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The Knowledge Indexes were designed as a tool for benchmarking a country's position in relation to others in the global knowledge economy. It was created by the World Bank Institute using the Knowledge Assessment Methodology (KAM). The World Bank discontinued the index after 2012 and it was replaced by The Global Knowledge Index (GKI) from Knowledge4All, a joint initiative between the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Knowledge Foundation (MBRF). Criteria listed in a European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) document on the KEI published in 2019 include institutional & legal frameworks (as a basis for patents etc.), number of technical graduates, research spending, number of patents, some measure of collaboration, and amount of venture capital. In total, 38 contributing indicators are described in the ERBD index methodology.
Knowledge Index
The Knowledge Index (KI) is an economic indicator prepared by the World Bank Institute to measure a country's ability to generate, adopt and diffuse knowledge. Methodologically, the KI is the simple average of the normalized performance scores of a country or region on the key variables in three Knowledge Economy pillars - education and human resources, the innovation system and information and communication technology (ICT).
Knowledge Economic Index
The Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) takes into account whether the environment is conducive for knowledge to be used effectively for economic development. It is an aggregate index that represents the overall level of development of a country or region towards the Knowledge Economy. The KEI is calculated based on the average of the normalized performance scores of a country or region on all 4 pillars related to the knowledge economy - economic incentive and institutional regime, education and human resources, the innovation system and ICT.
The 4 pillars of the Knowledge Economy framework
- An economic and institutional regime to provide incentives for the efficient use of existing and new knowledge and the flourishing of entrepreneurship;
- An educated and skilled population to create, share, and use knowledge well;
- An efficient innovation system of firms, research centers, universities, consultants and other organizations to tap into the growing stock of global knowledge, assimilate and adapt it to local needs, and create new technology;
- Information and communication technology to facilitate the effective creation, dissemination, and processing of information.
KEI and KI indexes by country
| Country | KEI | KI | Economic Incentive Regime | Innovation | Education | ICT | 2015 Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Denmark |
9.58 | 9.55 | 9.66 | 9.57 | 9.80 | 9.28 | 1 |
 Sweden |
9.52 | 9.63 | 9.18 | 9.79 | 9.40 | 9.69 | 2 |
 Finland |
9.37 | 9.33 | 9.47 | 9.66 | 9.78 | 8.56 | 3 |
 Netherlands |
9.32 | 9.36 | 9.18 | 9.48 | 9.26 | 9.36 | 4 |
 Norway |
9.27 | 9.27 | 9.25 | 9.06 | 9.60 | 9.16 | 5 |
 Canada |
9.21 | 9.14 | 9.42 | 9.43 | 9.26 | 8.74 | 6 |
 Switzerland |
9.15 | 9.03 | 9.50 | 9.89 | 7.69 | 9.52 | 7 |
 United Kingdom |
9.09 | 9.03 | 9.28 | 9.18 | 8.54 | 9.38 | 8 |
 United States |
9.08 | 9.05 | 9.16 | 9.45 | 8.77 | 8.93 | 9 |
 Australia |
9.05 | 9.17 | 8.66 | 8.72 | 9.64 | 9.16 | 10 |
 Ireland |
8.92 | 8.82 | 9.23 | 9.04 | 9.08 | 8.33 | 11 |
 Austria |
8.89 | 8.76 | 9.30 | 8.90 | 8.53 | 8.85 | 12 |
 Iceland |
8.88 | 8.87 | 8.92 | 7.98 | 9.44 | 9.18 | 13 |
 Germany |
8.87 | 8.83 | 8.99 | 9.00 | 8.46 | 9.04 | 14 |
 New Zealand |
8.87 | 9.00 | 8.48 | 8.65 | 9.79 | 8.56 | 15 |
 Belgium |
8.73 | 8.70 | 8.82 | 8.96 | 9.14 | 8.02 | 16 |
 Taiwan |
8.69 | 8.80 | 8.35 | 9.24 | 7.91 | 9.26 | 17 |
 Luxembourg |
8.65 | 8.40 | 9.42 | 8.91 | 6.66 | 9.62 | 18 |
 Japan |
8.56 | 8.84 | 7.71 | 9.15 | 8.71 | 8.66 | 19 |
 France |
8.47 | 8.69 | 7.82 | 8.61 | 9.08 | 8.38 | 20 |
 Estonia |
8.34 | 8.22 | 8.68 | 7.49 | 8.27 | 8.90 | 21 |
 Slovenia |
8.25 | 8.29 | 8.11 | 8.31 | 8.24 | 8.33 | 22 |
 Spain |
8.24 | 8.13 | 8.58 | 8.14 | 8.21 | 8.04 | 23 |
 Singapore |
8.24 | 7.75 | 9.71 | 9.56 | 5.19 | 8.50 | 24 |
 Israel |
8.22 | 8.24 | 8.16 | 9.34 | 6.72 | 8.64 | 25 |
 Hong Kong, China |
8.20 | 7.73 | 9.60 | 8.64 | 5.30 | 9.26 | 26 |
 Italy |
7.86 | 8.19 | 6.84 | 8.04 | 7.86 | 8.68 | 27 |
 Hungary |
7.85 | 7.67 | 8.39 | 8.14 | 7.62 | 7.25 | 28 |
 Czech Republic |
7.83 | 7.70 | 8.23 | 7.60 | 8.11 | 7.39 | 29 |
 Lithuania |
7.68 | 7.60 | 7.94 | 6.59 | 8.36 | 7.84 | 30 |
 South Korea |
7.68 | 8.38 | 5.57 | 8.47 | 7.97 | 8.71 | 31 |
 Latvia |
7.64 | 7.51 | 8.04 | 6.40 | 8.41 | 7.73 | 32 |
 Cyprus |
7.55 | 7.47 | 7.77 | 7.65 | 6.45 | 8.32 | 33 |
 Portugal |
7.52 | 7.22 | 8.44 | 7.43 | 6.83 | 7.39 | 34 |
 Greece |
7.38 | 7.48 | 7.08 | 7.63 | 8.20 | 6.62 | 35 |
 Poland |
7.38 | 7.37 | 7.39 | 6.92 | 7.94 | 7.25 | 36 |
 Slovakia |
7.33 | 7.12 | 7.99 | 6.86 | 6.98 | 7.51 | 37 |
 Barbados |
7.25 | 7.78 | 5.66 | 7.51 | 8.40 | 7.44 | 38 |
 Croatia |
7.19 | 7.19 | 7.16 | 7.54 | 6.44 | 7.61 | 39 |
 Chile |
6.92 | 6.53 | 8.11 | 6.81 | 6.31 | 6.46 | 40 |
 Bulgaria |
6.80 | 6.73 | 7.01 | 6.43 | 7.42 | 6.33 | 41 |
 United Arab Emirates |
6.66 | 6.57 | 6.95 | 6.74 | 4.78 | 8.18 | 42 |
 Romania |
6.37 | 6.20 | 6.87 | 5.66 | 6.30 | 6.63 | 43 |
 Uruguay |
6.35 | 6.31 | 6.49 | 5.26 | 7.18 | 6.48 | 44 |
 Qatar |
6.15 | 6.20 | 5.99 | 5.77 | 5.29 | 7.56 | 45 |
 Dominica |
6.07 | 5.61 | 7.46 | 3.76 | 6.24 | 6.82 | 46 |
 Costa Rica |
6.06 | 5.85 | 6.70 | 6.24 | 5.01 | 6.30 | 47 |
 Malaysia |
6.06 | 6.02 | 6.18 | 6.83 | 4.14 | 7.08 | 48 |
 Russian Federation |
5.40 | 6.69 | 1.55 | 6.89 | 7.09 | 6.08 | 49 |
 Bahrain |
6.02 | 5.75 | 6.84 | 4.20 | 5.82 | 7.22 | 50 |
 Kuwait |
6.01 | 5.68 | 7.01 | 5.05 | 4.87 | 7.13 | 51 |
 Ukraine |
5.80 | 6.38 | 4.06 | 5.77 | 7.91 | 5.45 | 52 |
 Argentina |
5.49 | 6.44 | 2.63 | 6.85 | 6.49 | 5.98 | 53 |
 Trinidad and Tobago |
5.64 | 5.54 | 5.95 | 6.02 | 4.34 | 6.27 | 54 |
 Brazil |
5.57 | 6.00 | 4.30 | 6.07 | 5.84 | 6.08 | 55 |
 Turkey |
5.61 | 5.14 | 7.02 | 5.67 | 4.38 | 5.38 | 56 |
 South Africa |
5.55 | 5.47 | 5.81 | 6.92 | 4.51 | 4.98 | 57 |
 Jordan |
5.53 | 5.46 | 5.77 | 5.66 | 5.49 | 5.21 | 58 |
 Armenia |
5.51 | 5.44 | 5.71 | 6.17 | 6.32 | 3.84 | 59 |
 Mexico |
5.45 | 5.48 | 5.38 | 5.82 | 4.85 | 5.77 | 60 |
 Thailand |
5.44 | 5.41 | 5.51 | 5.98 | 5.27 | 5.00 | 61 |
 Oman |
5.37 | 4.72 | 7.32 | 4.95 | 4.30 | 4.90 | 62 |
 Macedonia |
5.33 | 5.23 | 5.61 | 4.76 | 4.87 | 6.06 | 63 |
 Mauritius |
5.18 | 4.58 | 6.95 | 3.70 | 4.09 | 5.96 | 64 |
 Saudi Arabia |
5.15 | 5.07 | 5.39 | 4.04 | 4.87 | 6.29 | 65 |
 Jamaica |
5.04 | 5.40 | 3.99 | 5.36 | 4.10 | 6.74 | 66 |
 Moldova |
5.04 | 5.32 | 4.19 | 4.39 | 6.40 | 5.17 | 67 |
 Kazakhstan |
5.01 | 5.08 | 4.82 | 3.77 | 7.21 | 4.25 | 68 |
 Belarus |
4.93 | 6.39 | 0.55 | 5.54 | 8.00 | 5.63 | 69 |
 Lebanon |
4.86 | 4.91 | 4.70 | 4.69 | 4.76 | 5.27 | 70 |
 Tunisia |
4.73 | 4.56 | 5.26 | 4.58 | 4.10 | 5.00 | 71 |
 Panama |
4.69 | 4.45 | 5.39 | 5.45 | 4.86 | 3.04 | 72 |
 Georgia |
4.69 | 5.07 | 3.54 | 5.38 | 5.97 | 3.85 | 73 |
 Peru |
4.64 | 4.86 | 3.98 | 3.88 | 5.57 | 5.12 | 74 |
 Mongolia |
4.50 | 4.28 | 5.18 | 2.06 | 6.31 | 4.46 | 75 |
 Colombia |
4.42 | 4.62 | 3.83 | 4.26 | 4.79 | 4.80 | 76 |
 China |
4.35 | 4.46 | 4.01 | 5.12 | 4.11 | 4.16 | 77 |
 Guyana |
4.31 | 4.97 | 2.33 | 4.47 | 5.80 | 4.64 | 78 |
 Philippines |
4.25 | 4.02 | 4.95 | 3.63 | 4.76 | 3.66 | 79 |
 Venezuela |
4.23 | 5.47 | 0.51 | 5.73 | 5.27 | 5.41 | 80 |
 Namibia |
4.19 | 3.20 | 7.14 | 3.30 | 2.57 | 3.74 | 81 |
 Sri Lanka |
4.16 | 4.07 | 4.44 | 4.44 | 4.91 | 2.85 | 82 |
 Albania |
4.04 | 4.08 | 3.91 | 3.10 | 4.94 | 4.20 | 83 |
 Egypt |
4.03 | 4.19 | 3.57 | 4.55 | 4.35 | 3.66 | 84 |
 Botswana |
3.96 | 3.50 | 5.34 | 4.34 | 2.58 | 3.59 | 85 |
 Dominican Republic |
3.92 | 3.81 | 4.24 | 2.91 | 4.11 | 4.42 | 86 |
 El Salvador |
3.91 | 3.65 | 4.70 | 3.19 | 3.26 | 4.50 | 87 |
 Azerbaijan |
3.81 | 3.93 | 3.42 | 3.05 | 5.03 | 3.73 | 88 |
 Kyrgyzstan |
3.74 | 3.90 | 3.25 | 2.70 | 6.25 | 2.75 | 89 |
 Paraguay |
3.62 | 3.87 | 2.87 | 3.47 | 4.20 | 3.93 | 90 |
 Ecuador |
3.46 | 4.08 | 1.58 | 3.55 | 3.77 | 4.93 | 91 |
 Morocco |
3.45 | 3.33 | 3.80 | 3.67 | 2.00 | 4.32 | 92 |
 Bolivia |
3.42 | 3.63 | 2.78 | 3.05 | 4.76 | 3.09 | 93 |
 Iran |
3.39 | 4.13 | 1.18 | 3.02 | 3.89 | 5.48 | 94 |
 Uzbekistan |
3.28 | 4.03 | 1.03 | 3.51 | 6.17 | 2.40 | 95 |
 Algeria |
3.25 | 3.50 | 2.53 | 3.48 | 3.64 | 3.37 | 96 |
 Cape Verde |
3.24 | 3.05 | 3.81 | 2.25 | 2.96 | 3.96 | 97 |
 Indonesia |
3.23 | 3.19 | 3.36 | 3.32 | 3.42 | 2.82 | 98 |
 Honduras |
3.21 | 3.18 | 3.30 | 3.30 | 3.17 | 3.06 | 99 |
 India |
3.12 | 2.94 | 3.67 | 3.97 | 2.26 | 2.59 | 100 |
 Guatemala |
3.11 | 2.88 | 3.78 | 2.47 | 2.21 | 3.97 | 101 |
 Vietnam |
3.02 | 3.08 | 2.85 | 2.83 | 3.32 | 3.08 | 102 |
 Swaziland |
2.93 | 3.05 | 2.56 | 4.55 | 1.73 | 2.88 | 103 |
 Syrian Arab Republic |
2.90 | 3.34 | 1.55 | 3.44 | 2.91 | 3.68 | 104 |
 Nicaragua |
2.87 | 2.64 | 3.57 | 1.99 | 2.93 | 3.02 | 105 |
 Kenya |
2.82 | 2.65 | 3.31 | 3.87 | 1.49 | 2.60 | 106 |
 Tajikistan |
2.79 | 2.93 | 2.37 | 2.33 | 5.34 | 1.10 | 107 |
 Senegal |
2.63 | 2.15 | 4.07 | 2.77 | 0.92 | 2.75 | 108 |
 Zimbabwe |
2.51 | 3.25 | 0.29 | 4.09 | 2.38 | 3.29 | 109 |
 Ghana |
2.50 | 2.00 | 3.97 | 2.08 | 1.80 | 2.13 | 110 |
 Uganda |
2.46 | 1.93 | 4.04 | 2.72 | 1.16 | 1.92 | 111 |
 Madagascar |
2.37 | 1.51 | 4.93 | 2.54 | 0.76 | 1.25 | 112 |
 Mauritania |
2.35 | 1.83 | 3.89 | 1.75 | 0.94 | 2.80 | 113 |
 Tanzania |
2.28 | 1.72 | 3.98 | 2.39 | 1.05 | 1.70 | 114 |
 Pakistan |
2.24 | 2.18 | 2.43 | 2.75 | 1.07 | 2.72 | 115 |
 Lesotho |
2.15 | 1.99 | 2.65 | 2.70 | 1.73 | 1.53 | 116 |
 Benin |
2.10 | 1.80 | 3.00 | 2.33 | 1.14 | 1.93 | 117 |
 Nigeria |
2.04 | 2.33 | 1.16 | 2.72 | 1.87 | 2.41 | 118 |
 Yemen |
1.80 | 1.83 | 1.72 | 1.68 | 1.83 | 1.99 | 119 |
 Mali |
1.78 | 1.18 | 3.58 | 1.69 | 0.66 | 1.19 | 120 |
 Mozambique |
1.71 | 1.20 | 3.24 | 1.86 | 0.33 | 1.41 | 121 |
 Angola |
1.70 | 1.67 | 1.76 | 2.44 | 0.88 | 1.70 | 122 |
 Cameroon |
1.69 | 1.85 | 1.20 | 2.49 | 1.36 | 1.70 | 123 |
 Burkina Faso |
1.64 | 1.11 | 3.24 | 2.15 | 0.26 | 0.93 | 124 |
 Nepal |
1.61 | 1.46 | 2.06 | 2.04 | 1.50 | 0.84 | 125 |
 Malawi |
1.55 | 1.17 | 2.71 | 2.11 | 0.87 | 0.53 | 126 |
 Laos |
1.53 | 1.68 | 1.08 | 1.43 | 2.01 | 1.59 | 127 |
 Bangladesh |
1.49 | 1.63 | 1.10 | 1.71 | 1.52 | 1.66 | 128 |
 Myanmar |
1.48 | 1.52 | 1.35 | 1.17 | 2.58 | 0.82 | 129 |
 Rwanda |
1.34 | 0.85 | 2.80 | 1.47 | 0.35 | 0.74 | 130 |
 Ethiopia |
1.18 | 0.93 | 1.95 | 1.57 | 0.73 | 0.48 | 131 |
 Djibouti |
1.15 | 1.14 | 1.19 | 1.29 | 0.49 | 1.63 | 132 |
 Eritrea |
1.07 | 1.20 | 0.68 | 1.56 | 0.81 | 1.22 | 133 |
 Sierra Leone |
0.91 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 1.70 | 0.67 | 0.39 | 134 |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
n/a | n/a | 4.24 | 3.29 | n/a | 5.33 | 135 |
 Serbia and Montenegro |
n/a | n/a | 3.46 | 4.85 | n/a | 5.59 | 136 |
 Haiti |
n/a | n/a | 1.29 | 1.15 | n/a | 1.57 | 137 |
 Côte d'Ivoire |
n/a | n/a | 0.57 | 2.52 | n/a | 2.30 | 138 |
 Sudan |
n/a | n/a | 0.61 | 1.97 | n/a | 3.84 | 139 |
 Zambia |
n/a | n/a | 2.97 | 2.37 | n/a | 2.03 | 140 |
References
- ^ "Global Knowledge Index". knoema.com.
- ^ "Introducing the EBRD Knowledge Economy Index" (PDF). ebrd.com. European Bank for Reconstruction and development. 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
Further reading
- "Measuring Knowledge in the World's Economics: Knowledge Assessment Methodology and Knowledge Economy Index" (PDF). World Bank Institute, Knowledge For Development Program. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-05-20.