Jordan's Principle - Misplaced Pages

Canadian principle for First Nations children "Jordan River Anderson" redirects here. For the documentary film, see Jordan River Anderson, the Messenger.

Jordan's Principle is a child-first and needs-based principle used in public policy and administration in Canada to ensure that First Nations children living on and off reserve have equitable access to all government funded public services. It holds that First Nations children should not be denied access to public services while governments fight over who should pay. In order to ensure substantive equality, this can also include services that are not ordinarily available to other children. According to the First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada, the organization that hosts the Jordan's Principle campaign:

Jordan's Principle ensures that First Nations children can access all public services when they need them. Services need to be culturally-based and take into full account the historical disadvantage linked to colonization that many First Nations children live with. The government of first contact pays for the service and resolves jurisdictional/payment disputes later.

Jordan's Principle is reflective of the non-discrimination provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and Canadian domestic law that does not allow differential treatment on the basis of race or ethnic origin.

History

Jordan's Principle was established by First Nations in response to the death of five-year-old Jordan River Anderson, a child from Norway House Cree Nation who suffered from Carey Fineman Ziter syndrome, a rare muscular disorder that required years of medical treatment in a Winnipeg hospital. After spending the first two years of his life in a hospital, doctors cleared Jordan to live in a family home near the hospital in Winnipeg. However, the federal and provincial governments could not resolve who was financially responsible for the necessary home care. For over two years, the Government of Canada and Manitoba provincial government continued to argue while Jordan remained in the hospital. In 2005, at the age of five, Jordan died in the hospital; he never had the opportunity to live in a family home.

In 2005, the First Nations Child & Family Caring Society released the Wen:De: We are Coming to the Light of Day report. Drawing on a team of over twenty researchers, the report provides a holistic and detailed review of the Government of Canada's First Nations child and family services policy and sets out recommendations for improvement. The research found that jurisdictional disputes continue to have significant impacts on the lived experiences of First Nations children, particularly those with disabilities. Among the policy recommendations, the report recommended that Jordan's Principle be adopted by the Government of Canada and provincial/territorial governments.

Private Members Motion 296 in support of Jordan's principle passed in the House of Commons of Canada on December 12, 2007.

In February 2015, the Assembly of First Nations (AFN) released the Jordan's Principle Working Group report named Without denial, delay or disruption: Ensuring First Nations children's access to equitable services through Jordan's Principle, highlighting several gaps in Jordan's Principle implementation.

In June 2015, the Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission made Jordan's Principle the third of its 94 Calls to Action for governments in Canada, stating, "We call upon all levels of government to fully implement Jordan's Principle."

In November 2018, the Alberta provincial government signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) on Jordan's Principle with the First Nations Health Consortium and the federal government.

In June 2019, the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls Calls for Justice 12.10 calls for the federal and provincial/territorial governments to immediately implement Jordan's Principle for all First Nations (Status and non-Status) children.

Canadian human rights case

In January 2016, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal, a Canadian legal institution with a mandate to adjudicate cases where there has been an alleged breach of the Canadian Human Rights Act, found that the Government of Canada's improper implementation of Jordan's Principle resulted in discrimination against First Nations children and youth on the basis of race and national ethnic origin and ordered the Government of Canada to "cease applying its narrow definition of Jordan's Principle and to take measures to immediately implement the full meaning and scope of Jordan's Principle."

Since January 2016, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal has issued several remedial non-compliance orders against Canada for failing to abide by the original decision and implement the proper definition of Jordan's Principle. In September 2016, the Tribunal specified that Jordan's Principle applies to all First Nations children, not only those resident on reserve nor only those with "disabilities and those who present with a discrete, short-term issue." Despite this, two 2017 rulings (2017 CHRT 14 and 2017 CHRT 35 (amendment)) asserted Canada continued to repeat "its pattern of conduct and narrow focus with respect to Jordan's Principle" and provided guidelines for implementation. Canada was ordered to:

Apply Jordan's Principle to all First Nations children under local age of majority living on and off reserve;
Apply Jordan's Principle based on the needs of the child, not just what is typically available to other children (normative standard of care); and
Ensure that administrative procedures do not delay service provision.

The Tribunal also ordered Canada to follow specific timeframes when making a determination on a request:

Individual cases:
- Urgent: within 12 hours
- Non-urgent: within 48 hours
Group cases:
- Urgent: within 48 hours
- Non-urgent: within 1 week

In February 2019, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal issued an interim ruling (2019 CHRT 7) on the definition of a "First Nations child" for the purposes of Jordan's Principle. Pending a full hearing on the matter, the Tribunal ordered Canada to extend Jordan's Principle to First Nations children without Indian Act status who live off-reserve but who are recognized by their Nation, and who have urgent and/or life-threatening needs.

The Canadian Human Rights Tribunal issued an order on compensation in 2019 (2019 CHRT 39). The Tribunal ruled that First Nations children and their families would receive the maximum compensation through the Canadian Human Rights Act ($40,000) for Canada's "wilful and reckless" discrimination, referring to it as a worst-case scenario under the Act. Canada was ordered to compensate certain First Nations children, and their parents or grandparents, who were affected by the discriminatory treatment in child welfare services since January 1, 2006 or were denied or experienced delays in services covered under Jordan's Principle since November 2, 2017.

The Government of Canada submitted a judicial review of the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal compensation order to the Federal Court in October 2019. Canada sought an order to quash all financial compensation and a motion to stay the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal proceedings until the Federal Court makes a decision on the judicial review. Hearings were held in November 2019 and Canada's stay motion was denied soon after.

Hearings on the definition of a First Nations child for Jordan's Principle were held March 27–28, 2019, and a ruling (2020 CHRT 20) was issued in July 2020. Canada was ordered to immediately recognize First Nations children who will become eligible for Indian Act status under S-3 implementation.The Tribunal found two further categories of First Nations children who would become eligible for Jordan's Principle following a further order: 1. First Nations children without Indian Act status who are recognized by their respective First Nations; and 2. First Nations children who do not have Indian Act status and who are not eligible for Indian Act status, but have a parent/guardian with, or who is eligible for, Indian Act status. The Tribunal ordered the parties to consult on a mechanism to identify these two categories. The parties include the Assembly of First Nations, the First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada (the complainants), the Canadian Human Rights Commission, and the Attorney General of Canada.

In November 2020, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal issued an order (2020 CHRT 36) confirming four categories of eligibility for Jordan's Principle submitted by the parties, in keeping with the direction in 2020 CHRT 20. These categories ensure that First Nations children living off-reserve without Indian Act status but who are recognized by their Nations can access Jordan's Principle. First Nations children meeting any one of the following criteria are eligible for consideration under Jordan's Principle:

A child resident on or off reserve who is registered or eligible to be registered under the Indian Act, as amended from time to time;
A child resident on or off reserve who has one parent/guardian who is registered or eligible to be registered under the Indian Act;
A child resident on or off reserve who is recognized by their Nation for the purposes of Jordan's Principle; or
The child is ordinarily resident on reserve.

The Tribunal also approved the default process submitted by the parties for recognizing a child for the purposes of Jordan's Principle and the parameters for funding First Nations for expenses incurred in recognition functions. The Tribunal made clear that recognition by a First Nation is for the purposes of Jordan's Principle only. It asserted further that Jordan's Principle is not a fixed budget program, but a legal obligation of the Government of Canada, meaning funding expands with the number of eligible children.

On December 22, 2020, Canada filed for judicial review of 2020 CHRT 20 and 2020 CHRT 36. Importantly, both 2020 CHRT 20 and 2020 CHRT 36 remain in place while the judicial review is underway.

Alanis Obomsawin's 2016 documentary film We Can't Make the Same Mistake Twice argues that the federal government has fought applying Jordan's Principle to such a degree that an $11-million fund set aside to cover its costs was never used. Anderson was also the subject of Obomsawin's 2019 film Jordan River Anderson, the Messenger.

Jurisdictional disputes

In Canada, there is a lack of clarity between the federal and provincial/territorial governments around who should pay for government services for First Nations children even when the service is normally available to other children. Too often the practice is for the governments to deny or delay the child's receipt of services pending resolution of the payment dispute. Under Jordan's Principle, where a jurisdictional dispute arises between two government parties (provincial/territorial or federal) or between two departments or ministries of the same government, regarding payment for services for a First Nations child, the government or ministry/department of first contact must pay for the services without delay or disruption. The paying government party can refer the matter to jurisdictional dispute mechanisms after the service or support has been provided. A jurisdictional dispute is not always necessary for the application of Jordan's Principle.

References

"Jordan's Principle: Ensuring First Nations Children Receive the Public Services They Need When They Need Them" (PDF). fncaringsociety.com. First Nations Child & Family Caring Society. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
"Jordan's Principle". fncaringsociety.com. First Nations Child & Family Caring Society. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
"Wen:de: We are Coming to the Light of Day". fncaringsociety.com. First Nations Child & Family Caring Society. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
Crowder, Jean. "Aboriginal Affairs, Private Members' Business". ourcommons.ca. House of Commons. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
Without denial, delay, or disruption: Ensuring First Nations children's access to equitable services through Jordan's Principle (PDF). Ottawa, ON: Assembly of First Nations. 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action" (PDF). trc.ca. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
"Alberta government signs Jordan's Principle agreement with feds, First Nations group". Global news. November 16, 2018.
"Reclaiming Power and Place" (PDF). mmiwg-ffada.ca. National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
"First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada et al. v. Attorney General of Canada (for the Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada)". decisions.chrt-tcdp.gc.ca. Canadian Human Rights Tribunal. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
"Canadian Human Rights Tribunal Non-Compliance Orders". fncaringsociety.com. First Nations Child & Family Caring Society. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
Barrera, Jorge (2019-04-17). "Ottawa fighting First Nations groups over compensation for child welfare discrimination". CBC. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
First Nations Child & Family Caring Society (September 14, 2016). "2016 CHRT 16". Retrieved January 28, 2021.
"First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada et al. v. Attorney General of Canada (for the Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada)". decisions.chrt-tcdp.gc.ca. Canadian Human Rights Tribunal. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
^ "First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada et al. v. Attorney General of Canada (for the Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada)". decisions.chrt-tcdp.gc.ca. Canadian Human Rights Tribunal. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
"First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada et al. v. Attorney General of Canada (for the Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada)". decisions.chrt-tcdp.gc.ca. Canadian Human Rights Tribunal. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
"First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada et al. v. Attorney General of Canada (for the Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada)". decisions.chrt-tcdp.gc.ca. Canadian Human Rights Tribunal. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
"Victory for First Nations Children and Families: Tribunal Orders Compensation (2019 CHRT 39)". fncaringsociety.com. First Nations Child & Family Caring Society. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
Barrera, Jorge (November 29, 2019). "Federal Court denies Ottawa's attempt to pause First Nations child welfare compensation order". CBC. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada. "2020 CHRT 20". I am a Witness.
First Nations Child & Family Caring Society (January 2021). "Tribunal Rules on Four Categories of Jordan's Principle to Ensure Substantive Equality: 2020 CHRT 36" (PDF). I am a witness. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
The First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada (January 2021). "Jordan's Principle: Ensuring First Nations Children Receive the Services They Need When They Need Them" (PDF). Jordan's Principle. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
The Child and Family Caring Society (December 22, 2020). "Notice of Application for Judicial Review". I am a witness. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
"We Can't Make the Same Mistake Twice exposes Canada's barriers to reconciliation". The Globe and Mail. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
Peter Howell, "Indigenous films highlight Canadian slate at TIFF 2019". Toronto Star, July 31, 2019.
Blackstock, C. "Jordan's principle: Editorial update". Paediatr Child Health. 13: 589–90. PMC 2603509 . PMID 19436554.
"First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada et al. v. Attorney General of Canada (representing the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada) - Canadian Human Rights Tribunal". decisions.chrt-tcdp.gc.ca. Retrieved 2019-07-02.

External links

Canadian Aboriginal and Indigenous law

Note: "Aboriginal law" refers to Canadian law dealing with Indigenous peoples; "Indigenous law" refers to the customary law of individual Indigenous groups.

Sources of law

Treaties and
governmental relations

Pre-Confederation
(pre-1867)

Covenant Chain (1670s)
Great Peace of Montreal (1701)
Nanfan Treaty (1701)
Peace and Friendship Treaties (1725–1779)
Treaties of Fort Niagara (1764–1784)
Douglas Treaties (1850–54)
Gradual Civilization Act (1857–1869)

Upper Canada treaties	Toronto Purchase (1787) Penetanguishene Bay Purchase (1798) London Township Treaty No. 6 Sombra Township Treaty No. 7 Lake Simcoe–Lake Huron Purchase (1815) Huron Tract Purchase (1827) Treaty 45 (1836) Saugeen Tract Agreement (1836) Robinson Treaties (1850, 1854, 1859)