The Chōsen Industrial Bank (Japanese: 朝鮮殖産銀行, Korean: 조선식산은행), sometimes referred to as Joseon Industrial Bank or Chosun Siksan Bank, was a major financial institution in Korea under Japanese rule. It was formed in 1918 by merging six banks established under the Korean Empire. In 1950, it was renamed the Korea Industrial Bank (한국식산은행, not to be confused with the later Industrial Bank of Korea), and eventually liquidated in 1954 with its viable operations transferred to the newly created Korea Development Bank.
Overview
In 1906, at the initiative of its Japanese financial adviser Megata Tanetarō [ja], the Korean Empire decreed the establishment of agricultural and industrial banks to stimulate the country's economy. 11 such banks had been established on a local basis by 1908, including the Hanseong Agricultural and Industrial Bank (한성농공은행) in what is now Seoul. That year, they were merged into six establishments. In June 1918, the six banks were merged into the Chōsen Industrial Bank by the Japanese colonial authorities. Together with the Bank of Chōsen, it was used to channel cheap credit to activities favored by the colonial government. By 1924 it had 47 offices across the country and over 400 employees, making it the largest bank in colonial Korea.
The Chōsen Industrial Bank has been viewed as one of the two main instruments of economic domination of Korea by Japan during the colonial period, together with the Oriental Development Company, with its symbolic salience enhanced after 1924 by the forced relocation of the Bank of Chōsen's head office from Keijō to Tokyo. As such, it was a target for activists of the Korean independence movement. A famed episode was when Na Seok-ju threw a bomb at the bank's Seoul head office in late 1926.
The Chōsen Industrial Bank had a comparatively higher share of Korean employees in its workforce than the Bank of Chōsen: by 1928, Koreans were 254 out of 794 total staff at the former, or 32 percent, against 55 out of 342 staff at the latter (16 percent). Also unlike the Bank of Chōsen, the Chōsen Industrial Bank offered equal treatment to its Korean and Japanese employees.
In 1936, the Chōsen Industrial Bank took over the Korean operations of Japan's Eighteenth Bank. In 1942, it was designated as an agency for the Japanese War Treasury's lending business in Korea. By 1943, it had 498 employees, of which 150 (30 percent) were Koreans.
In 1945, the United States Army Military Government in Korea took over the bank's management and closed its Japanese branch. The relatively high share of Koreans in the bank's staff and management ensured a smoother postwar transition than in other Japanese colonial enterprises, even allowing the Joseon Industrial Bank to lobby (unsuccessfully) for taking over monetary authority from the Bank of Joseon. In 1948, the ownership and management of the bank was taken over by the newly established government of Korea.
In February 1950, the bank was renamed the Korea Industrial Bank. On 1 April 1954, the Korea Industrial Bank was liquidated by presidential decree No. 859, with its central operations transferred to the Korea Development Bank (KDB) while branches were taken over by the Korea Savings Bank (subsequently Korea First Bank, later Standard Chartered Korea). The liquidation was eventually completed in April 1982.
Buildings
The bank's head office was first built on the capital’s major thoroughfare fare now known as Namdaemunno in the 1910s, and expanded in 1920-1922. After 1954 it was used as head office by KDB. It was demolished in 1983, for redevelopment of its site as the main branch of Lotte Department Store.
The Chōsen Industrial Bank had an extensive network of branches across Korea. Some of these were inherited by predecessor organizations: for example, the bank's branch in Gimcheon was established in 1909 by the Daegu Agricultural and Industrial Bank, itself created in 1906. In Daegu itself, a new branch building was erected in 1931-1932 and used by the Industrial Bank, then by KDB until 2008. After renovation, it has hosted the Daegu Modern History Museum since 2011.
Other branches included those in Busan, built on sloped terrain in the Japanese-oriented port area, and the branch in Chungju [ko], built in 1933 and whose building is still extant.
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Lotte Department Store on the site of the bank's former head office
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Former branch in Daegu, since 2011 the Daegu Modern History Museum
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Former branch in Daejeon, built in 1937
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Former branch in Wonju
See also
References
- ^ Howard Kahm (2012), Colonial Finance: Daiichi Bank and the Bank of Chosen in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Korea, Japan, and Manchuria, University of California Los Angeles
- Etienne RP (7 May 2013). "Customer Review: The Colonial Origins of Korean Industrial Development". Amazon.com.
- "Weekly Focus: Remembering the fight for freedom in honor of National Liberation Day". THX Korea. 17 August 2024.
- 메이나인 (25 June 2020). "1920년대 경성에서의 의열단 활동 공간". Maynine Daily Archive.
- 메이나인 (29 July 2020). "근대 금융 1번지 남대문로(남대문통)의 공간들 ③ 남대문로 2가(남대문통 2정목) 서쪽편 은행들". Maynine Daily Archive.
- "조선식산은행 김천지점". 디지털김천문화대전.
- "History". Daegu Modern History Museum.
- "Daegu Modern History Museum". pArtify. 14 January 2023.
- 김영분 (2023). "Analyzing the Busan Special Bank Branch in Light of Dual Occupancy and Spatial Arrangements of Colonial Joseon Special Bank Branches During the 1920s and 1930s". JAIK - Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea.
- "구 조선식산은행 충주지점". archive.chungbuk.re.kr.
- Nate Kornegay (4 February 2015). "Daejeon (1)". Colonial Korea.
- "Former Joseon Siksan Bank, Wonju Branch". Korea Heritage Service.
