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Korean clans
Hangul본관
Hanja本貫
Revised Romanizationbongwan
McCune–Reischauerpon'gwan

Korean clans are groups of people that share the same paternal ancestor. They are indicated by the combination of a bongwan (Korean: 본관; lit. place of origin) and a family name.

Korean clans distinguish clans that happen to share the same family name. The bongwan identifies descent groups by geographic place of origin. For example, the Gyeongju Kim and the Gimhae Kim are considered different clans, even though they happen to share the same family name Kim. In this case, Gyeongju and Gimhae are the respective bongwan of these clans. However, a clan name is not treated as a part of a Korean person's name. The bongwan and the family name are passed on from a father to his children, thus ensuring that person in the same paternal lineage sharing the same combination of the bongwan and the family name. A bongwan does not change by marriage or adoption.

Different family names sharing the same bongwan sometimes trace their origin to a common paternal ancestor, e.g. the Gimhae Kim [ko] clan and the Gimhae Heo [ko] clan share Suro of Geumgwan Gaya as their common paternal ancestor, though such cases are exceptional.

According to the population and housing census of 2000 conducted by Statistics Korea, there are a total of 286 surnames and 4,179 clans. The 2015 census reported that a total of 36,744 family clans exist among the 1,507 surnames extant in South Korea.

History

The bongwan system originates from China. It is assumed to have been created around the late Silla and early Goryeo period as a result of Silla's sinicization policies. Taejo of Goryeo promoted the bongwan system to stably distribute a growing population and create a basis for tax revenue, whilst putting an end to the obsolete bone-rank system.

Numerous clans were created throughout local administrations of all sizes and statuses. Almost all Koreans, including the Yangmin and Cheonmin caste, identified with a bongwan from the early Goryeo to the Joseon period. A bongwan affiliated with a prosperous region was widely seen as a source of personal pride, while members from a lesser or impoverished bongwan often sought to escape their genealogical status. Changes in administrative divisions profoundly influenced the merging or creation of various clans.

Restrictions on marriage and adoption

Traditionally, a man and a woman in the same clan could not marry, so the combination of the bongwan and the family name of a husband had to differ from that of a wife. Until 1997, this was also the law, but this was ruled as unconstitutional.

When adopting a child, the adoptive father and the adopted child must share the same combination of the bongwan and the family name. However, in exceptional circumstances, adoptive parents can change an adopted child's family name for the adopted child's welfare. In this case, the adoptive parents must visit a family court to request permission to change the family name.

List

Surname Seal English Hangul Hanja Progenitor(s)
(sijo) 		Population in South Korea (2015) Ref.
Kim Gimhae Kim clan 김해 김씨 金海 金氏 Suro of Gaya 4,456,700
Gyeongju Kim clan 경주 김씨 慶州 金氏 Kim Alchi 1,800,853
Gwangsan Kim clan 광산 김씨 光山 金氏 Kim Hŭngkwang 926,316
Andong Kim clan 안동 김씨 安東 金氏 Kim Suksŭng
Kim Sŏnp'yŏng 		519,719
Gimnyeong Kim clan [ko] 김녕 김씨 金寧 金氏 Kim Sihŭng 577,793
Uiseong Kim clan [ko] 의성 김씨 義城 金氏 Kim Sŏk 287,469
Gangneung Kim clan 강릉 김씨 江陵 金氏 Kim Chuwŏn 179,593
Seonsan Kim clan [ko] 선산 김씨 善山 金氏 Kim Sŏnkung [ko] 138,819
Cheongpoong Kim clan [ko] 청풍 김씨 淸風金氏 Kim Taeyu 110,815
Yeonan Kim clan [ko] 연안 김씨 延安 金氏 Kim Sŏmhan 93,382
Samcheok Kim clan [ko] 삼척 김씨 三陟 金氏 Kim Ch'u 92,671
Sangsan Kim clan [ko] 상산 김씨 商山 金氏 Kim Su 91,558
Cheongdo Kim clan [ko] 청도 김씨 淸道 金氏 Kim Chitae [ko] 91,293
Yi Jeonju Yi clan 전주 이씨 全州 李氏 Yi Han [ko] 2,631,643
Gyeongju Yi clan [ko] 경주 이씨 慶州 李氏 Alp'yŏng [ko] 1,391,867
Seongju Yi clan [ko] 성주 이씨 星州 李氏 Yi Sunyu 203,703
Gwangju Yi clan [ko] 광주 이씨 廣州 李氏 Yi Chasŏng 181,377
Jeonui Yi clan [ko] 전의 이씨 全義 李氏 Yi To 164,189
Yeonan Yi clan [ko] 연안 이씨 延安 李氏 Yi Mu 164,036
Hansan Yi clan [ko] 한산 이씨 韓山 李氏 Yi Yunkyŏng 156,861
Hampyeong Yi clan [ko] 함평 이씨 咸平 李氏 Yi Ŏn 138,550
Yeongcheon Yi clan [ko] 영천 이씨 寧川 李氏 Yi Munhan 135,612
Hapcheon Yi clan [ko] 합천 이씨 陜川 李氏 Yi Kae 121,416
Seongsan Yi clan [ko] 성산 이씨 星山 李氏 Yi Nŭngil 113,087
Byeokjin Yi clan [ko] 벽진 이씨 碧珍 李氏 Yi Ch'ongŏn [ko] 109,267
Deoksu Yi clan [ko] 덕수 이씨 德水 李氏 Yi Tonsu 58,513
Park Milyang Park clan 밀양 박씨 密陽 朴氏 Pak Ŏnch'im 3,103,942
Hamyang Park clan [ko] 함양 박씨 咸陽 朴氏 Pak Ŏnsin 163,610
Bannam Park clan [ko] 반남 박씨 潘南 朴氏 Pak Ŭngchu 160,964
Suncheon Park clan [ko] 순천 박씨 順天 朴氏 Pak Yŏngkyu 105,208
Choi Gyeongju Choi clan 경주 최씨 慶州 崔氏 Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn 945,005
Jeonju Choi clan [ko] 전주 최씨 全州 崔氏 Ch'oe Sunchak
Ch'oe Kyun
Ch'oe Kunok
Ch'oe A 		458,191
Haeju Choi clan [ko] 해주 최씨 海州 崔氏 Ch'oe On 201,625
Gangneung Choi clan 강릉 최씨 江陵 崔氏 Ch'oe Hŭnpong
Ch'oe P'iltal
Ch'oe Munhan 		145,335
Jung Dongnae Jung clan [ko] 동래 정씨 東萊 鄭氏 Chŏng Hoemun 474,506
Gyeongju Jung clan [ko] 경주 정씨 慶州 鄭氏 Chi Paekho [ko] 350,587
Yeonil Jung clan [ko] 연일 정씨 延日 鄭氏 Chŏng Chongŭn 284,290
Jinju Jung clan [ko] 진주 정씨 晉州 鄭氏 Chŏng Ye
Chŏng Chau
Chŏng Chang
Chŏng Hŏn 		324,521
Hadong Jung clan [ko] 하동 정씨 河東 鄭氏 Chŏng Tochŏng 187,152
Chogye Jung clan [ko] 초계 정씨 草溪 鄭氏 Chŏng Paekŏl 104,155
Haeju Jeong Clan [ko] 해주 정씨 海州 鄭氏 Chŏng Suk 45,101
Kang Jinju Kang clan [ko] 진주 강씨 晉州 姜氏 Kang I-sik 1,161,326
Jo Changnyeong Jo clan [ko] 창녕 조씨 昌寧 曺氏 Cho Kyeryong 366,798
Hanyang Jo clan [ko] 한양 조씨 漢陽 趙氏 Cho Chisu 332,580
Haman Jo clan 함안 조씨 咸安 趙氏 Cho Chŏng 282,890
Pungyang Jo clan 풍양 조씨 豐壤 趙氏 Cho Maeng 124,262
Yoon Papyeong Yoon clan [ko] 파평 윤씨 坡平 尹氏 Yun Sintal 770,932
Jang Indong Jang clan 인동 장씨 仁同 張氏 Chang Kŭmyong 666,652
Im Naju Im clan [ko] 나주 임씨 羅州 林氏 Im Pi [ko] 277,699
Pyeongtaek Im clan 평택 임씨 平澤 林氏 Im P'alkŭp 225,872
Pungcheon Im clan 풍천 임씨 豊川 任氏 Im On 143,881
Han Cheongju Han clan 청주 한씨 淸州 韓氏 Han Ran 752,689
Oh Haeju Oh clan 해주 오씨 海州 吳氏 O Inyu 462,704
Seo Dalseong Seo clan [ko] 달성 서씨 達城 徐氏 Sŏ Chin 407,431
Icheon Seo clan 이천 서씨 利川 徐氏 Sŏ Sinil 199,792
Daegu Seo clan [ko] 대구 서씨 大丘 徐氏 Sŏ Han 97,866
Shin Pyeongsan Shin clan 평산 신씨 平山申氏 Sin Sung-gyŏm 563,375
Goryeong Shin clan [ko] 고령 신씨 高靈 申氏 Sin Sŏngyong 129,718
Yeongsan Shin clan 영산 신씨 靈山 辛氏 Sin Kyŏng 98,759
Gwon Andong Gwon clan [ko] 안동 권씨 安東 權氏 Kwŏn Haeng [ko] 696,317
Hwang Changwon Hwang clan 창원 황씨 昌原 黃氏 271,986
Jangsu Hwang clan 장수 황씨 長水 黃氏 Hwang Kyŏng 170,988
Pyeonghae Hwang clan 평해 황씨 平海 黃氏 Hwang Onin 168,374
Ahn Sunheung Ahn clan 순흥 안씨 順興 安氏 An Chami 520,384
Song Yeosan Song clan 여산 송씨 礪山 宋氏 Song Yuik 294,788
Eunjin Song clan 은진 송씨 恩津 宋氏 Song Taewŏn 226,050
Jeon Cheonan Jeon clan [ko] 천안 전씨 天安 全氏 Chŏn Sŏp
Chŏn Nak 		176,239
Jeongseon Jeon clan [ko] 정선 전씨 旌善 全氏 Chŏn Sŏp
Chŏn Sŏn 		166,965
Damyang Jeon clan [ko] 담양 전씨 潭陽 田氏 Chŏn Tŭksi 155,018
Hong Namyang Hong clan 남양 홍씨 南陽 洪氏 Hong Ch'ŏnha
Hong Sŏnhaeng 		487,488
Ko Jeju Ko clan [ko] 제주 고씨 濟州 髙氏 Ko Ŭlna of Tamna [ko] 310,542
Moon Nampyeong Moon clan [ko] 남평 문씨 南平 文氏 Mun Tasŏng 445,946
Yang Namwon Yang clan [ko] 남원 양씨 南原 梁氏 Yang Uryang 307,724
Jeju Yang clan [ko] 제주 양씨 濟州 梁氏 Yang Ŭlna [ko] 142,211
Cheongju Yang clan 청주 양씨 淸州 楊氏 Yang Ki 38 161
Son Miryang Son clan [ko] 밀양 손씨 密陽 孫氏 Son Sun 306,895
Gyeongju Son clan [ko] 경주 손씨 慶州 孫氏 Son Sun 68,486
Bae Seongju Bae clan [ko] 성주 배씨 星州 裵氏 Pae Wichun 148,672
Baek Suwon Baek clan 수원 백씨 水原 白氏 Paek Ukyŏng 354,428
Heo Yangcheon Heo clan 양천 허씨 陽川 許氏 Hŏ Sŏnmun 149,505
Nam Yeongyang Nam clan 영양 남씨 英陽 南氏 Kim Ch'ung 82,272
Gwak Hyeonpung Gwak clan 현풍 곽씨 玄風 郭氏 Kwak Kyŏng 166,608
Min Yeoheung Min clan 여흥 민씨 驪興 閔氏 Min Ch'ingto 139,073
Yoo Munhwa Yoo clan 문화 류씨 文化 柳氏 Ryu Ch'atal 237,314
Gangneung Yoo clan 강릉 유씨 江陵 劉氏 Yu Chŏn
Yu Sŭngpi 		236,871
Gigye Yoo clan [ko] 기계 유씨 杞溪 兪氏 Yu Samchae 139,073
Jin Yeoyang Jin clan 여양 진씨 驪陽 陳氏 Chin Ch'onghu 110,403
Mo Hampyeong Mo clan 함평 모씨 咸平 牟氏 Mo Kyŏng 20,644
Kyung Cheongju Kyung Clan [ko] 청주 경씨 淸州 慶氏 Kyŏng Chin [ko] 12,474
Bok Myeoncheon Bok clan [ko] 면천 복씨 沔川 卜氏 Pok Chikyŏm 9,538
Gyeon Hwanggan Gyeon clan [ko] 황간 견씨 黃澗 甄氏 Ajagae 1,251

See also

Footnotes

  1. Due to incomplete genealogy records, the Jeonju Choi clan does not identify a single unified progenitor. The four factions that constitute the clan each identify a different progenitor.
  2. Historical records claim that the Jinju Jung lineage has descended from Chi Paekho. However, the clan has since split into four factions that identify with separate progenitors.

References

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