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Ancient Mesopotamian religion
Religions of the ancient Near East Anatolia Ancient Egypt Mesopotamia Babylonia Sumer Iranian Semitic Arabia Canaan
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Seven gods who decree Four primary Anu Enlil Enki Ninhursag Three sky gods Inanna/Ishtar Nanna/Sin Utu/Shamash
Other major deities Adad Dumuzid Enkimdu Enmesharra Ereshkigal Ki Kingu Geshtinanna Lahar Marduk Nergal Ninurta Šulpae
Minor deities Agasaya Anunnaki Asaruludu Ashnan Ashgi Bel Dumuzi-abzu Enbilulu Erra Erragal Gibil Hendursaga Igigi Isimud Išum Kajamanu Lahar Laṣ Lisin Lugala'abba Mami/Nintu Mamitu Maštabba Nabu Namtar Nanshe Nindara Ninmarki Nisaba Ninazu Ningal Ningirida Ningirima Ninkasi Ninkilim Ninlil Ninmug Ninšar Ninsikila Ninšubur Ninsun Nuska Paniĝinĝarra Sarpanit Shul-utula Šubula Šulpae Tišpak Uttu
Demigods and heroes Adapa Enkidu Enmerkar Gilgamesh Lugalbanda Shamhat Siduri Atra-Hasis Ziusudra Apkallu (seven sages)
Spirits and monsters Udug Lamassu/Shedu Asag Edimmu Siris Anzû Ušum/Dragon Kuli-ana/Mermaid Bašmu Mušmaḫḫū Ušumgallu Seven-headed serpent Humbaba Hanbi Kur Lamashtu Lilu Pazuzu Rabisu
Tales Mythology An = Anum Atra-Hasis Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta Enūma Eliš Epic of Gilgamesh
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In ancient Mesopotamian religion, Kilili, ki.li.li; was a female demon of Sumerian origin, likely associated with owls. She is also attested as a minor goddess who functioned as a servant of Ishtar.

Function and Associations

Kilili's name is that of a bird, most likely an owl. In one document she is equated with ab-ba-šú-šú, meaning "she who leans on the window" in Sumerian. She could be called as "queen of the windows", "the one of haunted places" and it assumed she was imagined as an owl-demoness.

She was usually affiliated with Ishtar. Direct identification between them, while attested, is limited to a single late esoteric explanatory text. In the god list An = Anum she is one of Ishtar's eighteen messengers (kin-gi-a), alongside other similar figures such as Barīrītu ("she who comes at dusk") and Abtagigi. Kilili under the name ab-ba-šú-šú could be considered as a complement to the goddess Abtagigi, whose name means "retiring through the window." Kilili can be considered as having a connection to sex due to her link with Ishtar, however the "window" in her name is likely not implicating prostitution, unlike for the succubus Kisikil-lila (also called Ardat-lilî). The phrase "spilling through the window" can also reference various evils, and Kilili's name has no clear connection to that of Kisikil-lila.

Worship

According to the Tākultu text from the Neo-Assyrian period, she was also worshiped in one of the temples of the goddess Gula, located in Assur. She was also present in neo-Babylonian Uruk, as indicated by a document mentioning offerings of dates to her and a number of pieces of jewelry dedicated to her. She continued to be worshiped there in the Seleucid period. There is also evidence that she was worshipped elsewhere at a temple of Bēlet-Ninua in the neo-Babylonian period.

Possible Depiction in The Burney Relief

The Burney Relief, also known as The Queen of the Night relief, is a terracotta panel from the Old Babylonian Period depicting a nude female figure, standing upon two lions flanked by owls. The goddess possesses wings and birdlike talons, and wears a horned tiara. Several theories as to which deity the relief depicts have been proposed, most commonly Inanna/Ishtar, due to the presence of her symbols (lions), the nudity, and the possible connection between the relief and the myth Inanna's Descent to the Netherworld. Frans Wiggermann, who has done a number of in-depth studies on Mesopotamian demons, asserts that the evidence for the figure as Kilili is the most compelling. The figure on the relief is a goddess, associated with Ishtar (the presence of the lions), has birdlike qualities (linking to Kilili), and contains owls as well, the bird affiliated with her. Unaccounted for are the "loop-ring" symbols held in the hands of the goddess, though this is equally a mystery for any other identification of the goddess.

References

1. ^ Lambert 1980, p. 591.
2. Wiggermann 2011, p. 315.
3. Wiggermann 2007, p. 114.
4. ^ Beaulieu 2003, p. 320.
5. ^ Wiggermann 2007, p. 112.
6. ^ Wiggermann 2007, p. 113.
7. ^ Finkel 2021, p. 161.

Works cited

• Lambert, Wilfred G. (1980), "Kilili", Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2022-05-17
• Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003). The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX. ISBN 978-90-04-13024-1. OCLC 51944564.
• Finkel, Irving L. (2021). The first ghosts : most ancient of legacies. London. ISBN 978-1-5293-0326-1. OCLC 1090201481.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Wiggermann, Frans (2011-01-01). "The Mesopotamian Pandemonium". SMSR 77/2. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
• Wiggermann, Frans (2007). "Some Demons of Time and their Functions in Mesopotamian Iconography". In Groneberg, Brigitte; Spieckermann, Hermann (eds.). Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 102–116. doi:10.1515/9783110204155.1.102. ISBN 978-3-11-019463-0. ISSN 0934-2575.

• Mesopotamian demons
• Mesopotamian goddesses