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Joseph I
Portrait by Miguel António do Amaral, c. 1773
King of Portugal
Reign	31 July 1750 – 24 February 1777
Acclamation	8 September 1750, Lisbon
Predecessor	John V
Successors	Maria I and Peter III
Chief minister	Marquis of Pombal (1756–1777)
Born	6 June 1714 Ribeira Palace, Lisbon, Portugal
Died	24 February 1777(1777-02-24) (aged 62) Sintra Palace, Sintra, Portugal
Burial	Pantheon of the House of Braganza
Spouse	Mariana Victoria of Spain ​ ​(m. 1729)​
Issue	Maria I of Portugal Infanta Mariana Infanta Doroteia Benedita, Princess of Brazil
Names Portuguese: José Francisco António Inácio Norberto Agostinho English: Joseph Francis Anthony Ignatius Norbert Augustine
House	Braganza
Father	John V of Portugal
Mother	Maria Anna of Austria
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Dom Joseph I (Portuguese: José Francisco António Inácio Norberto Agostinho, Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈzɛ]; 6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777), known as the Reformer (Portuguese: o Reformador), was King of Portugal from 31 July 1750 until his death in 1777. Among other activities, Joseph was devoted to hunting and the opera. His government was controlled by Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal.

The third child and second son of King John V, Joseph became his father's heir as an infant when his older brother, Pedro, Prince of Brazil, died. In 1729 he married Infanta Mariana Victoria, the eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain. Joseph and Mariana Victoria had four daughters: Maria, Mariana, Doroteia, and Benedita.

With the death of his father in 1750, Joseph became king of Portugal. His reign witnessed, among other things, a deadly earthquake in Lisbon in 1755 and a Spanish-French invasion of Portugal in 1762. The Lisbon earthquake allowed the Marquis of Pombal to consolidate power and also caused King Joseph to develop claustrophobia, refusing to live in a walled building ever again. Afterwards, Joseph moved his court into a series of tents. A new palace was built for him in Lisbon in the aftermath of the earthquake, but this was left uncompleted. Joseph died in 1777 and was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Queen Dona Maria I.

Early life

Joseph was the third child of King John V of Portugal and his wife Maria Anna of Austria. He had an older brother Pedro, Prince of Brazil, an older sister Barbara and three younger brothers. When his brother Pedro died in 1714 at the age of two, Joseph became heir apparent with the titles of Prince of Brazil and Duke of Braganza.

Marriage

On 19 January 1729, Joseph married Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain, daughter of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese, and his elder sister Barbara married King Philip's son and heir, Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias (later King Ferdinand VI of Spain). The ceremony became known as the Exchange of the Princesses. Mariana Victoria loved music and hunting, just like her husband, but she was also a serious woman who disapproved of Joseph's love affairs and did not hesitate to expose them to acquaintances. They had four daughters, all born before Joseph ascended the throne.

Reign

Joseph succeeded to the Portuguese throne in 1750, when he was 36 years old, and almost immediately placed effective power in the hands of Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo (in 1770, the king made him Marquis of Pombal). Indeed, the history of Joseph's reign is really that of the Marquis of Pombal himself. The king's eldest daughter, Maria Francisca, became heir presumptive with the title of Princess of Brazil.

Victory over Spain and France (1762)

One of the most difficult situations faced by the king was the Franco-Spanish invasion of Portugal, in the end of the Seven Years' War (5 May-24 November 1762). France and Spain sent an ultimatum in order to force Portugal to abandon its alliance with Great Britain and close her ports to British ships. King Joseph refused to submit and asked for British help since both Portugal and its army were in a very poor condition, mainly because of the great 1755 Lisbon earthquake. England sent a force of 7,104 men led by John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun, and John Burgoyne, and also the exceptional military leader William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe, which reformed the Portuguese army and led the allied army of 14–15,000 men in a victorious war. The Bourbon invaders first led by Nicolás de Carvajal, Marquis of Sarriá, and then by Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda, were thrice defeated by a combination of popular uprising, scorched earth strategy/famine and encircling movements by the regular Anglo-Portuguese troops, which like the militia, skilfully used the mountainous terrain to their advantage. The Spanish and French troops suffered staggering losses when they were driven out from Portugal and chased into Spain. As synthesized by historian Walter Dorn:

… Effort of the Bourbon powers to set up the beginnings of a 'continental system' by sending a summons to Portugal to close her ports to British ships and exclude Englishmen from Brazil trade. But the Portuguese minister, the Marquis of Pombal, refused, and with the assistance of Count Lippe and the English General Burgoyne broke the offensive of the Spanish invading army. D'Aranda, the Spanish General, was forced to retreat in disgrace. With the utter failure of the Spanish war machine everywhere, all the hopes which Choiseul had placed on the Spanish alliance vanished. 'Had I known', he wrote, 'what I now know, I should have been very careful to cause to enter the war a power which by its feebleness can only ruin and destroy France'.

— In Competition for Empire, 1740–1763

In South America, the war ended in a draw; the Portuguese took territory from Spain (most of the Rio Negro Valley) and defeated a Spanish invasion of Mato Grosso, while Spain conquered Colónia do Sacramento and the vast territory of Rio Grande do Sul (1763). The Treaty of Paris (1763) restored the status quo ante bellum. The rich and huge territory of Rio Grande do Sul would be retaken from the Spanish army during the undeclared war of 1763-1777.

Marquis of Pombal

The powerful Marquis of Pombal sought to overhaul all aspects of economic, social and colonial policy to make Portugal a more efficient contender with the other great powers of Europe, and thus enhance his own political stature. A supposed conspiracy of nobles aimed at murdering King Joseph and Pombal gave him the opportunity (some say the pretext) to neutralize the Távora family in the Távora affair and to expel the Jesuits in September 1759, thus gaining control of public education and a wealth of church lands and ushering Portugal into the Age of the Enlightenment.

Legacy and death

Joseph's reign is also noteworthy for the Lisbon earthquake, firestorm and tsunami of 1 November 1755, in which between 30,000 and 40,000 people died. The earthquake caused Joseph to develop a severe case of claustrophobia, and he was never again comfortable living within a walled building. Consequently, he moved the royal court to an extensive complex of tents in the hills of Ajuda.

The Project for the Royal Palace in Campo de Ourique was an ambitious palatial complex planned for the Campo de Ourique neighborhood of Lisbon, but later abandoned due to a lack of impetus from the Portuguese royal family and a prioritization of other reconstruction efforts. The capital was eventually rebuilt at great cost, and an equestrian statue of King Joseph still dominates the Praça do Comércio, Lisbon's main plaza.

With Joseph's death on 24 February 1777, the throne passed to his daughter, Queen Dona Maria I, and his brother and son-in-law, King Dom Peter III. Pombal's iron rule was sharply brought to an end, because Maria disliked him since she had been heavily influenced by the Portuguese old nobility that strongly opposed Pombal.

Issue

Joseph I fathered four daughters by his wife Mariana Victoria, and there were also four stillbirths. Of their four daughters, only the eldest had issue:

1. Maria Francisca Isabel Rita Gertrudes Joanna (17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816), married her uncle Infante Peter of Portugal, with issue. After her father's death, she became the first queen regnant of Portugal as Dona Maria I.
2. Maria Ana Francisca Dorotea Josefa Antonia Gertrudes Rita Joanna Efigenia (7 October 1736 – 6 May 1813), potential bride for Louis, Dauphin of France, son and heir of King Louis XV. However, Maria Ana's mother refused to consent to the marriage, and the infanta died unmarried.
3. Stillborn son (February 1739).
4. Maria Francisca Doroteia Josefa Antónia Gertrudes Rita Joanna Efigénia de Braganca (21 September 1739 – 14 January 1771), potential bride for the French nobleman and revolutionary Philippe Égalité, but she refused to marry him and died unmarried.
5. Stillborn daughter (7 March 1742).
6. Stillborn daughter (15 October 1742).
7. Stillborn daughter (May 1744).
8. Maria Francisca Benedita Ana Isabel Joanna Antonia Laurencia Inacia Teresa Gertrudes Rita Rosa (25 July 1746 – 18 August 1829) married her nephew Dom Joseph, Prince of Brazil, no issue.

Ancestors

References

1. ^ Livermore 1947, p. 354.
2. Livermore 1969, p. 214.
3. McMurdo 1889, p. 516.
4. ^ Stephens 1891, p. 352.
5. McMurdo 1889, p. 486.
6. Livermore 1947, p. 353.
7. Livermore 1947, p. 352.
8. "Even after their decadence, the Portuguese had their moments: in the war of 1762, threatened by the forces of Spain and France, they resisted with glory and expelled the Spaniards out of their territory owing to well disciplined peasants." In Société d` Histoire Générale et d`Histoire Diplomatique – Revue d`Histoire Diplomatique, vol. 37, Éditions A. Pedone, Paris, 1969, p. 195.
9. "Both sides relied extensively on foreign troops and officers, though Portuguese popular opposition to the Spaniards proved decisive in places, especially in the North." In Maxwell, Kenneth – Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment, University Press, Cambridge, 1995, p. 113.
10. In Dorn, Walter – Competition for Empire, 1740–1763, p.375.
11. Marley, David- Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present, vol. II, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2008, p. 449 and p. 450
12. Bento, Cláudio Moreira- Brasil, conflitos externos 1500–1945 (electronic version), Academia de História Militar Terrestre do Brasil, chapter 5: As guerras no Sul 1763–77.
13. Ricardo Lesser- Las Orígenes de la Argentina, Editorial Biblos, 2003, see chapter El desastre”, see pp. 63–72.
14. Bento, Cláudio Moreira- Rafael Pinto Bandeira in O Tuiuti, nr. 95, Academia de Historia Militar Terrestre do Brasil, 2013, pp. 3–18.
15. Pereira, Alvaro S. The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake. A Centre for Historical Economics and Related Research at York (CHERRY) Discussion Paper, University of York, 2006. pp. 8-9. Accessed 8 December 2018.
16. Dom Joseph Rei de Portugal, Algarves e seus dominios Principe do Brasil in: Genealogy Database by Herbert Stoyan Archived 2015-02-08 at the Wayback Machine .
17. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 13.

Sources

• Livermore, H.V. (1969). A New History of Portugal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521095716.
• Livermore, H.V. (1947). A History of Portugal. Cambridge University Press.
• McMurdo, Edward (1889). The history of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
• Stephens, H. Morse (1891). The Story of Portugal. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Retrieved 25 October 2023.

v t e Monarchs of Portugal
House of Burgundy (1139–1383)	Afonso I Sancho I Afonso II Sancho II Afonso III Denis I Afonso IV Peter I Ferdinand I Beatrice I
House of Aviz (1385–1580)	John I Edward I Afonso V John II Manuel I John III Sebastian I Henry I Anthony I
House of Habsburg (1581–1640)	Philip I Philip II Philip III
House of Braganza (1640–1910)	John IV Afonso VI Peter II John V Joseph I Maria I with Peter III John VI Peter IV Maria II Miguel I Maria II with Ferdinand II Peter V Luís I Carlos I Manuel II
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.

v t e House of Braganza
Members of the Ducal House Generations indicate descent from Afonso, Duke of Braganza, founder of the House of Braganza, until João II, Duke of Braganza, the first Braganza monarch of Portugal; italics indicate a head of the House 1st generation Afonso, 1st Marquis of Valença Isabel, Lady of Reguengos de Monsaraz Fernando I 2nd generation Ferdinand II João, 1st Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo Afonso, Count of Faro do Alentejo Álvaro, 4th Lord of Cadaval António Isabel Beatriz, Marquise of Vila Real Guiomar, Countess of Viana do Alentejo Catarina 3rd generation Roderigo, 1st Marquis of Ferreira Jorge Alberto, 1st Count of Gelves Beatriz, Duchess of Coimbra Joana, Countess of Vimioso Maria, Countess of Portalegre Filipe Jaime I Dinis, Count of Lemos Margarida 4th generation Fernando, 7th Count of Lemos Afonso Isabel Maria Isabel, Duchess of Guimarães Teodósio I Joana, Marquise of Elche Jaime Eugénia, Marquise of Ferreira Maria Constantino, Viceroy of India Fulgêncio Teotónio, Archbishop of Évora 5th generation John I Jaime Isabel, Duchess of Caminha 6th generation Maria Serefina Teodósio II Duarte, 1st Marquise of Frechilla Alexandre, Archbishop of Évora Querubina Angélica Maria Isabel Filipe 7th generation John II Duarte, 1st Lord of Vila do Conde Catarina Alexandre
Members of the Royal House Generations indicate descent from John IV, King of Portugal, formerly John II, Duke of Braganza, the first Braganza monarch of Portugal, until Manuel II, King of Portugal, the last monarch of Portugal, excluding the Miguelist line; italics indicate a head of the House 1st generation Teodósio, Prince of Brazil Ana Joana, Princess of Beira Catarina, Queen Consort of the England Manuel Afonso VI Peter II Maria 2nd generation Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira João, Prince of Brazil John V Francisco, Duke of Beja António Francisca Xaviera Teresa Maria Manuel, Count of Ourém Francisca Josefa Luísa, Duchess of Cadaval Miguel José, Archbishop of Braga 3rd generation António Gaspar, Archbishop of Braga José, High Inquisitor of Portugal Maria Rita of Braganza Barbara, Queen Consort of Spain Pedro, Prince of Brazil Joseph I Carlos Peter III Alexandre João da Bemposta Joana Francisca, Marquise of Cascais Pedro Henrique, 1st Duke of Lafões João Carlos, 2nd Duke of Lafões Francisca 4th generation Maria I Mariana Francisca Maria Doroteia Maria Benedita, Princess of Brazil José João, Duke of Miranda do Corvo Carlota Ana Maria, 3rd Duchess of Lafões Maria Domingas, Duchess of Cadaval 5th generation José, Prince of Brazil João Carlos João Francisco John VI Maria Ana Vitória Maria Clementina Maria Isabel 6th generation Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira Francisco António, Prince of Beira Maria Isabel, Queen Consort of Spain Pedro IV Maria Francisca, Countess of Molina Isabel Maria, Regent of Portugal Miguel I Maria da Assunção Ana de Jesus Maria, Marquise of Loulé 7th generation Maria II Miguel, Prince of Beira João Carlos, Prince of Beira Januária Maria, Princess Imperial of Brazil 8th generation Pedro V Luís I Maria João, Duke of Beja Maria Anna, Princess of Saxony Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern Fernando Augusto, Duke of Coimbra Leopoldo Maria da Glória Eugénio 9th generation Carlos I Afonso, Duke of Porto 10th generation Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal Maria Ana Manuel II
Members of the Imperial house Generations indicate descent from Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, also Pedro IV, King of Portugal, founder of the Empire of Brazil, until Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, the last monarch of Brazil; italics indicates a head of the House 1st generation Maria II, Queen of Portugal Januária, Countess of Aquila Paula Francisca, Princess of Joinville Pedro II Maria Amélia 2nd generation Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil Leopoldina Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil 3rd generation Pedro Augusto Augusto Leopoldo José Fernando Luís Gastão Luís Maria Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará Antônio Gastão
Members of the Miguelist House Generations indicate descent from Miguel I, King of Portugal, founder of the Miguelist House, until Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, the current head of the House of Braganza; italics indicates a head of the House 1st generation Maria das Neves, Duchess of San Jaime Miguel, Duke of Braganza Maria Teresa, Archduchess of Austria Maria José, Duchess in Bavaria Aldegundes, Duchess of Guimarães Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parma 2nd generation Miguel, Duke of Viseu Francisco José Maria Teresa, Princess of Thurn and Taxis Isabel Maria, Princess of Thurn and Taxis Maria Benedita Mafalda Maria Ana, Princess of Thurn and Taxis Maria Antónia Filipa Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza Maria Adelaide 3rd generation Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza Miguel, Duke of Viseu 4th generation Afonso, Prince of Beira Maria Francisca Dinis, Duke of Porto
Titles Regnal King of Portugal and the Algarves Emperor of Brazil King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves Royal Prince of Portugal Prince of Brazil Prince Royal of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves Prince Royal of Portugal and the Algarves Prince of Beira Prince Imperial of Brazil Prince of Grão-Pará Prince of Brazil Infante of Portugal Noble Duke of Braganza Duke of Guimarães Duke of Barcelos Duke of Porto Duke of Beja Duke of Viseu Duke of Coimbra Marquis of Vila Viçosa Marquis of Valença Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo Count of Guimarães Count of Barcelos Count of Arraiolos Count of Ourém Count of Neiva Count of Faro Count of Faria
Patrimony Portugal Ajuda Palace Belém Palace Buçaco Palace Carrancas Palace Castle of Vila Viçosa Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa Mafra Palace Necessidades Palace Palace of the Counts of Barcelos Palace of the Dukes of Braganza Pena Palace Queluz Palace Ramalhão Palace Ribeira Palace Brazil Grão-Pará Palace Petrópolis Palace Quinta da Boa Vista Rio de Janeiro Palace São Cristóvão Palace Santa Cruz Estate
Cadet houses Agnatic House of Valença House of Lafões House of Cadaval Non-agnatic House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha House of Bourbon-Braganza House of Orléans-Braganza
Miscellaneous Topics Duchy of Braganza Dukedom of Braganza List of dukes of Braganza Duchess of Braganza Pantheon of the House of Braganza

v t e Dukes of Braganza
Feudal Dukes	Afonso Fernando I Fernando II Jaime Teodósio I João I Teodósio II João II
Heir to the Throne	Teodósio Afonso Isabel Luísa João João Maria Bárbara Pedro José Maria Francisca José João Pedro de Alcântara Maria da Glória Pedro Carlos Luís Filipe
Claimant to the Throne	Miguel Miguel Duarte Nuno Duarte Pio

• 1714 births
• 1777 deaths
• 18th-century Portuguese monarchs
• Portuguese Roman Catholics
• Burials at the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora
• House of Braganza
• Dukes of Braganza
• Portuguese infantes
• Princes of Brazil
• Nobility from Lisbon