Cheoljong of Joseon

Names
Yi Won-beom (이원범; 李元範) → Yi Byeon (이변; 李昪)
Posthumous name
Joseon: King Munhyeon Museong Heonin Yeonghyo the Great (문현무성헌인영효대왕; 文顯武成獻仁英孝大王) Korean Empire: Emperor Munhyeon Museong Heonin Yeonghyo Jang (문현무성헌인영효장황제; 文顯武成獻仁英孝成章帝) Qing dynasty: Chunggyeong (충경; 忠敬)
Temple name
Cheoljong (철종; 哲宗)

Clan

Jeonju Yi

Dynasty

Father

Grand Internal Prince Jeongye (biological)
Sunjo of Joseon (adoptive)

Mother

Grand Internal Princess Consort Yongseong (biological)
Queen Sunwon (adoptive)

Religion

Korean Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism)

Birth name
Korean name
Hangul	철종
Hanja	哲宗
Revised Romanization	Cheoljong
McCune–Reischauer	Chŏljong
Hangul	이원범, later 이변
Hanja	李元範, later 李昪
Revised Romanization	I Wonbeom, later I Byeon
McCune–Reischauer	I Wŏnpŏm, later I Byeon
Courtesy name
Hangul	도승
Hanja	道升
Revised Romanization	Doseung
McCune–Reischauer	Dosŭng

Monarchs of Korea

Joseon monarchs

Taejo	1392–1398
Jeongjong	1398–1400
Taejong	1400–1418
Sejong	1418–1450
Munjong	1450–1452
Danjong	1452–1455
Sejo	1455–1468
Yejong	1468–1469
Seongjong	1469–1494
Yeonsangun	1494–1506
Jungjong	1506–1544
Injong	1544–1545
Myeongjong	1545–1567
Seonjo	1567–1608
Gwanghaegun	1608–1623
Injo	1623–1649
Hyojong	1649–1659
Hyeonjong	1659–1674
Sukjong	1674–1720
Gyeongjong	1720–1724
Yeongjo	1724–1776
Jeongjo	1776–1800
Sunjo	1800–1834
Heonjong	1834–1849
Cheoljong	1849–1864
Gojong	1864–1897

Cheoljong (Korean: 철종; Hanja: 哲宗; 25 July 1831 – 16 January 1864), personal name Yi Won-beom (이원범; 李元範), later Yi Byeon (이변; 李昪), was the 25th monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. After King Heonjong died without any descendants in 1849, Queen Sunwon chose Cheoljong, aged 19, to ascend to the throne, adopting him as the heir of her late husband, King Sunjo.

Cheoljong was a great-great-grandson of King Yeongjo. He grew up in poverty; even after becoming king, he had little political influence, and the power to govern was held mainly by the Andong Kim clan, the paternal family of Queen Sunwon. The Andong Kim clan's monopoly caused nationwide corruption, resulting in a series of peasant revolts in southern Joseon in 1862. As Cheoljong's sons all died in infancy, he was succeeded by a distant relative, Gojong.

Biography

Early life

Cheoljong's residence during his exile in Ganghwa Island. It was a cottage and was rebuilt as a palace, Yongheunggung (용흥궁), in 1853.

Cheoljong was born Yi Won-beom (이원범), the 3rd and youngest son of Yi Gwang (Jeongye Daewongun), a great-grandson of King Yeongjo of Joseon. His mother was a concubine, and she was a daughter of Yeom Seong-hwa (염성화), a commoner, descended from the Yongdam Yeom clan (용담 염씨).

Prince Euneon was Cheoljong's grandfather and a younger half-brother of Jeongjo of Joseon; in 1786, accused of treason, he and his family was exiled to Ganghwa Island. Prince Euneon was killed during the Catholic Persecution of 1801, as his wife and daughter-in-law became Catholic, which was illegal in Joseon at that time; his children remained in confinement on the island until King Sunjo decided to pardon them in 1822. One of Prince Euneon's sons, Yi Gwang, was in his thirties, thus married a daughter of Choi Su-chang and had a son, Yi Won-gyeong (이원경); he had another two sons, respectively born to different concubines. The family eventually returned to the capital, Hanseong. When Cheoljong was young, he had little education. At the age of four, he studied the Thousand Character Classic; later, he also read some beginning volumes of the Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance and Elementary Learning, but he couldn't remember much content from them, and he stopped studying in following years.

In 1836, Nam Eung-jung (남응중) attempted to enthrone one of the grandsons of Prince Euneon; the plot was exposed and he was executed. During the death of Queen Hyohyeon (consort of King Heonjong) in 1844, a conspiracy by Min Jin-yong (민진용) to enthrone Yi Won-gyeong, Cheoljong's oldest half-brother, was exposed and led to Yi Won-gyeong's execution. Yi Won-gyeong's family, guilty by association, was again exiled to Ganghwa Island.

Ascension

King Heonjong died in 1849 and he had no issue, thus the lineage of Jeongjo died out. Some officials suggested that a distant royal, Yi Ha-jeon (이하전), could succeed the throne, but he was eight years old, a descendant of Deokheung Daewongun, and merely an 11th cousin once removed to Heonjong. The grandmother of the late king, Queen Sunwon (King Sunjo's widow), preferred to choose the next king herself, from closer relatives. She selected Yi Won-Beom, one of few living descendants of King Yeongjo and a second cousin once removed to Heonjong. She decided to adopt him as the heir and she sent officials to ask his family to return from Ganghwa Island. Yi Won-Beom lived in the countryside as a poor peasant who had no formal education. When he and his family saw the royal messenger coming, they were horrified. The Queen sent the yeonguijeong (Prime Minister) Jeong Won-yong (정원용) to present the order of the Queen Dowager and persuaded them to move to the Capital. According to the legend, as they were about to cross the Han River, there were flocks of sheep kneeling down as if they were waiting for a monarch, which was regarded as a good omen. When they were about to enter the capital, they were warmly welcomed by the citizens with deafening cheer.

When Yi Won-beom arrived in the palace, he was first made "Prince Deokwan" (덕완군), and descendants of Prince Euneon were again regarded as royalty. During their lifetime, Cheoljong's parents had no royal titles, so they were respectively honored as Jeongye Daewongun and Yongseong Budaebuin. Some other relatives of Cheoljong also received titles, including Prince Hoepyeong (his eldest half-brother), Prince Yeongpyeong (his second half-brother), Prince Punggye (his 4th uncle and half-brother of Jeongye Daewongun), as well as Prince Ikpyeong, the son of Prince Punggye; Han Gak-sin (한각신), an uncle of Cheoljong and the son-in-law of Prince Euneon, was appointed to be the officer-in-charge of Ikreung, the royal tomb of Queen Ingyeong in Gyeonggi Province.

On July 28, 1849, Cheoljong ascended the throne in Changdeokgung, and Queen Sunwon served as regent for two years. In following years, Cheoljong resumed his studies. As a monarch, he first changed his name from "Won-Beom" to "Yeop" (엽). However, officials found out the name was too close in pronunciation to that of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty in China. To respect the naming taboo tradition, he was renamed again to Byeon (변). Cheoljong married the daughter of Kim Mun-geun (a third cousin of Queen Sunwon) in 1851, and she was later known as Queen Cheorin. Queen Cheorin had their only son in 1858, named Yung-jun, but the infant died less than a year later in 1859.

Reign

Following the wedding of Cheoljong in 1851, Queen Sunwon ended her regency. However, politics were still controlled by Queen Sunwon's family, the Andong Kim clan. Throughout the 14-year reign, Cheoljong became a puppet monarch vulnerable to their control; Queen Cheorin was also from the Andong Kim clan, allowing them to tighten the manipulation, with many Kim family members becoming prominent officials in the government. He officially start his reign in 1852. Having an experience of the agony of peasant, Cheoljong sympathized the commoners, that he donated 110,000 to the commoners during a serious drought in 1853. In 1856, as the national examination was full of bribery and fraud, Cheoljong criticized the situation and ordered to rectify the chaos, but it was in vain. Meanwhile, the nationwide corruption deteriorated in the field of military and agricultural taxes. A rebellion started in Jinju of the Gyeongsang Province in 1862, and it was repressed, with 13 people executed and 19 exiled. However, the rebellion continued to spread across three southern provinces, as well as Jeju Island. It was discovered the rebellion was a result of the corruption mentioned above, so Cheoljong set an office to carry out a financial reorganization, but the reformation turned out to be ineffective.

Joseon implemented an isolation with interaction to few foreign countries for centuries, and Cheoljong maintained that policy. However, during his reign, vessels from Europe, the United States and Russian Empire, often appeared in Joseon's territorial waters (at least 20 recorded). In 1850, a foreign boat (nationality unknown) appeared in Uljin County of Gangwon Province, and some Joseon officials were killed by its bombardment before it left. In 1851, a French merchant ship with people from the Qing dynasty visited Jeju Island. In 1852, an American whaler stopped by Dongnae District in Gyeongsang Province; at first, the locals couldn't communicate with Americans, and then they found out there were also some Japanese aboard, who were rescued after a shipwreck. In 1854, Russian frigate Pallada entered Tumen River for prospecting, naming Wonsan as "Port Lazarev"; during the process, it was reported that some local residents were shot as the crowd watched the foreign vessel. In 1855, the French sailed a frigate named Virginie along the east Joseon coast from Busan to Tumen River and named some of the islands; another English boat named Sylvia also arrived in Busan in the same year. In 1856, there were hundreds of soldiers from French army not returning to France after the Crimean War; instead, they sacked some coastal cities in Chungcheong Province and Hwanghae Province. In the Second Opium War of 1860, Beijing, the capital of the Qing dynasty was invaded by an Anglo-French force, and the Old Summer Palace was sacked and burnt down. Beijing was close to Joseon, and as the news spread, it caused disturbance in Joseon. Some nobles and officials fled from Hanseong, and people often wore Christian crosses to protect themselves from foreigners. To get further news from China, Cheoljong sent several envoys to visit Xianfeng Emperor, who fled to Chengde Mountain Resort by the time. After the battle, European countries gained several privileges in China; as Joseon was in the tributary system of China, these countries demanded that they should have a same rights in Joseon, only to be rejected. Then Britain, France, the United States and Russian Empire started to pressure Joseon through terrestrial and naval forces.

From the beginning of the 19th century, Catholicism was illegal in Joseon, but during Cheoljong's reign, the persecution was relatively light and the ban was loose. Around 1857, there were about 16.5 thousands of Christians in Joseon. As of 1863, there were twelve Catholic missionaries from France living in Joseon, and within few years, there were over a hundred thousand of Christians around the capital, and some of the court officials became followers. The mother of future Gojong of Korea became a Christian as well. As a reaction to the rapid propagation of Catholicism and the chaotic society, Choe Je-u founded a new religion Donghak to counter foreign influence and gained many followers. Despite the fact that Choe was eventually captured and executed, Donghak continued to spread within Joseon in the remaining century.

As Cheoljong failed to have a male heir for years, other than repressing the revolts, the Andong Kim clan started to persecute royalties. In 1851, Chae Hui-jae (채희재) was executed for attempting to enthrone Yi Myeong-seop (이명섭), a descendant of Crown Prince Sohyeon who was exiled to Chodo (an island now locates near Nampo in North Korea). In 1860, Prince Gyeongpyeong (the heir of Prince Punggye) offended some members of the Andong Kim clan, lost his royal titles and was exiled to Sinjido, almost causing his death many times. In 1862, Kim Sun-seong (김순성) was executed for enthroning Yi Ha-jeon, a distant royalty; Yi Hae-jeon was also implicated, and was exiled to Jeju Island and eventually executed. Yi Ha-jeon was a potential successor to King Heonjong back in 1849, and he showed dissatisfaction toward the imperiousness of the Andong Kim clan, causing them to decide to eliminate him. On the other hand, Prince Heungseon (later Heungseon Daewongun, father of Gojong of Korea) was in poverty like many other royalties, and he was one of the close relatives to Yi Ha-jeon (first cousin-in-law through his wife). Afraid of being persecuted, Prince Heungseon befriended with people from lower classes and often visited kisaengs, acting frivolously and fawning over the authority; this caused the Kim clan to despise him and to be less cautious about him.

Cheoljong's mother was from the Yongdam Yeom clan, a cadet branch of Paju Yeom clan. A man named Yeom Jong-su (염종수) was from the Paju branch, and he forged his genealogy as well as tampered with the tombstone of Cheoljong's maternal grandfather, Yeom Seong-hwa. As there were no other known descendants of Yeom Seong-hwa, based on the counterfeit, Yeom Jong-su became the heir of Yeom Seong-hwa in 1851, becoming an uncle of Cheoljong and an official in the government. In 1861, a member of Yongdam Yeom clan, named Yeom Bo-gil (염보길), who was Cheoljong's fourth cousin and living in Ganghwa Island, appealed the scam in grievance. As a result, Cheoljong interrogated Yeom Jong-su and had him executed.

Death and succession

According to Ilseongnok ("Diary of Self-examination"), since Cheoljong ascended to the throne, he had a weak digestive system, causing a series of chronic disease throughout his life; Cheoljong also had symptoms of asthma and caught cold quite easily. In order to tone up the body, he took a large amount of herbal medicine for years; on the other hand, some other common treatments by the time, such as acupuncture and moxibustion, rarely appear in the documents. Cheoljong died at the age of 32 on January 16, 1864, without any surviving male heirs; he became the last king descended from King Hyojong. The cause of his death is ambiguous, as there was no clear official record about it. Some suggested that the cause of death of Cheoljong could be liver disease or tuberculosis; according to existing documents, however, it's still hard to give a certain conclusion to date.

It once again became necessary to search far back in the Jeonju Yi clan to find a candidate for accession, which became a dispute within the court. Cheoljong himself favored Yi Jae-hwang, the second son of Prince Heungseon (his seventh cousin) and his wife, Lady Min, to succeed the throne. Claiming that Prince Heungseon was still alive, making Yi Jae-Hwang an inappropriate candidate, most members of the Andong Kim clan disapproved of this succession. However, Kim Byeong-hak (김병학), a cousin of Queen Cheorin, strongly agreed because he financially supported Prince Heungseon. Queen Sinjeong, wife of late Ikjong (Crown Prince Hyomyeong) and the mother of King Heonjong, was the most supreme royal family member by the time, and she took way the national seal of Joseon; she decided to adopt Yi Jae-hwang herself and was supported by her family, the Pungyang Jo clan. On the other hand, Queen Cheorin, the widow of Cheoljong, believed that she could adopt the royal heir because of her family's power, so she delivered a royal order, asking Yi Jae-hwang to succeed the throne. Once Yi Jae-hwang arrived at the palace, Queen Sinjeong was overjoyed and she came out to welcome him in person, despite being inappropriate in court manners; she immediately announced that the new king was the heir of Ikjong, instead of Cheoljong. Yi Jae-hwang thus became the new king of Joseon, known as Gojong of Korea. Upon the accession of Gojong, the father of Gojong was honored as Heungseon Daewongun, who repressed the power of the Andong Kim clan and becoming a dictator himself in the next decade.

Legacy

Cheoljong was buried in the Yereung Royal Tomb in 1864, part of the royal tomb Seosamneung Cluster located in Goyang, Gyeonggi Province. Queen Cheorin was also buried in Yereung after her death in 1878. According to the epitaph, there were once that some silverware used in the palace and the shrine of Jeongye Daewongun were stolen; both Cheoljong and Queen Cheorin decided not to pursue who did this, fearing that people may confess under false charges. Cheoljong had 11 children - five sons and six daughters - from his various consorts, but all of them died young. Among them, only the fourth daughter outlived him. She received the title Princess Yeonghye in 1866; as the only living child of Cheoljong, she received much affection from Queen Cheorin. Princess Yeonghye married Park Yung-hyo in 1872 but died in the same year, aged 13 and had no issue.

Upon the death of Cheoljong, there were only two living royalties that were descendants of King Hyojong. One of them was Cheoljong's half-brother, Prince Yeongpyeong (b. 1828); the other one was Yi Jae-seong (이재성, b. 1860), son of Cheoljong's first cousin, Prince Ikpyeong, with his concubine. Because of Queen Sinjeong's decision, both of them couldn't succeed the throne after Cheoljong. Prince Yeongpyeong was also chronically ill like his sibling, so Gojong chose a distant relative (10th cousin to Gojong) to be his heir in 1864. Prince Yeongpyeong had a daughter in 1866, who married Hwang Yeon-su (황연수) and had issue; the prince himself lived for several more decades and died in 1902. Yi Jae-seong, on the other hand, became Prince Gyeongeun (경은군) in 1900, but he lost the royal title in 1907, accused of working together with the anti-Japanese righteous army; he later went missing in 1910. Prince Gyeongeun was the last recorded royalty to be a descendant of Hyojong; while he married twice, he had no known descendants in official records.

According to Homer Hulbert's writings in the early 1900s, Cheoljong made efforts to introduce reforms that would tackle issues that plagued the Joseon dynasty, such as banning merchant monopolies, reducing bribery and corruption, and allowing the families of banished men to follow the men into exile. However, these reforms were often not followed as corruption was rampant by the late Joseon dynasty.

Family

Biological father: Grand Internal Prince Jeongye (전계대원군; 21 March 1785 – 2 November 1841)
- Grandfather: Prince Euneon (은언군; 29 May 1754 – 30 June 1801)
- Grandmother: Princess Consort Jeonsan of the Jeonju Yi clan (전산군부인 전주 이씨; 19 December 1764 – 4 June 1819)
Adoptive father: King Sunjo of Joseon (조선의 순조; 29 July 1790 – 13 December 1834)
Biological mother: Grand Internal Princess Consort Yongseong of the Yongdam Yeom clan (용성부대부인 용담 염씨; 20 July 1793 – March 1834)
- Grandfather: Yeom Seong-hwa (염성화; 12 July 1795 – ?)
- Grandmother: Lady Ji of the Sangju Ji clan (상주 지씨)
Adoptive mother: Queen Sunwon of the (new) Andong Kim clan (순원왕후 김씨; 8 June 1789 – 21 September 1857)

Consort(s) and their respective issue

Queen Cheorin of the (new) Andong Kim clan (철인왕후 김씨; 27 April 1837 – 12 June 1878)
- Prince Royal Yi Yung-jun (원자 이융준; 22 November 1858 – 25 May 1859), second son
Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Miryang Park clan (귀인 박씨; 1827 – 9 May 1889)
- First son (3 August 1854 – 1855)
Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Pungyang Jo clan (귀인 조씨; 1842–1865)
- Third son (1859–1860)
- Fourth son (1861–1862)
Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Onyang Bang clan (숙의 방씨; 1830–1878)
- First daughter (1850 – 20 March 1854)
- Second daughter (1853–1855)
Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Geumseong Beom clan (숙의 범씨; 1838 – 23 January 1884)
- Princess Yeonghye (영혜옹주; 1859 – 4 July 1872), sixth daughter
Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Gimhae Kim clan (숙의 김해김씨; 1833 – ?)
- Fourth daughter (1855–1855)
- Fifth daughter (1858–1859)
Palace Lady Yi (궁인 이씨; 1830 – ?)
- Fifth son (1 October 1862 – 1863)
- Seventh daughter (1864–1865)
Palace Lady Park (궁인 박씨; 1827–1889)
- Third daughter (1854–1854)

Ancestry

Ancestors of Cheoljong of Joseon

8. Crown Prince Sado

4. Prince Euneon

9. Royal Noble Consort Suk of the Buan Im clan [ko]

2. Yi Gwang, Grand Internal Prince Jeongye

10. Yi Deok-hui

5. Princess Consort Jeonsan of the Jeonju Yi clan [ko]

1. Cheoljong of Joseon

12. Yeom Deok-seok

6. Yeom Seong-hwa

13. Lady Kim of the Gimhae Kim clan

3. Grand Internal Princess Consort Yongseong of the Yongdam Yeom clan

14. Ji U-yeong

7. Lady Ji of the Sangju Ji clan

Gallery

Calligraphy by Cheoljong

A duilian written in semi-cursive script, reading "太平佳氣人有樂祥瑞凞凞日至來"
A regulated verse written in 1852

In popular culture

Portrayed by Kim Jung-hyun in the 2020 tvN TV series Mr. Queen.
Portrayed by Jung Wook in the 2020 TV Chosun TV series Kingmaker: The Change of Destiny.

Notes

This is the only surviving royal portrait depicting King Cheoljong's physical appearance, as well as Joseon Era royal military attire; it was partly damaged in a fire in Busan in 1954 and was restored in 1987.
Despite descending from the Jeonju Yi clan (House of Yi, the ruling royal house of Joseon), the exact genealogy is unclear.
Translation: With peace and good atmosphere, people are happy; good omens and joy come daily.

References

조선왕조실록 철종실록 13권, 1861년 음력 3월 22일 1번째기사 (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, Annals of King Cheoljong, vol. 13, 01 May 1861, entry 1)
조선왕조실록 철종실록 15권, 1864년 음력 12월 8일 8번째기사 (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, Annals of King Cheoljong, vol. 15, 16 January 1864, entry 8)
Ibid. 고종실록 1권, 1864년 음력 12월 8일 1번째기사 (Ibid. Annals of King Gojong, vol. 1, 16 January 1864, entry 1)
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^ Park Eun-sik (1915). 《韓國痛史》（太白狂奴原輯）. 上海大同編譯局.
第二編第六章〈嚴禁西教大殺信徒〉，第9頁：
「哲宗八年間，信徒達一萬六千五百人……英佛陷北京之報至，上下大驚，移老穉婦女及重器於外、大徵兵士，以備陰雨。而市民往往胸掛十字架，示其為天主教徒，欲以媚西人而免禍。於是教風大行，正宗以來前後禁令，盡歸虛文；而廷臣亦有奉之者……於時，漢城內外信徒達十餘萬人……」
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^ 孫衛國 (2019-05-09). 從「尊明」到「奉清」：朝鮮王朝對清意識的嬗變. 臺大出版中心. ISBN 9789863503422.
대원군 부인의 영세입교. 가톨릭뉴스.
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선조대왕자손록 권1(宣祖大王子孫錄卷之一). 장서각기록유산DB.
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- Page 244,〈大院君與趙妃結託〉：「先是，趙氏與金氏軋轢，金氏奪得權力，趙妃怨之。故大院君密與趙妃之侍女獻計，曰：『今王有不諱，諸金若立其他王族，承哲宗之後，諸金之權力久長，翼宗之嗣永絕矣。若立吾子繼翼宗之統，庶幾無不如意之事。』趙妃聞之，大喜，深相結託，而有所規畫。」
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Ibid. 1권, 1864년 음력 4월 7일 1번째기사 (Ibid. vol. 1, 12 May 1864, entry 1)
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^ 선원계보기략(璿源系譜記略). Academy of Korean Studies.
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창원황씨세보 (昌原黃氏世譜). FamilySearch. Retrieved 2021-02-08.（第十五卷，第35面）
창원황씨세보, 봉교공파 (昌原黃氏世譜奉敎公派). FamilySearch. Retrieved 2021-02-08.（第527-528頁）
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"高宗實錄40卷，1900年1月28日". 朝鮮王朝實錄.
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"1910年3月23日，第2面：「所往何處」". The Korea Daily News. 1910-03-23. Retrieved 2022-04-07. 景恩君李載星氏ᄂᆞᆫ近日來何事件을因ᄒᆞᆷ인지去處를不知ᄒᆞᆫ다ᄂᆞᆫᄃᆡ警視廳에셔其蹤跡를형探ᄒᆞᆫ다ᄂᆞᆫ說이狼藉ᄒᆞ다더라 (경은군 이재성씨는 요새 무슨 사건 때문인지 거처를 알지 못한다는데 경시청에서 그 종적을 샅샅이 찾는다는 말이 있다더라.)
Robert, Neff (October 2020). "Tales from the palace: Cheoljong the beggar king (Part Two)". Retrieved 12 January 2024.
A childhood name, according to the Journal of the Royal Secretariat, book 2611, 1 March 1859, entry 13
조선왕조실록. Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
She married Park Yeong-hyo, sometimes nicknamed "the last royal son-in-law of the Joseon dynasty"; her step-granddaughter, Park Chan-ju, became the wife of Yi U, sometimes nicknamed "the last prince of Korea".
According to an entry in the Journal of the Royal Secretariat, book 124, 5 August 1856

Regnal titles
Cheoljong of Joseon House of YiBorn: 25 July 1831 Died: 16 January 1864
Preceded byHeonjong	King of Joseon 1849–1864 with Queen Sunwon (1849–1852)	Succeeded byGojong

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