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LGBTQ rights in Europe
Same-sex marriage   Civil unions   Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)   Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)   No recognition   Constitutional limit on marriage
Status	Legal, with an equal age of consent, in all 51 states Legal, with an equal age of consent, in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Gender identity	Legal in 39 out of 51 states Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
Military	Allowed to serve openly in 40 out of 47 states having an army Allowed in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Discrimination protections	Protected in 44 out of 51 states Protected in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationships	Recognised in 29 out of 51 states Recognised in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Restrictions	Same-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 15 out of 51 states
Adoption	Legal in 22 out of 51 states Legal in 5 out of 6 dependencies and other territories

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country. 22 of the 38 countries that have legalised same-sex marriage worldwide are situated in Europe. A further 11 European countries have legalised civil unions or other forms of recognition for same-sex couples.

Several European countries do not recognise any form of same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Georgia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia and Montenegro recognise same-sex partnerships. Same-sex marriage is unrecognised but not constitutionally banned in the constitutions of Albania, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Turkey, Romania and Vatican City. Eastern Europe is generally seen as having fewer legal rights and protections, worse living conditions, and less supportive public opinion for LGBT people than that in Western Europe. The situation for LGBTQ people is considered the worst in Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine.

All European countries that allow marriage also allow joint adoption by same-sex couples. Of the countries that have civil unions only, none but Croatia and Liechtenstein allow joint adoption, and only Italy and San Marino allow step-parent adoption only.

In the 2011 UN General Assembly declaration for LGBT rights, state parties were given a chance to express their support, opposition or abstention on the topic. A majority of the European countries expressed their support, and only Kazakhstan expressed its opposition. State parties that expressed abstention were Azerbaijan, Belarus, Russia, and Turkey.

In December 2020, Hungary explicitly legally banned adoption for same-sex couples within its constitution, and in June 2021 the Hungarian parliament approved a law prohibiting the showing of "any content portraying or promoting sex reassignment or homosexuality" to minors, similar to the Russian "anti-gay propaganda" law. Sixteen EU member states condemned the law, calling it a breach of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

The top three European countries in terms of LGBT equality according to ILGA-Europe are Malta, Iceland and Belgium. Western Europe is often regarded as being one of the most progressive regions in the world for LGBT people to live in.

History

Although same-sex relationships were quite common in ancient Greece, Rome and pagan Celtic societies, after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, severe laws against homosexual behaviour appeared. An edict by the Emperor Theodosius I in 390 condemned all "passive" homosexual men to death by public burning. This was followed by the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian I in 529, which prescribed public castration and execution for all who committed homosexual acts, both active and passive partners. In 670, Archbishop of Canterbury Theodore of Tarsus published a Penetential prescribing penances for homosexual activity comparable to those prescribed for murder and infanticide. Homosexual behaviour, called sodomy, was considered a capital crime in most European countries, and thousands of homosexual men were executed across Europe during waves of persecution in these centuries. Lesbians were less often singled out for punishment, but they also suffered persecution and execution from time to time.

Since the foundation of Poland in 966, Polish law has never defined homosexuality as a crime. Forty years after Poland lost its independence in 1795, the sodomy laws of Russia, Prussia, and Austria came into force in the partitioned Polish territory. Poland regained its independence in 1918 and abandoned the laws of the occupying powers. In 1932, Poland codified the equal age of consent for homosexuals and heterosexuals at 15.

In Turkey, homosexuality has been legal since 1858.

During the French Revolution, the French National Assembly rewrote the criminal code in 1791, omitting all reference to homosexuality. During the Napoleonic wars, homosexuality was decriminalised in territories coming under French control, such as the Netherlands and many of the pre-unification German states; however, in Germany this ended with the unification of the country under the Prussian Kaiser, as Prussia had long punished homosexuality harshly. On 6 August 1942, the Vichy government made homosexual relations with anyone under twenty-one illegal as part of its conservative agenda. Most Vichy legislation was repealed after the war—but the anti-gay Vichy law remained on the books for four decades until it was finally repealed in August 1982 when the age of consent (15) was again made the same for heterosexual as well as homosexual partners.

Nevertheless, gay men and lesbians continued to live closeted lives, since moral and social disapproval by heterosexual society remained strong across Europe for another two decades, until the modern gay rights movement began in 1969.

Various countries under dictatorships in the 20th century were very anti-homosexual, such as in the Soviet Union, in Nazi Germany and in Spain under Francisco Franco's regime. In contrast, after Poland regained independence after World War I, it went on in 1932 to become the second country in 20th-century Europe to decriminalise homosexual activity (after the Soviet Union, which had decriminalized it in 1917 under the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, but re-criminalized it in 1933 under Stalin), followed by Denmark in 1933, Iceland in 1940, Switzerland in 1942 and Sweden in 1944.

In 1956, the German Democratic Republic abolished paragraph 175 of the German penal code which outlawed homosexuality. In 1962, homosexual behaviour was decriminalized in Czechoslovakia, following the scientific research of Kurt Freund that included phallometry of gay men who appeared to have given up sexual relations with other men and established heterosexual marriages. Freund came to the conclusion that a homosexual orientation cannot be changed. However, the claim that phallometry on men was the only reason for the decriminalization of homosexual behaviour in Czechoslovakia is contradicted by the fact that it applied to women as well, as the notion of a male-specific fixity of sexual orientation as an argument for gay rights combined with the notion of female sexual plasticity is adverse to lesbian rights.

In 1972, Sweden became the first country in the world to allow people who were transgender by legislation to surgically change their sexual organs and provide free hormone replacement therapy.

In 1979, a number of people in Sweden called in sick with a case of being homosexual, in protest of homosexuality being classified as an illness. This was followed by an activist occupation of the main office of the National Board of Health and Welfare. Within a few months, Sweden became the first country in Europe from those that had previously defined homosexuality as an illness to remove it as such.

In 1989, Denmark was the first country in Europe, and the world, to introduce registered partnerships for same-sex couples.

In 1991, Bulgaria was the first country in Europe to ban same-sex marriage. Since then, thirteen countries have followed (Lithuania in 1992, Belarus and Moldova in 1994, Ukraine in 1996, Poland in 1997, Latvia and Serbia in 2006, Montenegro in 2007, Hungary in 2012, Croatia in 2013, Slovakia in 2014, Armenia in 2015 and Georgia in 2018).

In 2001, a next step was made, when the Netherlands opened civil marriage for same-sex couples, which made it the first country in the world to do so. Since then, twenty other European states have followed: Belgium in 2003, Spain in 2005, Norway and Sweden in 2009, Portugal and Iceland in 2010, Denmark in 2012, France in 2013, England and Wales in 2013, Scotland in 2014, Luxembourg and Ireland in 2015, Finland, Malta, and Germany in 2017, Austria in 2019 Northern Ireland in 2020, Switzerland in 2022, Greece and Estonia in 2024.

On 22 October 2009, the assembly of the Church of Sweden, voted strongly in favour of giving its blessing to homosexual couples, including the use of the term marriage, ("matrimony"). The new law was introduced on 1 November 2009. Under the Danish marriage law, ministers can refuse to carry out a same-sex ceremony, but the local bishop must arrange a replacement for their church building. In October 2015, the Church of Iceland voted to allow same-sex couples to marry in its churches. In 2015, the Church of Norway voted to allow same-sex marriages to take place in its churches. The decision was ratified at the annual conference on 11 April 2016. The church formally amended its marriage liturgy on 30 January 2017, replacing references to "bride and groom" with gender-neutral text. A male same-sex couple was immediately married in the church the moment the changes came into effect, on 1 February 2017.

Recent developments

Civil partnerships have been legal in Ireland since 2011. In 2013, the government held a constitutional convention which voted overwhelmingly in favour of amending the constitution in order to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples. On 22 May 2015, Irish citizens voted on whether to add the following amendment to the constitution: "Marriage may be contracted in accordance with law by two persons without distinction as to their sex". 62.1% of the electorate voted in favour of the amendment, making Ireland the first country worldwide to introduce same-sex marriage through a national referendum. Ireland's first same-sex marriage ceremonies took place in November 2015.

The Isle of Man has allowed civil partnerships since 2011, as well as Jersey in 2012. Both Crown Dependencies legalised same-sex marriage later since 22 July 2016 and since 1 July 2018, respectively.

Liechtenstein also legalised registered partnership by 68% of voters via a referendum in 2011.

On 1 January 2012, a new constitution of Hungary enacted by the government of Viktor Orbán, leader of the ruling Fidesz party, came into effect, restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples and containing no guarantees of protection from discrimination on account of sexual orientation.

In 2012, the United Kingdom government launched a public same-sex marriage consultation, intending to change the laws applying to England and Wales. Its Marriage Bill was signed into law on 17 July 2013. The Scottish government launched a similar consultation, aiming to legalise same-sex marriage by 2015. On 4 February 2014, the Scottish Parliament passed a bill to legalise same-sex marriages in Scotland as well as ending the "spousal veto" that would allow spouses to deny transgender partners the ability to change their legal gender. Same-sex marriage was extended to Northern Ireland on 21 October 2019 and the law came into effect on 13 January 2020.

In May 2013, France legalised same-sex marriage, with French president François Hollande signing a law authorising marriage and adoption by gay couples.

On 30 June 2013, Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, signed the Russian LGBT propaganda law into force, which was approved by the State Duma. The law makes distributing propaganda among minors in support of "non-traditional" sexual relationships a criminal offence.

On 1 December 2013, a referendum was held in Croatia to constitutionally define marriage as a union between a woman and a man. The vote passed, with 65.87% supporting the measure, and a turnout of 37.9%.

On 14 April 2014, the Parliament of Malta voted in favour of the Civil Union Act which recognises same-sex couples and permits them to adopt children. On the same day the Maltese parliament also voted in favour of a constitutional amendment to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

On 4 June 2014, the Slovak parliament overwhelmingly approved a sitting social-democratic government sponsored Constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, with 102 deputies for and 18 deputies against the legislation, fulfilling a 2/3 constitutional change requirement (minimum of 100 deputies out of 150 sitting MPs) for enacting this Constitutional amendment.

On 18 June 2014, the Parliament of Luxembourg approved a bill to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption. The law was published in the official gazette on 17 July and took effect 1 January 2015.

On 15 July 2014, Croatian Parliament passed the Life Partnership Act giving same-sex couples all rights that married couples have, except for adoption. However, the Act allows a parent's life partner to become the child's partner-guardian. Partner-guardianship as an institution similar to step-child adoption in rights and responsibilities, but it does not give parental status to the parent's life partner. Criteria for partner-guardianship and step-parent adoption for opposite-sex couples are the same. Also, regardless of partner-guardianship, a parent's life partner may attain partial parental responsibility over the child either via court or consensus among the parents and life partner, even full in some cases when the court decides that it is in the child's best interest.

In September 2014, a law went into effect in Denmark effectively dropping the former practice of requiring transgender persons to undergo arduous psychiatric evaluation and castration before being allowed legal gender change. By requiring nothing more than a statement of gender identity and subsequent confirmation of the request for gender change after a waiting period of 6 months, this means that anyone wishing their legal gender marker changed can do so with no expert-evaluation and few other formal restrictions. Meanwhile, Norwegian Health Minister Bent Høie has made promises that a similar law for Norway will be drafted soon. And on 18 March 2016, the Government introduced a bill to allow legal gender change without any form of psychiatric or psychological evaluation, diagnosis or any kind of medical intervention, by people aged at least 16. Minors aged between 6 and 16 also could have that possibility with parental consent. The bill was approved by a vote of 79-13 by Parliament on 6 June. It was promulgated on 17 June and took effect on 1 July 2016.

On 9 October 2014, the Parliament of Estonia passed the Cohabitation bill by a 40–38 vote. It was signed by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves that same day and took effect on 1 January 2016.

On 27 November 2014 the Parliament of Andorra passed a Civil Union bill, legalising also joint adoption for same-sex partners. On 24 December 2014, the bill was published in the official journal, following promulgation by co-prince François Hollande as signature of one of the two co-princes was needed. It took effect on 25 December 2014.

On 12 December 2014 the Parliament of Finland passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 101–90 vote. The law was signed by President Sauli Niinistö on 20 February 2015. In order that the provisions of the framework law would be fully implementable further legislation has to be passed. The law took effect on 1 March 2017.

In January 2015, the Parliament of North Macedonia voted to constitutionally define marriage as a union solely between a man and a woman. On 9 January, the parliamentary committee on constitutional issues approved a series of amendments, including the aforementioned limitation of marriage and the additional requirement of a two-thirds majority for any future regulation of marriage, family and civil unions (a requirement previously reserved only for issues such as sovereignty and territorial questions). On 20 January, the amendments were approved in parliament by 72 votes to 4. However, in order for these amendments to be added to the constitution, a final vote was required. This final parliamentary session was commenced on 26 January but never concluded, as the ruling coalition did not obtain the two-thirds majority required. The parliamentary session on the constitutional amendments was in recess until the end of 2015, thus the amendment failed.

On 7 February 2015, Slovaks voted in a referendum to ban same-sex marriage and same-sex parental adoption. The result of the referendum was for enacting the ban proposals, with 95% and 92% votes for, respectively. However, the referendum was deemed invalid under referendum law because of a low turnout (below 50% requirement).

On 3 March 2015 the Parliament of Slovenia passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 51–28 vote. On 20 December 2015, Slovenians rejected the new same-sex marriage bill by a margin of 63% to 37%.

In November 2015, the Parliament of Cyprus approved a bill which legalised civil unions for same-sex couples in a 39–12 vote. It took effect on 9 December 2015.

A bill to legalise civil unions for same-sex couples in Greece was approved in December 2015 by its Parliament in a 194–55 vote. The law was signed by the President and took effect on 24 December 2015.

On 29 April 2016, the Parliament of the Faroe Islands, a Danish dependency, voted to extend Danish same-sex marriage legislation to the territory, excluding the possibility to be legally wed in a religious ceremony. The Danish Parliament still had to approve the exclusion of religious marriages for the Faroe Islands, unlike in Denmark where churches can perform marriages between persons of the same sex. The law within the Faroe Islands went into effect on 1 July 2017, after the ratification formality by both the Danish Parliament and royal assent.

A bill to legalise civil unions for same-sex couples in Italy was approved on 11 May 2016 by the Parliament of Italy. The law was signed by the President on 20 May 2016. It was published in the Official Gazette on 21 May and therefore entered into force on 5 June 2016.

On 21 September 2016, the States of Guernsey approved the bill to legalize same-sex marriage, in a 33–5 vote. It received Royal Assent on 14 December 2016. The law went into effect on 1 July 2017.

On 26 October 2016, the Gibraltar Parliament unanimously approved a bill to allow same-sex marriage by a vote of 15–0. It received Royal Assent 1 November 2016. The law went into effect on 15 December 2016.

On 31 January 2017, the Supreme Court of Cassation in Italy refused, on procedural grounds, to rescind a lower judgment recognising a marriage between two French women (one of these had the right to claim Italian citizenship iure sanguinis), officiated in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais. This is the first time a same-sex marriage is admitted in Italy, but the judgment does not imply that this will necessarily be the case in general terms.

Within July 2017, both the Parliaments of Germany and Malta approved bills to allow same-sex marriage. The Presidents of both countries signed the bills into law. The same-sex marriage laws within Malta went into effect on 1 September 2017 and the same-sex marriage laws within Germany went into effect on 1 October 2017.

In October 2017, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted the first intersex-specific resolution of its kind from a European intergovernmental institution, after 33 members voted in favour. The resolution called for intersex peoples right to bodily autonomy and physical integrity by calling for prohibition of "medically unnecessary sex-"normalising" surgery, sterilisation and other treatments practised on intersex children without their informed consent" It recommends the committee of ministers to bring the resolution to the attention of their governments, the need for increased psychosocial support, and calls for policymakers to "ensure that anti-discrimination legislation effectively applies to and protects intersex people."

On 5 December 2017, the Constitutional Court of Austria struck down the ban on same-sex marriage as unconstitutional. Same-sex marriage became legal on 1 January 2019.

In late 2018 San Marino parliament voted to legalise civil unions with stepchild adoption rights. The law to permit civil unions became fully operational on 11 February 2019, following a number of further legal and administrative changes.

On 18 December 2019, the European Parliament voted, 463 to 107, to condemn the more than 80 LGBT-free zones in Poland.

On 26 September 2021, nearly two thirds of Swiss voters agreed to legalise civil marriage and the right to adopt children for same-sex couples in an optional referendum, after the National Council and the Council of States had both approved the aforementioned legalisations on 18 December 2020. The new law has taken effect on 1 July 2022.

On 20 June 2023, the Parliament of Estonia approved a bill to allow same-sex marriage by a vote of 55–34. It took effect on 1 January 2024.

On 15 February 2024 the Greek Parliament voted in favour of legalizing same-sex marriage by a margin of 176-76.

Since July 1, 2024 Latvia implemented a registered partnership law that has the same rights and obligations as married couples - with the exception of the title of marriage, any adoption or inheritance rights and obligations.

Public opinion around Europe

Eurobarometer 2023: % of people in each country who agree with the statement that "Gay, lesbian and bisexual people should have the same rights as heterosexual people (marriage, adoption, parental rights)."
Country	Percentage
Netherlands	95%
Sweden	94%
Denmark	92%
Spain	87%
Ireland	84%
Germany	81%
Luxembourg	81%
Portugal	79%
France	78%
Belgium	77%
Finland	75%
European Union	69%
Malta	68%
Italy	63%
Austria	59%
Czechia	54%
Cyprus	45%
Greece	44%
Hungary	44%
Slovenia	42%
Poland	41%
Latvia	39%
Estonia	37%
Croatia	35%
Slovakia	35%
Lithuania	29%
Romania	27%
Bulgaria	21%

In a 2002 Pew Global Attitudes Project surveyed by the Pew Research Center, showed majorities in every Western European nation said homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most Russians, Poles and Ukrainians disagreed. According to pollster Gallup Europe in 2003, women, younger generations, and the highly educated are more likely to support same-sex marriage and adoption rights for gay people than other demographics.

A Eurobarometer in 2006 surveying up to 30,000 people from each European Union country, showed split opinion around the then 27 member states on the issue of same-sex marriage. The majority of support came from the Netherlands (82%), Sweden (71%), Denmark (69%), Belgium (62%), Luxembourg (58%), Spain (56%), Finland (54%), Germany (52%) and the Czech Republic (52%). All other countries within the EU had below 50% support; with Romania (11%), Latvia (12%), Cyprus (14%), Bulgaria (15%), Greece (15%), Lithuania (17%), Poland (17%), Hungary (18%) and Malta (18%) at the other end of the list. Same-sex adoption had majority support from only two countries: Netherlands at 69% and Sweden at 51% and the least support from Poland and Malta on 7%, respectively.

A more recent survey carried out in October 2008 by The Observer affirmed that a small majority of Britons—55%—support same-sex marriage. A 2013 poll shows that the majority of the Irish public support same-sex marriage and adoption, 73% and 60%, respectively. France has support for same-sex marriage at 62%, while support among Russians stands at 14%. Italy has support for the 'Civil Partnership Law' between people of the same gender at 45% with 47% opposed. In 2009 58.9% of Italians supported civil unions, while a 40.4% minority supported same-sex marriage. In 2010, 63.9% of Greeks supported same-sex partnerships, while a 38.5% minority supported same-sex marriage. In 2012 a poll by MaltaToday showed that 41% of Maltese supported same-sex marriage, with support increasing to 60% amongst the 18–35 age group. In a 2013 opinion poll conducted by CBOS, 65% of Poles were against same-sex civil unions, 72% of Poles were against same-sex marriage, 88% were against adoption by same-sex couples, and 68% were against lesbian, gay, or bisexual people publicly showing their way of life. In Croatia, a poll from November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea. A CBOS opinion poll from February 2014 found that 70% of Poles believe same-sex sexual activity is morally unacceptable, while only 22% believed it is morally acceptable.

Public support for same-sex marriage from EU member states as measured from a 2015 poll is the greatest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%). In recent years, support has risen most significantly in Malta, from 18% in 2006 to 65% in 2015 and in Ireland from 41% in 2006 to 80% in 2015.

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation. In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it. In January 2013, 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage. In a late January 2013 survey, 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.

In Greece support more than tripled between 2006 and 2017. In 2006 15% responded that they agreed with same-sex marriages being allowed throughout Europe. In 2017 according to a survey 50.04% of Greeks agreed with gay marriage. A more recent survey in 2020 showed that 56% of the Greek population accept gay marriage.

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage), while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support. On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

A March 2013 survey by Taloustutkimus found that 58% of Finns supported same-sex marriage.

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.

In Poland a 2013 public poll revealed that 70% of Poles reject the idea of registered partnerships. Another survey in February 2013 revealed that 55% were against and 38% of Poles support the idea of registered partnerships for same-sex couples.

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU. In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.

A 2015 NDI public opinion poll shows that only 10% of the population in the Balkans (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and North Macedonia) believe LGBTI marriages are acceptable, in contrast to 88% who think they're unacceptable.

Adoption

Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Europe

Country	Pollster	Year	For	Against	Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
Austria	Eurobarometer	2023	65%	30%	5%
Belgium	Ipsos	2021	72%	21%	7%
Bulgaria	Eurobarometer	2006	12%	68%	20%
Cyprus	Eurobarometer	2006	10%	86%	4%
Czech Republic	CVVM	2019	47%	47%	6%
Denmark	Pew Research Center	2017	75%	-	-
Estonia	HumanrightsEE	2023	47%	44%	9%
Finland	Taloustutkimus	2013	51%	42%	7%
France	Ipsos	2021	62%	29%	10%
Germany	Ipsos	2021	69%	24%	6%
Greece	KAPA Research	2023	53%	41%	6%
Hungary	Ipsos	2021	59%	36%	5%
Ireland	Red C Poll	2011	60%	-	-
Italy	Eurispes	2023	50.4%	49.6%	0%
Latvia	SKDS	2023	27%	23%	46%
Lithuania	Eurobarometer	2006	12%	82%	6%
Luxembourg	Politmonitor	2013	55%	44%	1%
Malta	Misco	2014	20%	80%	-
Netherlands	Ipsos	2021	83%	12%	5%
Norway	YouGov	2012	54%	34%	12%
Poland	Ipsos	2021	33%	58%	10%
Portugal	Pew Research Center	2017	59%	28%	13%
Romania	Eurobarometer	2006	8%	82%	10%
Russia	Ipsos	2021	23%	67%	10%
Serbia	Civil Rights Defenders	2020	22.5%	-	-
Slovakia	Eurobarometer	2006	12%	84%	4%
Slovenia	Delo Stik	2015	38%	55%	7%
Spain	Ipsos	2021	77%	17%	6%
Sweden	Ipsos	2021	79%	17%	4%
Switzerland	Pink Cross	2020	67%	30%	3%
Ukraine	Gay Alliance of Ukraine	2013	7%	68%	12% 13% would allow some exceptions
United Kingdom	Ipsos	2021	72%	19%	9%

Legislation by country or territory

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European Union

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB people allowed to serve openly in military	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European Union	Legal in all 27 member states	/ Recognized in 25/27 member states	/ Legal in 16/27 member states	/ Stepchild adoption legal in 20/27 member states; joint adoption legal in 17/27 member states	Legal in all member states	Membership requires a state to ban discrimination based on person's sexual orientation in employment. 4/27 states ban some anti-gay discrimination. 23/27 states ban all anti-gay discrimination	/ Legal in 25/27 member states

Central Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB people allowed to serve openly in military	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Austria	Legal since 1971; equal age of consent since 2002 + UN decl. sign.	Registered partnerships since 2010	Legal since 2019	Stepchild adoption since 2013; joint adoption since 2016	Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery
Czech Republic	Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia); equal age of consent since 1990 + UN decl. sign.	Registered partnerships since 2006		Effective from January 1, 2025 “biological and partial step-child” adoption for same-sex couples, not full joint adoption.	Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (with mandatory sterilisation)
Germany	Legal in East Germany since 1968 Legal in West Germany since 1969; equal age of consent since 1988 in East Germany and since 1994 in unified Germany + UN decl. sign.	Registered life partnerships from 2001 to 2017 (existing partnerships and new foreign partnerships still recognised)	Legal since 2017	Stepchild adoption since 2005; successive adoption since 2013; joint adoption legal since 2017	Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Gender self-determination enacted and implemented on a birth certificate since 2024.
Hungary	Legal since 1962; equal age of consent since 2002 + UN decl. sign.	Registered partnerships since 2009	Constitutional ban since 2012	Constitutional ban since 2020		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Forbids discrimination based on gender identity Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2020.
Liechtenstein	Legal since 1989; equal age of consent since 2001 + UN decl. sign.	Registered partnerships since 2011	Effective from January 1, 2025	Stepchild adoption since 2022; joint adoption since 2023	Has no military	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Gender change is not legal
Poland	Legal since 1932 + UN decl. sign.	/ Unregistered cohabitation since 2012; registered partnership proposed 2019	Constitutional ban since 1997 (Article 18 of the Constitution is generally interpreted as limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples)	LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples		Bans some anti-gay discrimination	Transgender people allowed to change gender. No provisions for nonbinary people.
Slovakia	Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia); equal age of consent since 1990 + UN decl. sign.	/ some limited rights for unregistered cohabiting same-sex couples since 2018; Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 (Proposed)	Constitutional ban since 2014	LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	/ Allowed to change legal gender in theory. However because of lack of care and refusal by the state, de facto almost impossible since 2022. See LGBT rights in Slovakia § Gender identity and expression
Slovenia	Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 1990 + UN decl. sign.	Registered cohabitation since 2006; Registered partnerships since 2017	Legal since 2022	Stepchild adoption since 2011; joint adoption since 2022		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Gender change is legal
Switzerland	Legal nationwide since 1942 Legal in the cantons of Geneva (as part of France), Ticino, Valais, and Vaud since 1798; equal age of consent since 1990 + UN decl. sign.	Registered partnerships in Geneva (2001), Zürich (2003), Neuchâtel (2004) and Fribourg (2005) Nationwide since 2007	Legal since 2022	Stepchild adoption since 2018; joint adoption since 2022	Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Gender change is legal on simple declaration (self-determination +16 yo); surgery/sterilisation not required.

Eastern Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB people allowed to serve openly in military	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia (Disputed territory)	Legal after 1991
Armenia	Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign.		Constitutional ban since 2015	LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples.
Azerbaijan	Legal since 2000
Belarus	Legal since 1994		Constitutional ban since 1994		/ Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able		/ (Highly bureaucratic, lengthy two-stage process: deciding body meets only twice a year; permission for medical or surgical interventions only at the second stage. Flaw in passport conversion whereby passport number may reveal former designation of sex to agencies.)
Georgia	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.		Constitutional ban since 2018			Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Requires sterilisation and surgery for change
Kazakhstan	Legal since 1998						Requires sex reassignment surgery, sterilization, hormone therapy and medical examinations
Moldova	Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign.		Constitutional ban since 1994			Bans all anti-gay discrimination	No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2017
Russia	Male legal since 1993 Female always legal Illegal in practice in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.		Constitutional ban since 2020				Gender change has not been legal since 2023
South Ossetia (Disputed territory)	Legal after 1991
Transnistria (Disputed territory)	Legal since 2002
Ukraine	Legal since 1991 + UN decl. sign.		Constitutional ban since 1996	LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples		Bans some anti-gay discrimination	No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2016

Northern Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Denmark	Legal since 1933; equal age of consent since 1973 + UN decl. sign.	Registered partnerships from 1989 to 2012 (existing partnerships are still recognised)	Legal since 2012	Stepchild adoption since 1999; joint adoption since 2010	Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy
Estonia	Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.	Cohabitation agreement since 2016	Legal since 2024	Stepchild adoption since 2016; joint adoption since 2024	Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Gender reassignment legal; surgery not required
Faroe Islands (Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark)	Legal since 1933; equal age of consent since 1977 + UN decl. sign.		Legal since 2017	Legal since 2017	The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence	Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Finland (includes Åland)	Legal since 1971; equal age of consent since 1999 + UN decl. sign.	Registered partnerships from 2002 to 2017 (existing partnerships are still recognised)	Legal since 2017	Stepchild adoption since 2009; joint adoption since 2017	Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Since 2023, by way of self-determination.
Iceland	Legal since 1940; equal age of consent since 1992 (As part of Denmark) + UN decl. sign.	Registered cohabitation since 2006; Registered partnerships from 1996 to 2010 (existing partnerships are still recognised)	Legal since 2010	Legal since 2006	No standing army	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required
Latvia	Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.	Registered partnerships since 2024	Constitutional ban since 2006	LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples, incl. stepchild adoption		Bans some anti-gay discrimination	Legal change allowed but requires "full" transition and doctor's or court's approval. Sterilization required.
Lithuania	Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign.	/ Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018; Cohabitation agreement pending Civil unions proposed.	Constitutional ban since 1992	Only married couples can adopt	Since 2015	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Effective from 2/2/2022, gender change on legal documents permitted without surgery and no non-binary option available.
Norway	Legal since 1972 + UN decl. sign.	Registered partnerships from 1993 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)	Legal since 2009	Stepchild adoption since 2002; joint adoption since 2009	Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	All documents can be amended to the recognised gender
Sweden	Legal since 1944; equal age of consent since 1972 + UN decl. sign.	Registered partnerships from 1995 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)	Legal since 2009	Legal since 2003	Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	/ First country within the world in 1972 to allow gender reassignment procedures for individuals. Effective from July 1, 2025 by self-determination for individuals to change gender.

Southern Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2000; equal age of consent since 2003 + UN decl. sign.	Since 2005, for members of the British Armed Forces	Since 2014, for members of the British Armed Forces		UK responsible for defence	Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Albania	Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign.					Bans all anti-gay discrimination	No legal recognition
Andorra	Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.	Stable unions since 2005; Civil unions from 2014–2023, replaced by civil marriage	Legal since 2023	Legal since 2014	Has no military	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Since 2023, without SRS and sterilization - but with a mandatory 2-year waiting period.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Legal since 1996 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Republika Srpska since 1998, and in Brčko District since 2003 + UN decl. sign.					Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Requires surgery for change
Bulgaria	Legal since 1968; equal age of consent since 2002 + UN decl. sign.	/ Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018	Constitutional ban since 1991	LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Forbids discrimination based on gender identity. Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2017.
Croatia	Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 1998 + UN decl. sign.	Unregistered cohabitation since 2003 Life partnerships since 2014	Constitutional ban since 2013	Legal since 2022		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health.
Cyprus	Legal since 1998; equal age of consent since 2002 + UN decl. sign.	Civil cohabitation since 2015				Bans some anti-gay discrimination	Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity. Gender change not legal.
Gibraltar (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1993; equal age of consent since 2012 + UN decl. sign.	Civil partnerships since 2014	Legal since 2016	Legal since 2014	UK responsible for defence	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Forbids discrimination on the grounds of gender reassignment Gender change is not legal
Greece	Legal since 1951; equal age of consent since 2015 + UN decl. sign.	Cohabitation agreements since 2015	Legal since 2024	Legal since 2024		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Under the Legal Gender Recognition Act 2017
Italy	Legal since 1890 + UN decl. sign.	Civil unions since 2016	In 2018 the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriages performed abroad must be registered as civil unions. (Proposed)	/ Stepchild adoption admitted by the Court of Cassation since 2016		Bans some anti-gay discrimination	Legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required
Kosovo (Disputed territory)	Legal since 1994 (as part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 2004			LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Forbids discrimination based on gender identity. No legal recognition
Malta	Legal since 1973 + UN decl. sign.	Civil unions since 2014	Legal since 2017	Legal since 2014		Bans all anti-gay discrimination Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016	Transgender people allowed to change gender; surgery not required since 2015
Montenegro	Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.	Life partnership from July 2021	Constitutional ban since 2007 (Court decision pending)			Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Requires sterilisation and surgery for change
North Macedonia	Legal since 1996 + UN decl. sign.	(Proposed)				Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Forbids discrimination based on gender identity. Gender change is legally recognized since 2021
Northern Cyprus (Disputed territory)	Legal since 2014					Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Legal, requires surgery for change
Portugal	Legal since 1983; equal age of consent since 2007 + UN decl. sign.	De facto unions since 2001	Legal since 2010	Legal since 2016		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	All documents can be amended to the recognised gender since 2011
Romania	Legal since 1996; equal age of consent since 2002 + UN decl. sign.	/ Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018;		LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (sterilisation mandatory)
San Marino	Legal since 1865 + UN decl. sign.	Civil unions since 2019		/ Stepchild adoption legal since 2019		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	No legal recognition
Serbia	Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire to 1860, and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 2006 + UN decl. sign.	(Proposed)	Constitutional ban since 2006	LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Legal after 1 year of hormone therapy, surgery no longer required since 2019
Spain	Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign.	De facto unions in Catalonia (1998), Aragon (1999), Navarre (2000), Castilla–La Mancha (2000), Valencia (2001), the Balearic Islands (2001), Madrid (2001), Asturias (2002), Castile and León (2002), Andalusia (2002), the Canary Islands (2003), Extremadura (2003), Basque Country (2003), Cantabria (2005), Galicia (2008) La Rioja (2010), and Murcia (2018), and in both autonomous cities; Ceuta (1998) and Melilla (2008).	Legal since 2005	Legal since 2005	Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal nationwide since 2023.	Since 2023, by way of self-determination
Turkey	Legal since 1858						Legal since 1988, requires sterilisation and surgery for change
Vatican City	Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy)				Has no military

Western Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB people allowed to serve openly in military	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belgium	Legal nationwide since 1795; equal age of consent since 1985 + UN decl. sign.	Legal cohabitation since 2000	Legal since 2003	Legal since 2006	Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Since 2018, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery
France	Legal nationwide since 1791 Legal in Savoy since 1792; equal age of consent since 1982 + UN decl. sign.	Civil solidarity pact since 1999	Legal since 2013	Legal since 2013	Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Since 2017, sex changes no longer requires sterilisation and surgery
Guernsey (Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1983; equal age of consent since 2012 + UN decl. sign.	Civil partnerships performed in the UK abroad recognised for succession purposes in inheritance and other matters respecting interests in property since 2012 Legal cohabitation since 2017	Legal since 2017 in Guernsey, since 2018 in Alderney, and since 2020 in Sark	Legal since 2017	UK responsible for defence	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Legal gender changes since 2007
Ireland	Male legal since 1993 Female always legal + UN decl. sign.	Civil partnerships from 2011 to 2015 (existing partnerships are still recognised)	Legal since 2015 after a constitutional referendum	Legal since 2017	Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Under the Gender Recognition Act 2015, by self-declaration.
Isle of Man; equal age of consent since 2006 (Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.	Civil partnerships since 2011	Legal since 2016	Legal since 2011	UK responsible for defence	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11)
Jersey; equal age of consent since 2006 (Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1990 + UN decl. sign.	Civil partnerships since 2012	Legal since 2018	Legal since 2012	UK responsible for defence	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Under the Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010
Luxembourg	Legal since 1795; equal age of consent since 1992 + UN decl. sign.	Registered partnerships since 2004	Legal since 2015	Legal since 2015		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	No divorce, sterilization and/or surgery legally required since September 2018 for change of gender
Monaco	Legal since 1793 + UN decl. sign.	Cohabitation agreements since 2020	(Proposed)		France responsible for defence	Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Netherlands	Legal since 1811; equal age of consent since 1971 + UN decl. sign.	Registered partnership since 1998	Legal since 2001	Legal since 2001	Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Since 2014, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery
United Kingdom	Female always legal. Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982; equal age of consent since 2001 + UN decl. sign.	Civil partnerships since 2005	Legal in England, Wales, and Scotland since 2014, and Northern Ireland since 2020	Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013	Since 2000; Includes transgender people	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Under the Gender Recognition Act 2004

Rating of countries from ILGA-Europe

The ILGA rating illustrates the legal and policy situation of LGBT people in countries. Data for May 2024. Source: ILGA-Europe

Country or territory	Rating, %
Malta	87.84
Iceland	83.02
Belgium	78.47
Spain	76.41
Denmark	76.35
Greece	70.78
Finland	70.78
Luxembourg	70.04
Norway	69.53
Portugal	67.14
Germany	66.13
Sweden	64.38
France	62.31
Netherlands	58.95
Ireland	57.17
United Kingdom	51.88
Switzerland	50.35
Croatia	50.07
Slovenia	49.97
Austria	49.63
Montenegro	48.21
Estonia	46.14
Andorra	43.23
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40.25
Moldova	39.34
Albania	36.38
Serbia	35.96
Kosovo	35.75
Cyprus	34.62
Hungary	32.53
Slovakia	30.63
North Macedonia	30.50
Czechia	29.51
Liechtenstein	28.44
Lithuania	27.61
Italy	25.41
Georgia	25.30
Latvia	23.97
Bulgaria	23.22
Romania	18.86
Ukraine	18.76
Poland	17.50
San Marino	14.52
Monaco	13.93
Belarus	11.16
Armenia	9.16
Turkey	4.75
Azerbaijan	2.25
Russia	2.00

See also

• Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
• LGBTQ rights in the European Union
• Same-sex adoption in Europe
• ILGA-Europe
• Ages of consent in Europe
• LGBTQ rights by country or territory
• LGBTQ rights in Asia
• LGBTQ rights in Africa
• LGBTQ rights in Oceania
• LGBTQ rights in the Americas
• Transgender Europe
• Gayrope

Notes

1. In January 2019, a lower administrative court in Warsaw ruled that the language in Article 18 of the Constitution does not explicitly ban same-sex marriage.

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208. *Gallo D; Paladini L; Pustorino P, eds. (2014). Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions. Berlin: Springer. p. 215. ISBN 978-3-642-35434-2. the drafters of the 1997 Polish Constitution included a legal definition of a marriage as the union of a woman and a man in the text of the constitution in order to ensure that the introduction of same-sex marriage would not be passed without a constitutional amendment.
     • Marek Safjan; Leszek Bosek, eds. (2016). Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 1-86. Warszawa: C.H. Beck Wydawnictwo Polska. ISBN 9788325573652. Z przeprowadzonej powyżej analizy prac nad Konstytucją RP wynika jednoznacznie, że zamieszczenie w art. 18 Konstytucji RP zwrotu definicyjnego "związek kobiety i mężczyzny" stanowiło reakcję na fakt pojawienia się w państwach obcych regulacji poddającej związki osób tej samej płci regulacji zbliżonej lub zbieżnej z instytucją małżeństwa. Uzupełniony tym zwrotem przepis konstytucyjny "miał pełnić rolę instrumentu zapobiegającego wprowadzeniu takiej regulacji do prawa polskiego" (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772). Innego motywu jego wprowadzenia do Konstytucji RP nie da się wskazać (szeroko w tym zakresie B. Banaszkiewicz, "Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny", s. 640 i n.; zob. też Z. Strus, Znaczenie artykułu 18 Konstytucji, s. 236 i n.). Jak zauważa A. Mączyński istotą tej regulacji było normatywne przesądzenie nie tylko o niemożliwości unormowania w prawie polskim "małżeństw pomiędzy osobami tej samej płci", lecz również innych związków, które mimo tego, że nie zostałyby określone jako małżeństwo miałyby spełniać funkcje do niego podobną (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772; tenże, Konstytucyjne i międzynarodowe uwarunkowania, s. 91; podobnie L. Garlicki, Artykuł 18, w: Garlicki, Konstytucja, t. 3, uw. 4, s. 2, który zauważa, że w tym zakresie art. 18 nabiera "charakteru normy prawnej").
     • Scherpe JM, ed. (2016). European Family Law Volume III: Family Law in a European Perspective Family. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78536-304-7. Constitutional bans on same-sex marriage are now applicable in ten European countries: Article 32, Belarus Constitution; Article 46 Bulgarian Constitution; Article L Hungarian Constitution, Article 110, Latvian Constitution; Article 38.3 Lithuanian Constitution; Article 48 Moldovan Constitution; Article 71 Montenegrin Constitution; Article 18 Polish Constitution; Article 62 Serbian Constitution; and Article 51 Ukrainian Constitution.
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Further reading

• Ayoub, Phillip; Paternotte, David, eds. (2014). LGBT Activism and the Making of Europe: A Rainbow Europe?. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-39176-6.
• Bilić, Bojan, ed. LGBT activism and Europeanisation in the post-Yugoslav space: On the rainbow way to Europe (Springer, 2016).
• Digoix, Marie (2020). Same-Sex Families and Legal Recognition in Europe. Springer Nature. hdl:20.500.12657/37726. ISBN 978-3-030-37054-1.
• Friedman, Jack. Religious Freedom and Gay Rights: Emerging Conflicts in the United States and Europe (Oxford University Press, 2016).
• Helfer, Laurence R. "Lesbian and Gay Rights as Human Rights: Strategies for a United Europe." Virginia Journal of International Law 32 (1991): 157+. online
• Sremac, Srdjan. and R. Ruard Ganzevoort, eds. Religious and Sexual Nationalisms in Central and Eastern Europe (BRILL, 2015). online
• Rydström, Jens. Odd couples: A history of gay marriage in Scandinavia (Amsterdam Univ. Press, 2011).
• Rydström J. & K. Mustola, eds. Criminally queer: homosexuality and criminal law in Scandinavia 1842–1999 (Amsterdam: Aksant, 2007). online
• Slootmaeckers, Koen; Touquet, Heleen; Vermeersch, Peter, eds. (2016). The EU Enlargement and Gay Politics: The Impact of Eastern Enlargement on Rights, Activism and Prejudice. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-137-48093-4.

External links

• Other laws on homosexuality in Europe
• FRA report "Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation in the EU Member States" Part I – Legal Analysis, 2008; Part II – Social Situation, 2009; Comparative legal analysis, 2010
• Thomas Hammarberg, Commissioner for Human Rights report "Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Europe, 2011"
• Thematic report on Discrimination against trans and intersex people on the grounds of sex, gender identity and gender expression, The European Commission, 2012.
• Gunther, Scott Eric (2009). The Elastic Closet, A History of Homosexuality in France, 1942–present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-59510-1.
• Article 18 of the Polish Constitution
• Article 38 of the Lithuanian Constitution
• Chronological overviews of the main legislative steps in the process of legal recognition of homosexuality in European countries. http://www.law.leidenuniv.nl/org/onderzoeksinstituut/medewerkers/waaldijkc.html
• LBGT Rights Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Rights before the European Court of Justice
• Article: What has the EU done for LGBT Rights?
• lgbti.org Turkey LGBTI Union
• news.lgbti.org LGBTI News in English

• LGBTQ rights in Europe