the use of mirrors, as in Interior of Studio (1956). The painting at first appears to be a casual genre scene, with a handsome young man, Ernest Ulmer, one of Dora's piano students, relaxing on a sofa, center, while Dora is on the phone, left. Reflected in the large mirror behind Ulmer is the opposite end of the room, where piano student Don Edmans and Koch's father are engaged in conversation before the glare of a window. Also semi-obscured by the glare is Koch standing at his easel, gazing intently at Ulmer (and at the viewer via his reflection). Koch seems to have given the painting to Ulmer, "which hung in his own living room for many years" before Ulmer donated it to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2007.

Ulmer posed for Koch's "most self-revealing painting", The Sculptor (1964, oil on canvas, 80" x 59 7/8", Brooklyn Museum). Its original title was Prometheus, the god who stole fire from Mount Olympus. A full-length standing male nude seen from behind, Ulmer towers over the seated Koch and holds a cigarette lighter at hip level, while the artist leans in to get a light. The lighter illuminates Koch's face and its flame is vividly reflected in his glasses, "a sexually loaded reference to Prometheus's gift of fire to mankind".

As punishment for the theft of fire, Zeus chained Prometheus to a rock and sent an eagle each day to tear out his liver. Koch was an occasional sculptor, and modeled Prometheus and Hercules, a work depicting Hercules wrestling with the eagle to rescue the chained Prometheus. A large version of this appears in the background of The Sculptor, and Ulmer may have posed for the sculpture as well as the painting.

Koch's most frequent model was Dora, who appeared in dozens of his paintings, including tender double portraits painted for their wedding anniversaries.

Exhibitions, awards and honors

While living in Paris, Koch exhibited at the 1929 Salon de Printemps of the Société des Artists Français, and received an honorable mention.

His first one-man show was in 1939 at Kraushaar Galleries in New York City, from which East River (c.1934) was purchased for the Brooklyn Museum. Kraushaar represented him for the next thirty-four years, and presented more than a dozen one-man shows.

He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts from 1939 to 1945, and in 1952 and 1962. Two of his works were chosen for the Whitney Museum of Art's 1941 annual exhibition, Paintings by Artists Under Forty. The Metropolitan Museum of Art hosted American Painting Today, A National Competitive Exhibition in 1950, at which The Monument was shown. He first exhibited at the National Academy of Design in 1948, and was awarded the Altman Prize in 1959 and 1964, the Saltus Medal in 1962, the Morse Medal in 1968, and the Engle Prize in 1972.

He was elected an Associate of the National Academy of Design in 1953, and an Academician in 1954. He was awarded the National Arts Club's 1963 gold medal, and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1970.

The US Senate authorized Leon Kroll, Julian E. Levi, and Koch to select American art to be exhibited in the Hall of Education at the 1964 New York World's Fair.

The Museum of the City of New York hosted a 1963 exhibition: John Koch in New York, 1950–1963. The New York Cultural Center hosted a 1973 retrospective exhibition of his work. Kraushaar Galleries hosted a 1980 memorial exhibition of his work.

The New York Historical Society organized a 2001–2002 posthumous exhibition, John Koch: Painting a New York Life. In a Time Magazine review, critic Robert Hughes compared Koch's highly cultured "painted world" to that of Vermeer, and the artist's consummate skill in painting surfaces to John Singleton Copley. "Memory and desire: Koch's great understated themes."

In 2022, the Hammer Museum at University of California, Los Angeles, organized the exhibition Joan Didion: What She Means, curated by The New Yorker theater critic Hilton Als, the exhibition pays homage to writer Joan Didion. The show traveled to the Pérez Art Museum Miami in 2023, and works by John Koch were included alongside artworks by 50 other modern and contemporary international artists such as Félix González-Torres, Ana Mendieta, Betye Saar, Maren Hassinger, Silke Otto-Knapp, Vija Celmins, Ed Ruscha, Pat Steir, among others.

Sexuality

There are some sexual undercurrents notable in Koch's paintings. TIME Magazine featured his painting Siesta on the cover of its January 24, 1964 special issue: Sex in the U.S.. And there has always been speculation about his sexuality. The posthumously published journals of Leo Lerman (1914–1994), a friend of Koch's and a subject in several paintings, made reference to the artist as a homosexual, but there is no other literature or stories from his many friends and students that corroborate this, and he was happily married, for almost 50 years, to Dora Zaslasky.

Legacy

Among Koch's private students were Charles Pfahl and Nelson Shanks.

Koch was one of six American Realist painters depicted in Raphael Soyer's 1962 group portrait, Homage to Thomas Eakins. Soyer painted a larger version, 1964–1965, with eleven American Realist painters. That painting and Soyer's 1965 study of Koch are at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.

Author Dorothy Parker's last published article was a 1964 appreciation of Koch's paintings and the nostalgic New York that they evoked: "I know Mr. Koch only through his paintings, and through the almost lyrical tributes to his works. I do not know what school of painting he belongs to; he is not, I believe, avant-garde, and he is, I gather, though I have to strain to take it in, a realist—but not of the ashcan school of the Glackens, Luks, Sloan group. He takes his realism out on the rich. His lovely ladies step out of Edith Wharton, and his graceful gentlemen come from Henry James."

Joseph B. Treaster wrote Koch's New York Times obituary: "For much of his career, Mr. Koch was regarded by the art world's avant‐garde and the powerful family of museum directors as a rather accomplished, but, perhaps, superficial society painter whose aim was nothing more serious than to please. But with the revival of Realism in the last decade, critics and many younger artists began to take a more serious view of his work."

Koch's papers are at the Smithsonian Institution's Archives of American Art, for which he recorded a 1968 oral history.

The John Koch Award in Art is presented annually by the American Academy of Arts and Letters "to a young painter of figurative work", and is accompanied by a $10,000 prize.

Studio – End of Day (1961) set the auction record for a painting by Koch. On December 1, 2005, it realized $604,000 at Christie's New York, and is now in the collection of the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.

Selected works

Portraits

Portrait of Harvey La Terre (1942), Georgia Museum of Art, Athens
Portrait of My Wife (1942), New Britain Museum of American Art, Connecticut
Self-Portrait (c.1950-1953), National Academy of Design, New York City
Portrait of the Artist's Father (1951). Auctioned at Christie's NYC, 26 February 2013, Realized $62,500
Family Group (1951), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
Roosevelt Ladies at Oyster Bay (1953), Roosevelt family
Interior: Leo Lerman (1953), National Academy of Design, New York City
Portrait of Felicia and Reginald Marsh (1953), Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City
The Antiquarian (1953), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
Portrait of Princess Margaret (1955), National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.
Portrait of Dora in Interior (c.1957), Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City
The Forbes Family (1956), private collection
The Forbes Family at Dinner (1966), private collection
Portrait of Julie Andrews (1966), National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.
The Painter and His Wife (1967), Gibbes Museum of Art, South Carolina
Painting Alice Neel (1969), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.
Portrait of Janet D. Schenck (1970), Manhattan School of Music, New York City
Portrait of Henry Luce III (1973), private collection
Portrait of Mrs. Joel Lang with "The Cocktail Party" (n.d., after 1956), Farnsworth Art Museum, Maine

Genre scenes

Rehearsal (c.1938-1940), Columbus Museum, Georgia
Supper Table (1939), Newark Museum, New Jersey
The Supper Table (c.1940), University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor
Flower Shop (c.1940), Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Missouri. Exhibited at PAFA, 1940
The Toast (c.1940), Lehigh University Art Galleries, Pennsylvania
At the Museum (1941), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts
Vermont Marble Quarry (c.1941), Museum of Fine Arts, Springfield, Massachusetts. Exhibited at Whitney Museum, 1941
Bathers (c.1941), Fort Wayne Museum of Art, Indiana
The Florist (1943), New Britain Museum of American Art, Connecticut
Garden at Wilmington (c.1946), Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington
The Window (1947), Brooklyn Museum, New York City
From My Window (c.1947), New Britain Museum of American Art, Connecticut
The Monument (1950), unlocated
Hanging Clothes (1950), Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio
The Bridge (c.1950), Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, California
The Bed (c.1950), Detroit Institute of Arts, Michigan
My Studio (c.1952), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
Studio in Night Light (1952–1953), Des Moines Art Center, Iowa
Interior of Studio (1956), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
Dressing (1956), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
Friends (c.1956), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
Music (1956–1957), Butler Institute of American Art, Ohio
Three Musicians (1958). Auctioned at Sotheby's NYC, 20 May 2015, Realized $274,000
Polishing the Chandelier (1958), Parrish Art Museum, New York
Studio – End of Day (1961), Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Arkansas. Auctioned at Christie's NYC, 1 December 2005, Realized $604,000
Model Undressing (1962), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
Siesta (1962). Auctioned at Bonhams NYC, 29 July 2020, Realized $596,075
Conversation (c.1962), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
Interlude (1963), Memorial Art Gallery, University of Rochester, New York
10 A.M. (c.1963), Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond
The Sculptor (1964), Brooklyn Museum, New York City, gift of the artist
The Painter (1964). Sold at Christie's NYC, 19 May 2010, Realized $122,500
The Toast (1964), Addison Gallery of American Art, Massachusetts
The Plasterers (1967). Sold at Brunk Auctions, 9 May 2005, Realized $210,000
The Rehearsal (1968), Princeton University Art Museum, New Jersey
End of Day (1970), Rockford Art Museum, Illinois
Morning (1971), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.
Two Models and the Artist (1972), Westmoreland Museum of American Art, Pennsylvania
Painter and Models (1972), Columbia Museum of Art, South Carolina
The Telephone (1972), Lauren Rogers Museum of Art, Mississippi
Writing Letters (1973), Canton Museum of Art, Ohio
Sunday Morning (1974), Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond
Studio – End of Day II (1974), Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minnesota
The Window Washers (1975), Wichita Museum of Art, Kansas
Telephone Call (n.d.), Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City
Female Nude (n.d.), Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City

Landscapes and still lifes

East River (c.1934), Brooklyn Museum, New York City
Vermont Landscape (c.1940), Bennington Museum, Vermont
Still Life with Angels (1953). Auctioned at Christie's NYC, 20 May 2008, Realized $29,800
Still Life, Dusk, Setauket (1963), Marion Koogler McNay Art Museum, Texas
Dining Room Still Life (1972), Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Missouri

Notes

Koch wrote to LIFE Magazine in 1956 after it misstated his fees: "LIFE's statements concerning the prices for my work are quite inaccurate. Instead of receiving $3,000 for a group of two, my lowest fee is $4,500. For larger groups, I command a much larger fee.
JOHN KOCH, New York, N.Y."
Frances Webb (1917–1995), married Quentin Roosevelt II in 1944. They had three daughters: Alexandra (b. 1945), Anna (b. 1946), and Susan (b. 1948), prior to his 1949 death in a plane crash, at age 29.
A smaller version of Prometheus and Hercules appears in The Plasterers (1967), End of the Day (1970), and Rest Period (1974); and an even smaller version appears as the base of a lamp in Model Undressing (1962), The Lesson (1970), and Sunday Noon (1973).
Other frequent models included Rosetta Howard (1926–2003): Studio – End of Day (1961), Interlude (1963), Two Artists and a Model (1965); Felicity Dell'Aquila-Geyra; and Ernest Ulmer.
The catalogue listed the price for The Monument as $3,500.
The 6 painters were Leonard Baskin, Edward Hopper, John Koch, Jack Levine, Reginald Marsh, Moses Soyer, and art historian/Eakins biographer Lloyd Goodrich.
The 11 painters were Leonard Baskin, Edwin Walter Dickinson, John Dobbs, Edward Hopper, John Koch, Jack Levine, Reginald Marsh, Henry Varnum Poor, Mary Soyer, Moses Soyer, Raphael Soyer himself, and art historian/Eakins biographer Lloyd Goodrich.

References

^ Hughes, Robert (January 6, 2002). "A World Of Grownups". Time. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
Johnson, Ken (December 21, 2001). "ART REVIEW; One Life in the Light, Another in the Shadows". The New York Times. Retrieved September 11, 2001.
Museums for John Koch from askART.
^ Treaster, Joseph B. (April 20, 1978). "John Koch, Realist Painter of Life In Fashionable Manhattan, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
^ Grady Turner, "Enigmatic Intimacy: The Interior World of John Koch", catalogue essay in John Koch: Painting a New York Life (New York Historical Society, 2011).
Dansky, Steven F. (October 31, 2013). "Figure and Background". The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
Father and Son from Heritage Auctions.
^ Biography Yearbook, Volume 26 (New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1966), p. 232.
Instructors and Lecturers of the Art Students League (Past and present), from ASLNY.
^ Winship, Frederick M. (January 15, 2002). "John Koch: Salon painter par excellence". United Press International. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
LIFE Magazine, vol. 41, no. 10 (September 3, 1956), p. 10
^ Father from Christie's NYC.
^ Interior of Studio from MMA.
^ John Koch, exhibition catalogue, February 21 – April 1, 1973, (New York: NY Cultural Center, 1973) from ABE Books.
Harrity, Christopher (July 27, 2013). "Artist Spotlight: John Koch". The Advocate. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
Alexander Eliot, Three Hundred Years of American Painting (New York: TIME Incorporated, 1957), p. 242.
^ Family Group from SAAM.
^ The Forbes Family
Judith Price, Executive Style (Fresno, CA: Linden Press, 1980), p. 220.
Exhibition: In the Face of Abstraction: The Work of Paul Cadmus, John Koch, Edward Melcarth and Walter Stuempfig, The Forbes Magazine Collection, New York, August 20 – November 4, 1998.
^ Princess Margaret from National Portrait Gallery.
^ Julie Andrews from National Portrait Gallery.
Donald Isler, "Obituary for Pianist Ernest Ulmer", The Classical Music Guide, August 13, 2012.
^ The Sculptor from Brooklyn Museum.
Kramer, Hilton (January 14, 2002). "John Koch's Best Work Is With Naked Subjects". The New York Observer. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
Obituary: "Rosetta Marie Howard-Morgan", The Los Angeles Times, August 23, 2003.
^ Susan Dodge Peters Daiss, "John Koch Interlude (1963)", in Seeing America: Painting and Sculpture from the Collection of the Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester, Marjorie B. Searl, ed. (University of Rochester Press, 2006), pp. 274-277, 321.
Felicity Dell'Aquila-Geyra, Givol: One Woman's Story (Author House, 2011), p. 216.
^ Still Life with Angels from Christie's NYC.
^ East River from Brooklyn Museum.
^ John Koch from NAD.
^ Peter Hastings Falk, ed., The Annual Exhibition Record of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Volume 3, 1914–1968 (Madison, CT: Sound View Press, 1989), pp. 272-273.
^ Paintings by Artists Under Forty from Internet Archive.
^ The Monument from LiveAuctioneers.
American Painting Today, page 24. from MMA.
Peter Hastings Falk, ed., The Annual Exhibition Record of the National Academy of Design, 1901–1950 (Madison, CT: Sound View Press, 1990), p. 308.
National Academicians from NAD.
"American Art at the World's Fair", Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 88th Congress, Volume 110—Part 8, May 14, 1964, pp. 10893-10894.
John Koch in New York (1950–1963) (New York: Museum of the City of New York, 1963) from ABE Books.
John Koch (1909–1978) (New York: Kraushaar Galleries, 1980) from ABE Books.
Als, Hilton (2022). Joan Didion - what she means. Hammer Museum. New York: DelMonico Books. ISBN 978-1-63681-057-7.
"Joan Didion: What She Means • Pérez Art Museum Miami". Pérez Art Museum Miami. Retrieved 2023-07-14.
^ John Koch's Siesta Achieves Top Lot at Bonhams American Art Sale, Bonhams press release, July 31, 2020.
John Singer, Painting Men's Portraits (New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1977), p. 126.
Shanks, Nelson (2014). "Biography". Nelson Shanks. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Homage to Thomas Eakins from Chrysler Museum of Art.
Homage to Thomas Eakins from National Portrait Gallery.
John Koch by Raphael Soyer
Dorothy Parker, "New York at 6:30 P.M.: John Koch and His Glorious People", Esquire Magazine, November 1964.
John Koch papers from Archives of American Art.
John Koch oral history from Archives of American Art.
2019 Art Award Winners from AAAL.
^ John Koch from FindArtInfo.
^ Studio – End of Day from SIRIS.
Harvey La Terre from GMA.
My Wife from NBMAA.
Felicia & Reginald Marsh from WMAA.
The Antiquarian from MMA.
Dora in Interior from WMAA.
The Painter and His Wife from Gibbes Museum of Art.
Painting Alice Neel from Hirshhorn.
Janet D. Schenck
Henry Luce III
Mrs. Joel Lang with "The Cocktail Party" from Farnsworth Art Museum.
Rehearsal from Columbus Museum.
Supper Table from Newark Museum.
Supper Table from UMMA.
Flower Shop from NAMA.
The Toast from Lehigh University Art Galleries.
At the Museum from MFAB.
Bathers from SIRIS.
The Florist from NBMAA.
Garden at Wilmington from Delaware Art Museum.
The Window from Brooklyn Museum.
From My Window from NBMAA.
Hanging Clothes from Toledo Museum of Art.
The Bridge from FAMSF.
The Bed from DIA.
My Studio from SAAM.
Studio in Night Light from DMAC.
Dressing from MMA.
Friends from MMA.
Music from BIAA.
Three Musicians from Sotheby's NYC.
Polishing the Chandelier from PAM.
Model Undressing from MMA.
Conversation from SAAM.
Interlude (PDF) from MAG.
10 A.M. from VMFA.
The Painter from Christie's NYC.
The Toast from AGAA.
Rosemary McKittrick, John Koch: Painter as Recreator of Life, from LiveAuctionTalk.
The Rehearsal from Princeton University Art Museum.
End of Day Archived 2021-06-24 at the Wayback Machine from Rockford Art Museum.
Morning from Hirshhorn.
Two Models and the Artist from WMAA.
Painter and Models scroll down to April 29, 2020.
The Telephone from LRMA.
Writing Letters from CMA.
Sunday Morning from VMFA.
Studio – End of Day II from MIA.
The Window Washers from WMA.
Telephone Call from WMAA.
Female Nude from WMAA.
Vermont Landscape from Bennington Museum.
Still Life from McNay Art Museum.
Dining Room Still Life from NAMA.

External links

John Koch at Trad
Silver, Kenneth E. (July 2002), Metropolitan Master: John Koch, Art in America

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