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Judges 19
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The pages containing the Book of Judges in Leningrad Codex (1008 CE).
Book	Book of Judges
Hebrew Bible part	Nevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part	2
Category	Former Prophets
Christian Bible part	Old Testament (Heptateuch)
Order in the Christian part	7

Judges 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the Book of Judges in the Old Testament or the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition, the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel; modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans in the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records the activities of a Levite from Ephraim and his concubine, belonging to a section comprising Judges 17 to 21.

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 30 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q50 (4QJudg; 30 BCE–68 CE) with extant verses 5–7.

Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$; 5th century).

Analysis

Double Introduction and Double Conclusion

Chapters 17 to 21 contain the "Double Conclusion" of the Book of Judges and form a type of inclusio together with their counterpart, the "Double Introduction", in chapters 1 to 3:6 as in the following structure of the whole book:
     A. Foreign wars of subjugation with the ḥērem being applied (1:1–2:5)
        B. Difficulties with foreign religious idols (2:6–3:6)
             Main part: the "cycles" section(3:7–16:31)
        B'. Difficulties with domestic religious idols (17:1–18:31)
     A'. Domestic wars with the ḥērem being applied (19:1–21:25)

There are similar parallels between the double introduction and the double conclusion as the following:

The entire double conclusion is connected by the four-time repetition of a unique statement: twice in full at the beginning and the end of the double conclusion and twice in the center of the section as follows:
     A. In those days there was no king...
        Every man did what right in his own eyes (17:6)
            B. In those days there was no king... (18:1)
            B'. In those days there was no king... (19:1)
     A'. In those days there was no king...
        Every man did what right in his own eyes (21:25)

It also contains internal links:
      Conclusion 1 (17:1–18:31): A Levite in Judah moving to the hill country of Ephraim and then on to Dan.
      Conclusion 2 (19:1–21:25): A Levite in Ephraim looking for his concubine in Bethlehem in Judah.

Both sections end with a reference to Shiloh.

The Bethlehem Trilogy

Three sections of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) — Judges 17–18, Judges 19–21, Ruth 1–4 — form a trilogy with a link to the city Bethlehem of Judah and characterized by the repetitive unique statement:

In those days there was no king in Israel; everyone did what was right in his own eyes

— Judges 17:6; 18:1; 19:1; 21:25; cf. Ruth 1:1

as in the following chart:

Chapters 19 to 21

The section comprising Judges 19:1-21:25 has a chiastic structure of five episodes as follows:
     A. The Rape of the Concubine (19:1–30)
        B. ḥērem ("holy war") of Benjamin (20:1–48)
            C. Problem: The Oaths-Benjamin Threatened with Extinction (21:1–5)
        B'. ḥērem ("holy war") of Jabesh Gilead (21:6–14)
     A'. The Rape of the Daughters of Shiloh (21:15–25)

The rape of the daughters of Shiloh is the ironic counterpoint to the rape of the Levite's concubine, with the "daughter" motif linking the two stories (Judges 19:24 and Judges 21:21), and the women becoming 'doorways leading into and out of war, sources of contention and reconciliation'.

The Levite's concubine (19:1–10)

The setting of the story, like in chapters 17–18, the travels of Levites who often relied on the 'local support and hospitality, having no patrilineal holdings of their own'. A particular Levite who resided in the mountains of Ephraim married a "concubine" (a lower status than "wife") from Bethlehem in Judah. The woman left him after 'she played the harlot towards him' (according to the Hebrew text; that is 'being disloyal but not necessarily adulterous') or NRSV renders: 'she became angry with him' (according to other manuscript traditions), going back to her father's house in Bethlehem. After four months the Levite traveled, accompanied by one servant and two donkeys, to visit and hope to win her back (verse 3; cf. Genesis 34:3). The woman brought into her house and his father-in-law received the Levite with full hospitality, even to persuade the guest to stay for four nights, a generosity that is emphasized by repetition in verses 4, 6, 8 and 5, 7, 8, 9. Finally, on the fifth morning the Levite left with his concubine and his servant, heading back north to the mountains of Ephraim (verse 10).

Verse 1

And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in Israel, that there was a certain Levite staying in the remote mountains of Ephraim. He took for himself a concubine from Bethlehem in Judah.

• "A certain Levite": in Hebrew, literally, "a man, a Levite".

Gibeah's crime (19:11–30)

As the first day of travel reaching the sunset, the Levite refused his servant's advice to stop in Jebus (later: Jerusalem), a non-Israelite town, but instead suggesting they stay at a town 'of the people Israel', Gibeah of Benjamin, ironically where the outrage would take place (verses 11–15). In Gibeah, the group did not receive the expected hospitality; they were ignored for a long time in the open square, until an elderly man finally invited them to his house (verses 16–21).

Recalling a similar story about Lot in Sodom (Genesis 19), some "sons of Belial" ('base fellows', 'miscreants') came surrounding the house and demanded that the strangers be sent out to them so they might 'know them', a biblical euphemism for sexual intercourse (verses 22–26). As Lot had done (Genesis 19:8), the host attempted to appease the wild men outside by offering them his "virgin daughters" (cf. Genesis 19:8) and the Levite's concubine, but the people outside decline the offer. The Levite then acted, throwing his concubine outside to the vicious mob and locking the door (verse 25–28; cf. Judges 20:6; in contrast to a divine intervention in Genesis 19:11).

At the break of day, the victimized woman was let go, collapsing at the doorway. Later in the morning, the Levite opened the doors, ready to travel, finding the woman lying down in front of the door and giving crass and brusque orders to her to get up (verse 28). When the woman did not respond, the Levites simply placed her unconscious body on a donkey and continued the journey together. Upon returning home, the Levite cut the woman's body into twelve parts and sent each part to the twelve tribes of Israel, while asking for justice (verses 29–30, cf. 1 Samuel 11:5–8).

Verse 30

• "Until this day": in the Greek Septuagint text of Codex Alexandrinus, this phrase is replaced by the following additional words: And he instructed the men whom he sent out, 'Thus you will say to every male Israelite: "There has never been anything like this from the day the Israelites left Egypt till the present day." '

See also

• Belial
• Children of Israel
• Concubinage
• Jebusites
• Land of Israel
• Levite
• Mount Ephraim
• Ramathaim-Zophim
• Tribe of Benjamin

Notes

1. The whole book of Judges is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.

References

1. Halley 1965, p. 173.
2. Talmud, Baba Bathra 14b-15a)
3. ^ Gilad, Elon. Who Really Wrote the Biblical Books of Kings and the Prophets? Haaretz, June 25, 2015. Summary: The paean to King Josiah and exalted descriptions of the ancient Israelite empires beg the thought that he and his scribes lie behind the Deuteronomistic History.
4. Niditch 2007, p. 177.
5. ^ Niditch 2007, p. 189.
6. ^ Younger 2002, pp. 30–31.
7. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
8. Ulrich 2010, p. 257.
9. Dead sea scrolls - Judges
10. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
11. 4Q50 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
12. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
13.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
14. Gooding, D. W., "The Composition of the Book of Judges," in Orlinsky, H. M., Memorial Volume (Eretz Israel 16; Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1982), pp. 70–79, especially pp. 76–78; apud Younger 2002, pp. 32–33
15. Younger 2002, p. 31.
16. Webb 2012, p. 419.
17. ^ Younger 2002, p. 33.
18. "Introduction to the Book of Judges". Bible.org
19. Merrill, Eugene H. (1985) "The Book of Ruth: Narration and Shared Themes", Bibliotheca Sacra 142:130-141.
20. Webb, "The Book of the Judges", p. 196; apud Younger 2002, p. 147.
21. ^ Webb 2012, p. 507.
22. Judges 19:1 NKJV
23. Note on Judges 19:1 in NET Bible
24. Niditch 2007, pp. 189–190.
25. Judges 19:30 NKJV
26. Note on Judges 19:30 in NET Bible

Sources

• Chisholm, Robert B. Jr. (2009). "The Chronology of the Book of Judges: A Linguistic Clue to Solving a Pesky Problem" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 52 (2): 247–255. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-11-08. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
• Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-528881-0.
• Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-6241-9.
• Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.
• Hayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18827-1.
• Niditch, Susan (2007). "10. Judges". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 176–191. ISBN 978-0-19-927718-6. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
• Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.
• Webb, Barry G. (2012). The Book of Judges. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-2628-2.
• Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
• Younger, K. Lawson (2002). Judges and Ruth. The NIV Application Commentary. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-20636-1.

External links

• Jewish translations:
  • Shoftim - Judges - Chapter 19 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation at Chabad.org
• Christian translations:
  • Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
  • Judges chapter 19. Bible Gateway

• Book of Judges chapters