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Kareniaceae
Anatomy of Karenia brevis
Karenia brevis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Diaphoretickes
Clade:	SAR
Clade:	Alveolata
Phylum:	Myzozoa
Superclass:	Dinoflagellata
Class:	Dinophyceae
Order:	Gymnodiniales
Family:	Kareniaceae

Kareniaceae is an accepted marine family of relatively small, toxic, unarmored dinoflagellates belonging to the order Gymnodiniales. Species in the Kareniaceae clade often cause harmful discolored green algea blooms (HABs) that pose a safety and health risk to humans (H. sapiens) and the surrounding regions. Such blooms also pose a risk to coastal aquaculture worldwide, especially in places like France, the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel and the Mediterranean Sea.

Species in this family produce neurotoxins like brevetoxins, which cause human shellfish poisoning (HSP), respiratory effects and mass fish death.

Genera

Source:

• Asterodinium Sournia
• Brachidinium Sournia
• Gertia K.Takahashi et Iwataki
• Karenia G.Hansen et Moestrup
• Karlodinium Larsen
• Shimiella Ok, Jeong, Lee et Noh
• Takayama G.Hansen et Moestrup

References

1. "Taxonomy Browser :: Algaebase". www.algaebase.org. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
2. "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Kareniaceae". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
3. Zhang, Weiqian; Zhang, Qingchun; Smith, Kirsty F.; Qiu, Limei; Liu, Chao; Yin, Xiaoting; Liu, Qing (2022). "Development of Specific DNA Barcodes for the Dinophyceae Family Kareniaceae and Their Application in the South China Sea". Frontiers in Marine Science. 9. doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.851605. ISSN 2296-7745.
4. Nézan, Elisabeth; Siano, Raffaele; Boulben, Sylviane; Six, Christophe; Bilien, Gwenael; Chèze, Karine; Duval, Audrey; Le Panse, Sophie; Quéré, Julien; Chomérat, Nicolas (2014-12-01). "Genetic diversity of the harmful family Kareniaceae (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in France, with the description of Karlodinium gentienii sp. nov.: A new potentially toxic dinoflagellate" (PDF). Harmful Algae. 40: 75–91. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2014.10.006. ISSN 1568-9883.
5. "Karenia – Harmful Algal Blooms". Retrieved 2023-11-09.
6. Iwataki, Mitsunori; Lum, Wai Mun; Kuwata, Koyo; Takahashi, Kazuya; Arima, Daichi; Kuribayashi, Takanori; Kosaka, Yuki; Hasegawa, Natsuki; Watanabe, Tsuyoshi; Shikata, Tomoyuki; Isada, Tomonori; Orlova, Tatiana Yu.; Sakamoto, Setsuko (2022). "Morphological variation and phylogeny of Karenia selliformis (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in an intensive cold-water algal bloom in eastern Hokkaido, Japan". Harmful Algae. 114. Elsevier BV: 102204. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2022.102204. ISSN 1568-9883. PMID 35550287.

• Gymnodiniales
• Dinoflagellate families