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Karai-karai
كاراي-كاراي (Ajami)
Native to	Nigeria
Region	Bauchi State, Yobe State, Gombe state
Ethnicity	Karai-Karai
Native speakers	1.8 million (2010)
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Chadic West Chadic Bole–Angas Bole–Tangale (A.2) Bole (North) Karai-karai
Writing system	Latin (Karai-karai alphabet) Arabic script (formerly)
Official status
Official language in	Nigeria
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kai
Glottolog	kare1348
Ethnic territories (pink) of the Karai-karai-speaking people (Bakwaró) in Nigeria

Karai-karai (Francophonic spelling: Karekare, Kerrikerri, Ajami: كاراي-كاراي) is a language spoken in West Africa, most prominently North eastern Nigeria. The number of speakers of Karai-karai is estimated between 1,500,000 to 1,800,000 million, primarily spoken by the ethnic Karai-Karai people. It is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken principally in Nigeria with communities in Bauchi State, Yobe State, Gombe State and other parts of Nigeria. Many Karai-karai words share a common origin with the Northwest Semitic languages of Hebrew and Arabic. The Karai-karai language is most closely related to the Ngamo and Bole languages (spoken in north eastern Nigeria) which are both considered derivatives of the Karai-karai language.

Distribution

Karai-karai (and its dialects) is a well-spoken language in the following northern Nigerian states:

• Bauchi State
• Yobe State
• Borno State
• Gombe State
• Taraba State
• Adamawa State
• Jigawa State
• Kano State
• Nasarawa State

Classification

Karai-karai is classified among the Bole-Tangale languages, together with Bure, Deno, Gero, Geruma, Galambu, Giiwo, Kubi, Maaka, Ɓeele, Daza, Pali, Ngamo, Bole and the isolate Tangale form the BoleTangale group of languages within the West Chadic branch of the Chadic family. In present-day Nigeria, it is estimated that there are over 2 million Karai-karai primary and secondary language speakers within Nigeria, it is the second most widely spoken language in North eastearn Nigeria.

Bole-Tangale languages

Below is a comprehensive list of Bole–Tangale languages names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019). It is the subgroup which the Karai-karai language belongs

Literary Karai-karai

Standard Karai-karai has its origin in the 1950s, when Northern Region Literary Agency (NORLA) worked on the book Ndar Ma Karatu which is the earliest publication in Karai-karai published by Gaskiya Corporation.

Writing system

Alphabets

Karai-karai language is written with the basic Latin script, with four diacritics appearing on vowels (circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent) and the cedilla appearing in "ç" and "ş". The Latin letters ⟨q⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨x⟩ are not used as part of the official orthography of Standard Karai-karai.

Orthography

• Digraphs: dl, hn, tl, zh, lh, lz, zh, sh, ny, nz, nd, nt, nc, nk, nj, ng, mp, mb. mɓ, kw, gw, ƙw, zh, sh.
• Trigraphs: nlz, nzh, ngw, nkw
• Accents: à, â, á, ā, è, ê, é, ē, ì, í, ī, î, ò, ō, ó, ù, ū, ú, ā̀, ḕ, ī̀, ṑ, ū̀, ā́, ḗ, ī́, ṓ, ū́.

Vowels

The Karai-karai language has five long vowels, a, e, i, o, u and five long vowels these five long vowels are written as ā, ē, ī, ō, ū or with double letters as follows: aa, ee, ii, oo, and uu as used by some dialects.

The diphthongs: au and ai.

Gallery

• Bala Bara Majalam is festival of a Karai-karai ethnic group's of Jalam town Yobe State 2024
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See also

• Gooya Valley

References

1. ^ Karai-karai at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
2. "OLAC resources in and about the Karai-Karai language".
3. Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
4. Russeel G. Schuch; Yobe State Languages Research Project: aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/yobe/Karai-Karai
5. Tikau & Yusuf 2009, p. viii.
6. Kariya Gambo, Adamu Hassan (2001). Karai-Karai People and Language (A Package for Barakau 2001) (First ed.). Yobe State, Nigeria: Mbeeno Club, Potiskum. p. 53.
7. Kariya Gambo, Adamu Hassan (2001). Karai-Karai People and Language (A Package for Barakau 2001) (First ed.). Yobe State, Nigeria: Mbeeno Club, Potiskum. p. 53.

Works cited

• Tikau, Abubaka Idris; Yusuf, Ibrahim; Gambo, Malam Kariya; Karofi, Umaru Manu; Mamu, Dauda; Bumi, Rifkatu I.; Schuh, Russel G. (2009). Karekare-English-Hausa dictionary (PDF). Potiskum: Yobe Languages Research Project.

• West Chadic languages
• Languages of Nigeria