Arab separatism in Khuzestan

(Redirected from Khuzestan conflict) Arab nationalist movement in Khuzestan advocating for Arab separatism from Iran

Map of Iran with Khuzestan highlighted

Date	1922 – present
Location	Khuzestan, Iran
Status	Ongoing

Belligerents

Sublime State of Persia (1922–1925)

1922–1924

Sheikhdom of Mohammerah

Imperial State of Iran (1925–1979)

1950s–1960s

ALF
NFLA

Interim Government and Council of the Islamic Revolution (1979–1980)

Islamic Republic of Iran (1980−present)

1979–1980

APCO
DRFLA
PFLA
AFLA
Supported by:
Iraq

1998–present

ASMLA
NLMA
Ansar Al-Furqan
Supported by:
Iraq (until 2003)

Commanders and leaders

Habib Jabr al-Ka'bi

Ahmad Mullah Nissi †

Salah Abusharif

Habib Chaab

v t e Arab separatism in Khuzestan
Early phase Sheikh Khazal (1924) Unrest (1925) Unrest (1928) Unrest (1940) 1943 revolt 1945 revolt Second phase Insurgency (1956–70) Insurgency (1979) Embassy siege (1980) 2005–2022 phase Unrest (2005) 2005–06 Ahvaz bombings Day of Rage (2011) Uprising of Dignity (2018)

Arab separatism
in Khuzestan

Early phase

Second phase

2005–2022 phase

Arab separatism in Khuzestan is a decades-long separatist Arab movement in the western part of the Khuzestan Province in Iran.

From the 1920s to the early 2020s, tensions have often resulted in violence and attempted separatism by Khuzestani Arabs, including the insurgency in 1979, unrest in 2005, terrorist bombings in 2005–2006, protests in 2011, assassinations in 2017, and the 2018 Ahvaz military parade attack.

Iran officially denied any discrimination or the existence of conflict within the country. It drew strong criticism from human rights organizations including accusations of ethnic discrimination and ethnic cleansing.

Demographic background

Khuzestan is inhabited by many different ethnic groups including Arabs, Bakhtiari, Kurds, Qashqais, Persians, and Armenians. The majority of Arabs in Khuzestan are Shia Muslims. Both the urban and rural areas of Khuzestan are populated with Arabs, Persians, and Lurs, who often intermarry.

History

Sheikh Khazal rebellion

Officially within Persian territory, the western region of Khuzestan functioned as an autonomous emirate known as Arabistan for two decades until 1924. From 1922 to 1924, tensions grew due to the rising power of Reza Khan, who later became the Shah of Iran (as Reza Shah), due to his increasingly negative attitude toward tribal autonomies in Iran, his attempts to extract higher taxes, and reduce the authority of Khazal Khan, the Sheikh of Mohammerah and the tribal leader of Arabistan. In response, Sheik Khazal initiated the short-lived Sheikh Khazal rebellion which peaked in November 1924 and was crushed by the newly installed Pahlavi dynasty. At least 115 casualties were sustained. Arabistan was dissolved by Reza Shah's government in 1925, along with other autonomous regions of Persia.

1979 insurgency

The 1979 Khuzestan insurgency erupted in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution, fed by demands of autonomy for Khuzestan. The uprising was quelled by Iranian security forces, resulting in more than a hundred combined casualties from both sides. The Iranian crackdown in response to the uprising provoked the initiation of the Iranian Embassy siege of 1980 in London by an Arab separatist group called the Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan (DRFLA). The terrorists initially demanded autonomy for Khuzestan and later demanded the release of 91 of their comrades held in Iranian jails.

Civil unrest and insurgency (1999–2020)

ASMLA establishment

In 1999, Habib Yabar, Habib Asewad Kaabi, and Ahmad Mola Nissi established the Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz (ASMLA) in Europe to advocate for an independent Arab state in Khuzestan and has committed acts of terrorism and assassinations in support of this goal. The group is financed and sponsored by Saudi Arabia.

Civil unrest (2005–2015)

On 15 April 2005, civil unrest broke out in Ahvaz and surrounding towns, lasting for four days. Initially, the Iranian Interior Ministry stated that only one person had been killed, but an official at an Ahvaz hospital alleged between 15 and 20 casualties.

Subsequently, a series of bombings were carried out in Ahvaz and other cities in Iran in late 2005 and early 2006, which were blamed upon Sunni Arab separatist groups of Khuzestan.

The 2011 Khuzestan protests, known among protesters as the Ahvaz Day of Rage, erupted on 15 April 2011 in Iranian Khuzestan to mark the anniversary of the 2005 Ahvaz unrest, and as a response to the regional Arab Spring. The protests lasted for four days, resulted in 12 to 15 protesters killed, and many wounded and arrested; one security officer was killed and another wounded. Crackdown on Arab political opposition in the area continued since with arrests and executions. Four Ahwazi men were executed in Iran in June 2012 in relation to the 2011 unrest. The crackdown on Arab Sunni opposition has been condemned by the Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and others.

In 2013, bombings were carried out in Ahvaz, alleged to have been committed by the ASMLA.

On 23 March 2015, a football match dispute led to anti-government protests in Ahvaz. Local football fans defiantly expressed support for the Saudi al-Hilal football team during the match and burnt pictures of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the late Iranian spiritual leader who led the 1979 Iranian revolution. The opposition National Council of Resistance of Iran said that fans further carried banners declaring that “We are all Younes,” a reference to a street vendor who immolated himself a few days before the match in the nearby city of Khorramshahr. In parallel, Iran's state-run Press TV broadcast confessions of captured ASMLA members who said they had carried out scores of attacks. An Arab protester was killed by Iranian security forces during the events.

On 2 April 2015, three Iranian officers were killed by unidentified gunmen in the city of Hamidiyeh, about 25 kilometers (15 miles) west of the city of Ahvaz.

2016

In early June 2016, a Sunni group known as Suqour al-Ahvaz (transl. Hawks of Ahvaz) blew up the Bou-Ali-Sina Petrochemical Complex in Bandar-E Mahshahr, Khuzestan.

In July 2016, Ahwazi militants of the al-Farouq Brigade of the Ahwazi National Resistance blew up pipelines in the Johar as-Sabaa' district on two occasions. Reportedly, members of the al-Farouq Brigade managed to escape after the operation despite the efforts of the security forces and Revolutionary Guards. According to Algemeiner, the group responsible for the 11 and 17 July attacks was Suqour al-Ahvaz.

In August 2016, Iran executed three men charged with committing an attack in April 2015 which led to the death of three Iranian policemen in Khuzestan province.

In October 2016, a young girl was killed when Iranian security forces attempted to arrest her father.

2017

In early April 2017, an Ahwazi activist was killed by Basij militia in Ma’shour city. In October 2017, Ahmad Mullah Nissi, head of the Arab Struggle Movement for Khuzestan, was assassinated in the Netherlands.

2018

Massive demonstrations erupted in Khuzestan in April 2018, spreading from Ahwaz to several large cities of the province. Ten people were reportedly killed in a fire during one of those demonstrations, which was blamed on Iranian intelligence services by the protesters.

On 22 September 2018, a group of terrorists opened fire on an Iranian Revolutionary Guard parade, killing 25 soldiers and civilians in Ahvaz. The Ahvaz National Resistance, an umbrella organization of all armed separatist movements, claimed responsibility for the terror attack. The Ahvaz National Resistance and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant also claimed responsibility for the attack. The Iranian government blamed ISIL for the attack and retaliated.

Casualties

Total estimate: 342–501 killed (1922–2020):

1922–1924: 115+ killed during Sheikh Khazal rebellion
1979: 25–112 killed during 1979 Khuzestan uprising
1980: 7 killed during the Iranian Embassy siege in London
2005: 1–50 killed during 2005 Ahvaz unrest
2005–2006: 28+ killed in Ahvaz bombings
2011: 13–16 killed in 2011 Khuzestan protests
2012: 4 executed in response to the 2011 protests by Iran
2015: 6 killed in three incidents
2016: 1 killed, 3 executed
2017: 4 killed
2018: 10–39 killed
2019: 91+ killed
2020: 34+ killed

Human rights issues

Minorities at Risk (MAR), a university-based research project has stated that Arabs in Khuzestan have experienced discrimination.

Arab organizations

Arab organizations in Khuzestan were divided into two camps: those seek a separate state, and those who sought regional autonomy within a federal Iran. Critics of these parties claim that separatism has no support among Arabs, and point to the decision by many Iranian Arabs to defend Iran during the Iran–Iraq War. The support shown by Iranian Arabs may have been a result of the knowledge of Shia Muslims in Saddam's Iraq. Critics also contend that separatism has always been instigated by foreign governments – particularly the British – to weaken Iran to control the country's natural resources and extend external influence over the Middle East.

Ahwaz Liberation Organization

The Ahwaz Liberation Organization (ALO), based in Maastricht in the Netherlands, was formed from the remnants of three Iraqi-backed groups – the Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan (DRFLA), People's Front for Liberation of Arabistan (PFLA), and the Arab Front for the Liberation of Al-Ahwaz (AFLA). The ALO is a secular pan-Arabist group seeking independence from Iran. The DRFLA was the most notorious of the precursor groups, having been sponsored by Saddam Hussein.

The ALO was founded after the newly installed Islamic government fired on Arab demonstrators in Khorramshahr, killing many of them. The DRFLA was behind the May 1980 Iranian Embassy Siege in London, taking several hostages to draw attention to its demands for the self-determination of the Arab population of Khuzestan. The British Special Air Service (SAS) stormed the building and freed the hostages. Fowzi Badavi Nejad, the only survivor of that group, survived only because some of the embassy hostages had put themselves between him and the SAS soldiers. Some evidence indicated the Iraqi intelligence services had duped Nejad into taking part in the siege. Evidence showed that once he knew the true nature of the group's plans, he only continued because he feared for his family, who had fled from Iran to Iraq.

The ALO's constituent groups operated as a mercenary force on behalf of Saddam's regime during the Iran–Iraq War, and carried out assassinations and attacked oil facilities. Bomb attacks on oil and power facilities have continued since the end of the Iraq War, although the ALO has not formally claimed responsibility. The ALO's leader, the self-styled "President of Al-Ahwaz" Faleh Abdallah Al-Mansouri, has been living in exile in the Netherlands since 1989, shortly after the end of the Iran–Iraq War, and has Dutch citizenship. He has declared himself to be the "President" of Al-Ahwaz, which he claimed extends beyond Khuzestan, and includes much of the coast of Iran. However, during a visit to Syria in May 2006, he was arrested along with Iranian Arabs who were registered as refugees by the UNHCR.

References

^ "Liberation of Ahwaz Movement Leader: The Deceive Storm restored faith to our hearts". Asharq Al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
Weiss, Caleb (30 December 2017). "Iran-based jihadist group claims attack on oil pipeline". Foundation for the Defense of Democracies. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2017. Ansar al Furqan states that "a major oil pipeline was blown up in Omidiyeh region of occupied Ahvaz, Iran." The group added that it had established a new unit, the Ahwaz Martyrs Brigade. The area of Ahvaz has historically had a large Arab population.
^ "Terrorist Organization Profiles – START – National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism". Archived from the original on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
en, FIDH (2010). "The Hidden Side of Iran: Discrimination against ethnic and religious minorities" (PDF). FIDH.
"Province of Khuzestan". Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
^ MAR | Data | Assessment for Arabs in Iran Archived 20 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
Cronin, S. Tribal Politics in Iran: Rural Conflict and the New State, 1921–1941. pp52-5.
Journal of Middle Eastern studies, Vol. 25, No. 3 (August 1993), pp. 541-543
Ward, Steven R. (2009). Ward, p.231-4. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1589015876. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
See:
- BBC link: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/iranian_embassy_siege/703016.stm Archived 20 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- BBC link: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/iranian_embassy_siege/720640.stm Archived 15 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Hurtado, Luis Miquel (23 September 2018). "Al Ahvaziya: el independentismo árabe amenaza a Irán desde Europa". El Mundo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 September 2018.
^ Dr. Babak Ganji. Civil-Military Relations, State Strategies & Presidential Elections in Iran. Conflict Studies Research Center, Middle East Series, June 2005: p.12.
Rasmus C. Elling. State of Mind, State of Order: Reactions to Ethnic Unrest in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Archived 6 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine Wiley publishing doi:10.1111/j.1754-9469.2008.00028.x. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism Volume 8, Issue 3, pages 481–501, December 2008. "...The first, which will be called the Ahvaz unrest, took place in the southwestern Iranian province of Khuzestan, which borders Iraq, and in particular in the regional capital of Ahvaz..."
"European Parliament condemns Iran's violation of minorities' rights". 15 June 2012. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
Saeed Kamali Dehghan (13 June 2012). "Iran Arab prisoners at risk of execution, Amnesty warns". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
^ "Iran: Four members of Ahwazi Arab minority executed after unfair trial". Amnesty Australia. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
"Iran: Arrest Sweeps Target Arab Minority – Human Rights Watch". 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
^ "Football riots reflect discontent in Iran's predominantly Arab Khuzestan - MIDEAST". Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
"3 Iranian officers killed near Ahvaz, Khuzestan". Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
^ Speyer, Lea (27 July 2016). "Mideast Analyst: Iran in Throes of Domestic Battle as Ethnic Groups Carry Out Attacks Against Regime Targets | Jewish & Israel News". Algemeiner.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
^ "Ahwazi Arab resistance blow up Iranian pipeline". Al Bawaba. 19 July 2016. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
"Iran executes 3 men charged with terrorism". En.trend.az. 18 August 2016. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
"Iran security forces kill Ahwazi girl while arresting her father". 26 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
"Ahwazi activist killed by Basij militia in Ma'shour city". Ahwazi Center for Human Rights. 12 April 2017. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
"Murder in the Hague: Saudi-Iranian Proxy War Heats up". HuffPost. 10 November 2017. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
"'Ahwazis don't give up': Anniversary of annexed Arab province looms in Iran". Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
"Iran's Revolutionary Guards targeted in Ahvaz military parade | News | al Jazeera". Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
"Dozens killed in Iran terror attack during military parade - Middle East - Jerusalem Post". Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
"29 killed in attack on Iranian military parade". Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
Mahan Abedin and Kaveh Farrokh (3 November 2005). "British Arabism and the bombings in Iran". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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v t e List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
1910s	Italo-Turkish War World War I Middle Eastern theatre Battle of Robat Karim Arab Revolt Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide Mount Lebanon starvation Unification of Saudi Arabia Simko Shikak revolt 1919 Egyptian revolution Turkish War of Independence Anglo-Turkish War Al-Jazeera Front Greco-Turkish War Turkish–Armenian War Franco-Turkish War Revolts United States Mahmud Barzanji revolts
1920s	Franco-Syrian War Iraqi Revolt (1920) Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt Sheikh Said rebellion
1930s	Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Dersim rebellion
1940s	World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Allied invasion of Iraq Syria–Lebanon campaign Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Al-Waziri coup Al-Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Arab–Israeli conflict 1948 Arab–Israeli War Suez Crisis 1967 Six-Day War 1973 Yom Kippur War 1982 Lebanon War
1950s	1952 Egyptian revolution 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cyprus Emergency Suez Crisis Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising
1960s	Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict First Iraqi–Kurdish War Second Iraqi–Kurdish War Dhofar Rebellion North Yemen Civil War Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup Mar. 1963 Syrian coup Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1948 Palestine war First Intifada Second Intifada 1966 Syrian coup d'état
1970s	Black September in Jordan 1972 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt Yemenite War of 1972 Turkish invasion of Cyprus Shatt al-Arab clashes Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey Islamist uprising in Syria 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq NDF Rebellion Yemenite War of 1979 Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque seizure 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
1980s	Iran–Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkey–PKK conflict South Yemen civil war 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 1986 Damascus bombings 1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt Abu Nidal's executions
1990s	Gulf War (1990–1991) 1991 Iraqi uprisings Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) Yemeni Civil War (1994) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) Operation Desert Fox al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
2000s	Iraq War Balochi insurgency in Iran 2004 Qamishli riots Houthi insurgency in Yemen Iran–Israel proxy conflict 2006 Lebanon War Fatah–Hamas conflict South Yemen insurgency
2010s	2011 Bahraini uprising Egyptian Crisis Sinai insurgency Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) Syrian civil war Turkish involvement in Syria Syrian War spillover in Lebanon Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) Yemeni crisis Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
2020s	2021 Beirut clashes Israel–Hamas war Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) Red Sea crisis
This list includes World War I and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

Iran topics

History

Prehistory

Ancient

3400–539 BC	Kura-Araxes culture (3400–2000 BC) Proto-Elamite civilization (3100–2700 BC) Elamite dynasties (2700–540 BC) Akkadian Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) Lullubi (c.2300–675 BC) Kassites (c.1595–c.1155 BC) Kingdom of Mannai (10th–7th century BC) Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC) Urartu (860 BC–590 BC) Median Empire (678–549 BC) Scythian Kingdom (652–625 BC) Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BC)
550 BC–AD 224	Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC) Atropatene (c.323 BC–AD 226) Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) Kingdom of Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC) Frataraka (c.295–220 BC) Kingdom of Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) Parthian Empire (247 BC–AD 224) Kings of Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
AD 224–651	Sasanian Empire (AD 224–651)

Medieval and
early modern

632–1090	Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) Samanid dynasty (819–999) Tahirid dynasty (821–873) Alavid dynasty (864–928) Saffarid dynasty (861–1003) Ziyarid dynasty (931–1090) Buyid dynasty (934–1062)
977–1432	Ghaznavid Empire (977–1186) Ghurid dynasty (1011–1215) Seljuk Empire (1037–1194) Anushtegin dynasty (1077–1231) Eldiguzids (1135/36-1225) Kart dynasty (1244–1381) Ilkhanate (1256–1335) Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393) Jalayirid Sultanate dynasty (1335–1432) Chobanid dynasty (1338–1357)
1370–1925	Timurid Empire (1370–1507) Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans (1374–1468) Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans (1378–1508) Safavid Empire (1501–1736) Afsharid Empire (1736–1796) Zand Dynasty (1751–1794) Qajar Empire (1789–1925) Khanates of the Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 1908 bombardment of the Majlis Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 1921 Persian coup d'état Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)

Modern

1925–1979

Islamic Republic
1979–present

Other topics

v t e Arab nationalism
Ideology	Arab socialism Ba'athism Nasserism Pan-Arabism Third International Theory
History	Arab Revolt Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Iraqi Revolt Arab separatism in Khuzestan 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Great Syrian Revolt 1941 Iraqi coup d'état Anglo-Iraqi War Arab–Israeli conflict Suez Crisis Six-Day War War of Attrition Yom Kippur War Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1952 Egyptian revolution Iraqi Intifada Algerian War 14 July Revolution 1959 Mosul uprising 1961 Syrian coup d'état Arab Cold War North Yemen Civil War Ramadan Revolution 1963 Syrian coup d'état Dhofar War November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état Aden Emergency 1966 Syrian coup d'état 17 July Revolution 1969 Sudanese coup d'état 1969 Libyan revolution Black September Lebanese Civil War Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Yemeni unification
Concepts	Arab identity Arab Union Arab world Arabization
Personalities	Butrus al-Bustani Michel Aflaq Jassem Alwan Yasser Arafat Abdul Rahman Arif Abdul Salam Arif Zaki al-Arsuzi Bashar al-Assad Hafez al-Assad Jamal al-Atassi Mansur al-Atrash Sultan al-Atrash Tariq Aziz Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Ahmed Ben Bella Salah al-Din al-Bitar Izzat Darwaza Faisal I of Iraq Muammar Gaddafi Rashid Ali al-Gaylani George Habash Sati' al-Husri Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz Saddam Hussein Amin al-Husseini Salah Jadid Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi Mostéfa Merarda Gamal Abdel Nasser Adnan Pachachi Ameen Rihani Fuad al-Rikabi Abdullah Rimawi Hamdeen Sabahi Constantin Zureiq
Organizations	Al-Awda Al-Fatat Al-Mourabitoun Arab Ba'ath Arab Ba'ath Movement Arab Federation Arab Higher Committee Arab Islamic Republic Arab Liberation Army Arab Nationalist Movement Arab Socialist Action Party Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) Arab Socialist Union (Libya) Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) Arabian Peninsula People's Union Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order Ba'ath Party Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) Fatah Federation of Arab Republics General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) Islamic Legion Lebanese National Movement National Liberation Front (Algeria) Palestine Liberation Organization Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Rejectionist Front Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation Unified Political Command Union of Arab Republics (1972) United Arab Republic United Arab States
Literature	The Arab Awakening The Battle for One Destiny On the Way of Resurrection
Symbolism	Arab Liberation Flag Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic Eagle of Saladin Flag of the Arab Federation Flag of the Arab Revolt Flag of the Federation of Arab Republics Flag of the United Arab Republic Hawk of Quraish Pan-Arab colors
Related topics	Algerian nationalism Egyptian nationalism Greater Mauritania Greater Morocco Greater Syria Greater Yemen Iraqi nationalism Islamism Jordanian nationalism Lebanese nationalism Libyan nationalism Palestinian nationalism Pan-Islamism Sahrawi nationalism Syrian nationalism Tunisian nationalism
Category

v t e Iran–Saudi Arabia relations
Diplomatic posts	Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran
Diplomacy	Safari Club
Conflicts	Iranian revolution 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Arab separatism in Khuzestan Qatif conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising Iran–Iraq War Action of June 5, 1984 Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict Qatar diplomatic crisis 2011 Egyptian revolution 2011 Bahraini uprising Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain insurgency in Bahrain 2011 Libyan civil war Syrian civil war Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Saudi involvement Spillover in Lebanon Axis of Resistance Iranian intervention in Iraq Yemeni crisis Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Yemeni revolution Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi takeover in Yemen Second Libyan civil war
Incidents	1987 Mecca incident Khobar Towers bombing 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2015 Mina stampede 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 2017–2020 Qatif unrest 2018 Riyadh missile strike International Maritime Security Construct United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 2019 Afif attack Abha International Airport attacks Abqaiq–Khurais attack
Iranian relations with GCC member states	Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar United Arab Emirates
Related	Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Iran–Israel proxy conflict Arab League–Iran relations Arab–Israeli alliance Warsaw Middle East conference Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Opposition to military action against Iran Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition Gulf Cooperation Council Iran International Shia–Sunni relations Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia
Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations

v t e Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
Background	Iranian revolution 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Arab separatism in Khuzestan Qatif conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising
Conflicts	Iran–Iraq War Action of June 5, 1984 Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict Qatar diplomatic crisis 2011 Egyptian revolution 2011 Bahraini uprising Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain insurgency in Bahrain First Libyan civil war Syrian civil war Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Saudi involvement Spillover in Lebanon Axis of Resistance War in Iraq (2013–2017) Iranian intervention in Iraq Yemeni crisis Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Yemeni revolution Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi takeover in Yemen Second Libyan civil war
Incidents	1987 Mecca incident Khobar Towers bombing 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2015 Mina stampede 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 2017–2020 Qatif unrest 2018 Riyadh missile strike International Maritime Security Construct United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 2019 Afif attack Abha International Airport attacks Abqaiq–Khurais attack
Iranian relations with GCC member states	Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar United Arab Emirates
Related topics	Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Iran–Israel proxy conflict Arab League–Iran relations Arab–Israeli alliance Warsaw Middle East conference Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Opposition to military action against Iran Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition Gulf Cooperation Council Iran International Shia–Sunni relations Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia
Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

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