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Justin Thannhauser

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German art dealer (1892–1976)
Justin Thannhauser (third from the left, with crossed arms) sitting next to Pierre Loeb in 1938 at a gathering of the Syndicat des Éditeurs d’Art et Négociants en Tableaux Modernes

Justin K. Thannhauser (1892–1976) was a German art dealer and collector who was an important figure in the development and dissemination of modern art in Europe.

Biography

Early years

Justin K. Thannhauser was born in Munich, the son of Charlotte (Nachtigall) and Heinrich Thannhauser (1859–1935), who was also an art dealer. His family was Jewish. As a child, Justin assisted his father in his Moderne Galerie, one of the three Thannhauser Galleries, which was located in Munich. In 1911, Heinrich sent him abroad to further his academic studies, including art history, philosophy, and psychology. Justin studied in Munich, Berlin, Florence, and Paris, with renowned scholars such as Henri Bergson, Adolf Goldschmidt, and Heinrich Wölfflin. He later brought Wölfflin and other eminent guests to hold private lectures at the Moderne Galerie, helping to turn it into one of Munich's leading art galleries. While abroad, he also strengthened business contacts with artists and other important art dealers, such as Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (Pablo Picasso's Parisian dealer) and Wilhelm Uhde.

In 1912, Justin returned to Munich to work full-time at the gallery, which had become known for its combination of Munich Modernism (see Neue Künstlervereinigung München and Der Blaue Reiter) and French avant-garde painting (see Impressionism and Post-Impressionism). His new business relationship with Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, however, led to an unprecedented exhibition of works by the Italian Futurists. This exhibition, while controversial, brought even greater notoriety to the gallery. In 1913, it held the largest and most comprehensive exhibition of Picasso's work. Justin wrote the introduction to the exhibition catalogue and soon began a close personal and professional relationship with the artist. He acquired many of Picasso's works over the years, including Woman Ironing (1904) and The Blind Man's Meal (1903).

World War I and the interwar period

Justin was called to serve in World War I in 1914. After being wounded in 1916, he returned to Munich and helped Heinrich to publish three large volumes cataloguing a selection of the gallery's inventory and activities. In 1918, he married his first wife, Kate. She gave birth to their two sons, Heinz and Michel, in 1918 and 1920, respectively. In 1919, as the political and economic situation in Germany continued to decline, Justin decided to move his family to Lucerne, Switzerland. There, he opened a second branch of what was now called Moderne Galerie/Thannhauser. This new venue allowed the family to sell works that were found unfavorable in Germany. Justin ran the Lucerne branch until 1921, when he was called back to Munich to assist his father, who had developed a serious condition in his larynx. The Lucerne gallery continued to be under Justin's direction until 1928, when his cousin Siegfried Rosengart assumed control and changed its name to Galerie Rosengart.

Once in Munich, Justin assumed complete control of his father's gallery and brought the two branches under the name Galerien Thannhauser. He began to slowly rebuild the business's reputation, which had weakened during the war, by organizing conservative exhibitions of German paintings and works on paper. He soon returned to the avant-garde, however, showing works by Picasso and Kandinsky in 1922, an exhibition of contemporary American artists in 1923, and paintings by Vlaminck in 1925. His most daring endeavors took place in 1926, when he held exhibitions of work by George Grosz and Otto Dix.

In 1927, Justin opened a third gallery in Berlin. The success of this branch quickly surpassed that of the one in Munich; he thus decided to focus completely on the former and closed the latter in 1928. His greatest achievement in the Berlin space took place in 1930, when he presented the largest exhibition of works by Matisse ever held in Germany.

World War II and post-war years

In 1937, Justin moved with this family to Paris to escape the Nazi Germany regime. Although the Nazi government considered Modern art to be "degenerate," he had paid a steep export tax and was thus permitted to bring many important works and archive materials with him. He was, however, forced to liquidate his family's collection of classic German art in order to make this financially possible. Despite this considerable loss, he was able to open a private gallery on rue de Miromesnil. He was also voted into the Syndicat des Editeurs d'Art et Négotiants en Tableaux Modernes, Paris's professional society of art dealers.

After the outbreak of World War II, Justin moved his family back to Switzerland, and then to New York. There, he opened another private gallery. Fortunately, he had managed to bring several important works with him to the United States; the house in Paris would later be looted by Nazi soldiers. However, due to the death of Heinz (who was killed in combat in 1944) and the poor health of Michel (who would ultimately die in 1952), Justin canceled his plans to open a public gallery and placed a large number of works up for auction in 1945. He remained in New York until 1971, where he continued to operate the private gallery, collected art, and assisted museums and galleries with exhibitions and acquisitions. He also hosted many international cultural luminaries in his home, including Picasso, Louise Bourgeois, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Marcel Duchamp, Jean Renoir, John D. Rockefeller, and Thomas M. Messer, then Director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, among many others. Kate died in 1960, and he married his second wife, Hilde, two years later.

In 1963, Justin decided to bequeath the essential works of his collection to the Guggenheim. The size and quality of this gift was unparalleled by any that he had made or would make again. Because the terms called for the works to be permanently installed in a designated space so that they would be publicly accessible, the Guggenheim created the Thannhauser Wing in 1965. The museum space housing the Thannhauser collection has since been expanded and restored.

Justin and Hilde retired to Switzerland in 1971, and Justin died in Gstaad on December 26, 1976. After his death, Hilde continued to donate works of art to institutions around the world, including the Kunstmuseum Bern and the Guggenheim. She died in Bern in 1991.

Controversies and lawsuits concerning Holocaust-related art transactions

Thannhauser was involved in art transactions that have resulted in Nazi-era art claims against the Guggenheim Museum, the National Gallery of Art, the Andrew Lloyd Webber Art Foundation, the Bavarian State Paintings Collections, and Chicago art collectors James and Marilynn Alsdorf, among others. In each case, the lawsuits were filed in courts by the families of the Jewish collectors who had owned the artworks before Thannhauser dealt with them.

In 2003, the heirs of Carlotta Landsberg filed a lawsuit for the return of Picasso's Woman in White (Femme en Blanc), which had been placed in safekeeping with Thannhauser when they fled the Nazis.

In 2007, the heirs of Berlin banker Paul von Mendelssohn-Bartholdy requested the restitution of the Picasso oil painting "Le Moulin de la Galette", which Thannhauser had given to the Guggenheim. The lawsuit was settled in a secret agreement between the museum and the heirs. The Mendelssohn-Barthody heirs also filed a lawuit for the return of Picasso's Madame Soler.

In January 2023, a claim was filed in the Manhattan Supreme Court against the Guggenheim Museum by the heirs of Karl Adler and Rosi Jacobi demanding the repatriation of Picasso's Woman Ironing. Thannhauser had purchased the painting in 1938, during the Nazi era. When he died in 1978, he gave it, along with the rest of his artworks, to the Guggenheim Museum. The Guggenheim Museum's position concerning Picasso's "Woman Ironing" is that when the painting’s owner sold it, he made a “fair transaction.” However, the heirs claim that it was sold under duress.

Also in 2023, the heirs of Hedwig Stern filed a restitution claim for Vincent Van Gogh's Olive Picking against the Basil & Elise Goulandris Foundation in Athens and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Thannhauser had sold Olive Picking to Vincent Astor in 1948.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "Exhibitions: Thannhauser Collection". Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  2. Russell, John (December 24, 1978). "GALLERY VIEW" – via NYTimes.com.
  3. "Kitty Munson Cooper's Family History and Genealogy Site - The Art Dealer Thannhausers and Rosengarts descend from Mina". kittymunson.com.
  4. "Justin Thannhauser Dead at 84; Dealer in Art's Modern Masters". December 31, 1976 – via NYTimes.com.
  5. "Collections: Thannhauser Collection". Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  6. "Pablo Picasso's Woman Ironing, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum".
  7. The Blind Man's Meal, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
  8. "Collection Online: Major Acquisition > Thannhauser Collection". Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  9. "Guggenheim Settles Litigation and Shares Key Findings". 2020-01-28. Archived from the original on 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  10. "National Gallery of Art Returns Picasso Work to Settle Claim - The Ne…". archive.is. 2021-02-16. Archived from the original on 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  11. "Schoeps v Andrew Lloyd Webber Art Found. :: 2007 :: New York Other Co…". archive.is. 2021-02-16. Archived from the original on 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  12. SPIEGEL, Michael Sontheimer, DER (18 October 2011). "Art Restitution and Picasso: One Jewish Family's Battle with a Munich Museum". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 2021-02-19.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. "Whose Picasso is it?". www.lootedart.com. The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  14. "Whose Picasso is it?". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  15. Sontheimer, Michael (2008-08-20). "Trans-Atlantic Art Spat: European Heirs Demand New York Museums Return Picassos". Der Spiegel. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  16. "MoMA, Guggenheim Settle Lawsuit Over Picasso Works - Antiques And The Arts WeeklyAntiques And The Arts Weekly". 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  17. "Munich museum takes down Picasso portrait amid restitution dispute". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  18. Owoseje, Toyin. "A Jewish family fleeing the Nazis sold a Picasso in 1938. Their heirs want it back". CNN. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  19. "A Jewish family sold a Picasso to flee Nazis. Their heirs want it back". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
  20. "Jewish Heirs Sue Guggenheim Over Ownership of a Prized Picasso". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  21. "Did the Metropolitan Museum cover up its acquisition of a Nazi-looted Van Gogh? A new lawsuit alleges so". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. 2022-12-20. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  22. "Was Van Gogh's olive grove landscape another Nazi-era 'forced sale'?". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2023-12-17.

Sources

  • Bäckström, Per; Hjartarson, Benedikt, eds. (2014). Decentering the Avant-Garde, Volume 30 of Avant-Garde Critical Studies. Rodopi. p. 189. ISBN 978-9-401-21037-9.
  • Barnett, Vivian Endicott (1978). The Guggenheim Museum, Justin K. Thannhauser Collection. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-892-07016-9.
  • Drutt, Matthew: "A Showcase for Modern Art: The Thannhauser Collection," in: Drutt, Matthew (Ed.), Thannhauser: The Thannhauser Collection of the Guggenheim Museum, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation 2001, pp. 1–25
  • The Thannhauser Gallery: Marketing Van Gogh, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, 2017.
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