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The following list is of languages used in the Eurovision Song Contest since its inception in 1956, including songs (as) performed in finals and, since 2004, semi-finals.

The rules concerning the language of the entries have been changed several times. In the past, the contest's organisers have sometimes compelled countries to only sing in their own national languages, but since 1999 no such restriction has existed.

History

From 1956 until 1965, there was no rule restricting the language(s) in which the songs could be sung. For example, in the 1965 contest, Sweden's Ingvar Wixell sang his song in English. After this, a rule was imposed that a song must be performed in one of the official languages of the country participating. This new language policy remained in place until 1973.

From 1973 to 1976 inclusive, participants were allowed to enter songs in any language. Several winners took advantage of this, with songs in English by countries where other languages are spoken, this included ABBA's "Waterloo" in 1974 for Sweden and Teach-In's "Ding-a-dong" for the Netherlands in 1975.

In 1977, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the contest organisers, reimposed the national language restriction. However, Germany and Belgium were given a special dispensation to use English, as their national song selection procedures were already too advanced to change. During the language rule, the only countries which were allowed to sing in English were Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom as English is an official language in those countries. The restriction was imposed from 1977 to 1998.

From 1999 onwards, a free choice of language was again allowed. Since then, several countries have chosen songs that mixed languages, often English and their national language. Prior to that, songs such as Croatia's "Don't Ever Cry" (1993), Austria's "One Step" and Bosnia and Herzegovina's "Goodbye" (1997) had a title and one line of the song in a non-native language. In 1994, Poland caused a scandal when Edyta Górniak broke the rules by singing her song in English during the dress rehearsal (which is shown to the juries who selected the winner). Only six countries demanded that Poland should be disqualified, and with the rules requiring at least 13 countries to complain, the proposed removal did not occur.

Since 2000, some songs have used constructed languages (conlangs): the Belgian entries in 2003 ("Sanomi") and 2008 ("O Julissi") were entirely in constructed languages. In 2006, the Dutch entry "Amambanda" was sung partly in English and partly in a conlang.

The entry which used the most languages was "It's Just a Game", which represented Norway in 1973. It was performed in English and French, with some lyrics in Spanish, Italian, Dutch, German, Irish, Serbo-Croatian, Hebrew, Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian. In 2012, Bulgaria was represented by the song "Love Unlimited", which mainly had lyrics in Bulgarian, but with phrases in Turkish, Greek, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Romani, Italian, Azerbaijani, Arabic and English. The 1969 Yugoslav entry "Pozdrav svijetu" was mainly sung in Croatian, but also had phrases in Spanish, German, French, English, Dutch, Italian, Russian and Finnish.

As of 2024, the only country that has never entered a song completely in one or more of its national languages is Azerbaijan, which has never entered a song fully in the Azerbaijani language (although the aforementioned "Love Unlimited" contained a line in the language, the 2021 Azerbaijani entry "Mata Hari" contained a repeated phrase in the language, and the chorus of the 2024 Azerbaijani entry "Özünlə apar" is in Azerbaijani). Monaco has never used Monégasque, its traditional national language, but French is Monaco's official and most commonly spoken language, and all of Monaco's entries have been entirely or primarily in French.

On the other hand, as of 2024, there are only ten countries whose representatives have performed all their songs at least partially in an official, regional or national language: Andorra, Australia, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, France, Morocco and the United Kingdom. In addition, former countries Serbia and Montenegro and Yugoslavia, and current countries Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom, have only been represented by songs fully in an official language, as in all three English is an official language.

The only editions not to feature any English-language entries were 1956 and 1958, while 2022 was the first time in the history of the event that no entry was performed in French – with the two being the official languages of the contest. In 1956 and 1958 no anglophone country participated whereas in 2022 the three francophone participants entered songs in English (Belgium and Switzerland) and Breton (France) respectively. While non-francophone countries have in the past sent entries wholly or partially in French, none did so in 2022.

Criticism

French legislator François-Michel Gonnot criticised broadcaster France Télévisions and launched an official complaint in the French Parliament, as the song which represented France in 2008, "Divine" by Sébastien Tellier, was sung in English. A similar incident occurred again in 2014, when Ruth Lorenzo was criticised by the Royal Spanish Academy after winning the Spanish national selection with her song "Dancing in the Rain", which contained some lyrics in English.

Spoken languages in the contest

The following natural languages have appeared in at least one competing entry in the Eurovision Song Contest:

• Abkhaz
• Albanian; incl.
  • Gheg Albanian
• Amharic
• Arabic
• Armenian
• Azerbaijani
• Belarusian
• Breton
• Bulgarian
• Catalan
• Corsican
• Crimean Tatar
• Czech
• Danish
• Dutch
• English
• Estonian; incl.
  • Võro
• Finnish; incl.
  • Karelian
• French
• French Creole; incl.
  • Antillean Creole
• Georgian
• German; incl.
  • Mühlviertlerisch
  • Styrian
  • Viennese German
  • Vorarlbergish
• Greek; incl.
  • Ancient Greek
  • Pontic Greek
• Hebrew
• Hungarian
• Icelandic
• Irish
• Italian
• Japanese
• Latin
• Latvian
• Lithuanian; incl.
  • Samogitian
• Luxembourgish
• Macedonian
• Maltese
• Neapolitan
• Norwegian
• Polish
• Portuguese
• Romansch
• Romani
• Romanian
• Russian
• Northern Sámi
• Sanskrit
• Serbo-Croatian; incl.
  • Bosnian
  • Croatian; incl.
    • Chakavian
  • Montenegrin
  • Serbian; incl.
    • Torlakian
• Slovak
• Slovene
• Sranan Tongo
• Spanish; incl.
  • Andalusian Spanish
• Swahili
• Swedish; incl.
  • Finland Swedish
• Tahitian
• Turkish
• Udmurt
• Ukrainian; incl.
  • Surzhyk
• Yankunytjatjara

Language families

Most Europeans speak one or several Indo-European languages as a first language, second language or both. Of the main branches of Indo-European, Germanic and Romance have been represented at every ESC. Balto-Slavic languages, another branch of Indo-European with hundreds of millions of speakers, were first introduced to the contest by Yugoslavia and have become more common after the end of the Cold War as more and more countries with a Slavic national language participated. The Baltic subgroup of Baltoslavic has only sporadically appeared as these languages have few speakers outside Lithuania and Latvia. Smaller branches such as Hellenic languages, Albanoid, Celtic languages (including Breton and Irish), Armenian languages and others have likewise depended on whether the national broadcaster representing that language participates and selects an entry in that language. For example despite Irish being de jure a co-official national language in Ireland, there has been only one Irish-language entry, but two in Breton, a language that has been actively fought against by the French state in the 20th century. While the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European includes some of the most spoken languages in the world, few people in EBU member states speak one of those languages and thus their presence at Eurovision thus far has been minimal.

Non-Indo-European languages have been appearing since the 1960s. The first group to appear were the Uralic languages which include Sami, Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian. In the 1970s Semitic languages (of the wider Afroasiatic family) which have been represented by the Maltese language, Hebrew and various varieties of Arabic first appeared in the contest. The Turkic languages have mostly been represented by Turkey (Azeri which is also a Turkic language has only been used for a few lines in a few songs thus far). As Turkey hasn't participated since 2012, the representation of Turkic languages has decreased.

Besides those languages that have notable communities of native speakers in EBU member states, there have been conlangs (languages "made up" by identifiable individuals or groups of individuals in recent times – some of the entries used a conlang devised specifically for that song bordering on glossolalia), languages from outside the EBU area as well as "dead" classical languages such as Ancient Greek, Sanskrit or Classical Latin used for songs, their titles or parts of their lyrics.

Spoken languages and their first appearance

Spoken languages are fully counted below when they are used in at least an entire verse or chorus of a song. First brief uses of a language and first uses of dialects are also noted.

Order	Language	First appearance	Country	First performer	First song
1	Dutch	1956	Netherlands	Jetty Paerl	"De vogels van Holland"
2	German		Switzerland	Lys Assia	"Das alte Karussell"
3	French		Belgium	Fud Leclerc	"Messieurs les noyés de la Seine"
4	Italian		Italy	Franca Raimondi	"Aprite le finestre"
5	English	1957	United Kingdom	Patricia Bredin	"All"
–	phrases in Spanish		Germany	Margot Hielscher	"Telefon, Telefon"
6	Danish		Denmark	Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler	"Skibet skal sejle i nat"
7	Swedish	1958	Sweden	Alice Babs	"Lilla stjärna"
8	Luxembourgish	1960	Luxembourg	Camillo Felgen	"So laang we's du do bast"
9	Norwegian		Norway	Nora Brockstedt	"Voi Voi"
–	title in Sámi
10	Spanish	1961	Spain	Conchita Bautista	"Estando contigo"
11	Finnish		Finland	Laila Kinnunen	"Valoa ikkunassa"
12	Serbo-Croatian		Yugoslavia	Ljiljana Petrović	"Neke davne zvezde" (Неке давне звезде)
13	Portuguese	1964	Portugal	António Calvário	"Oração"
14	Slovene	1966	Yugoslavia	Berta Ambrož	"Brez besed"
–	phrases in Russian	1969		Ivan and 4M	"Pozdrav svijetu" (Поздрав свијету)
–	Viennese German	1971	Austria	Marianne Mendt	"Musik"
15	Maltese		Malta	Joe Grech	"Marija l-Maltija"
16	Irish	1972	Ireland	Sandie Jones	"Ceol an Ghrá"
17	Hebrew	1973	Israel	Ilanit	"Ey Sham" (אי שם)
18	Greek	1974	Greece	Marinella	"Krasi, thalassa kai t'agori mou" (Κρασί, θάλασσα και τ'αγόρι μου)
19	Turkish	1975	Turkey	Semiha Yankı	"Seninle Bir Dakika"
–	title in Latin	1977	Finland	Monica Aspelund	"Lapponia"
20	Arabic	1980	Morocco	Samira Said	"Bitaqat Hub" (بطاقة حب)
–	phrases in Northern Sámi		Norway	Sverre Kjelsberg and Mattis Hætta	"Sámiid ædnan"
21	Icelandic	1986	Iceland	ICY	"Gleðibankinn"
22	Romansh	1989	Switzerland	Furbaz	"Viver senza tei"
–	Finland Swedish	1990	Finland	Beat	"Fri?"
23	Neapolitan	1991	Italy	Peppino di Capri	"Comme è ddoce 'o mare"
24	Antillean Creole	1992	France	Kali	"Monté la riviè"
25	Serbian (variety of Serbo-Croatian)		Yugoslavia	Extra Nena	"Ljubim te pesmama" (Љубим те песмама)
–	phrases in Corsican	1993	France	Patrick Fiori	"Mama Corsica"
26	Bosnian (variety of Serbo-Croatian)		Bosnia and Herzegovina	Fazla	"Sva bol svijeta"
27	Croatian (variety of Serbo-Croatian)		Croatia	Put	"Don't Ever Cry"
28	Estonian	1994	Estonia	Silvi Vrait	"Nagu merelaine"
29	Romanian		Romania	Dan Bittman	"Dincolo de nori"
30	Slovak		Slovakia	Martin Ďurinda and Tublatanka	"Nekonečná pieseň"
31	Lithuanian		Lithuania	Ovidijus Vyšniauskas	"Lopšinė mylimai"
32	Hungarian		Hungary	Friderika Bayer	"Kinek mondjam el vétkeimet?"
33	Russian		Russia	Youddiph	"Vechny strannik" (Вечный стрaнник)
34	Polish		Poland	Edyta Górniak	"To nie ja!"
–	phrases in Ancient Greek	1995	Greece	Elina Konstantopoulou	"Pia prosefhi" (Ποιά προσευχή)
–	Vorarlbergish	1996	Austria	George Nussbaumer	"Weil's dr guat got"
35	Breton		France	Dan Ar Braz and l'Héritage des Celtes	"Diwanit Bugale"
36	Macedonian	1998	Macedonia	Vlado Janevski	"Ne zori, zoro" (Не зори, зоро)
–	Samogitian	1999	Lithuania	Aistė	"Strazdas"
–	Styrian	2003	Austria	Alf Poier	"Weil der Mensch zählt"
37	Constructed language		Belgium	Urban Trad	"Sanomi"
38	Latvian	2004	Latvia	Fomins and Kleins	"Dziesma par laimi"
39	Catalan		Andorra	Marta Roure	"Jugarem a estimar-nos"
40	lines in Ukrainian		Ukraine	Ruslana	"Wild Dances"
41	Võro		Estonia	Neiokõsõ	"Tii"
42	Montenegrin (variety of Serbo-Croatian)	2005	Serbia and Montenegro	No Name	"Zauvijek moja" (Заувијек моја)
43	Albanian	2006	Albania	Luiz Ejlli	"Zjarr e ftohtë"
–	phrases in Tahitian		Monaco	Séverine Ferrer	"La Coco-Dance"
–	phrases in Andalusian Spanish		Spain	Las Ketchup	"Bloody Mary"
–	phrases in Dalmatian Croatian		Croatia	Severina	"Moja štikla"
44	Bulgarian	2007	Bulgaria	Elitsa Todorova and Stoyan Yankoulov	"Water"
45	Czech		Czech Republic	Kabát	"Malá dáma"
–	lines in Surzhyk		Ukraine	Verka Serduchka	"Dancing Lasha Tumbai"
–	phrases in Armenian		Armenia	Hayko	"Anytime You Need"
–	phrases in Romani	2009	Czech Republic	Gipsy.cz	"Aven Romale"
46	lines in Armenian		Armenia	Inga and Anush	"Jan Jan" (Ջան Ջան)
–	phrases in Karelian	2010	Finland	Kuunkuiskaajat	"Työlki ellää"
47	lines in Swahili	2011	Norway	Stella Mwangi	"Haba Haba"
48	Corsican		France	Amaury Vassili	"Sognu"
–	phrases in Gheg Albanian	2012	Albania	Rona Nishliu	"Suus"
49	Udmurt		Russia	Buranovskiye Babushki	"Party for Everybody"
–	Mühlviertlerisch		Austria	Trackshittaz	"Woki mit deim Popo"
–	phrases in Azerbaijani		Bulgaria	Sofi Marinova	"Love Unlimited"
–	phrases in Georgian		Georgia	Anri Jokhadze	"I'm a Joker"
50	lines in Romani	2013	Macedonia	Esma and Lozano	"Pred da se razdeni" (Пред да се раздени)
–	Chakavian		Croatia	Klapa s Mora	"Mižerja"
–	lines in Pontic Greek	2016	Greece	Argo	"Utopian Land"
51	lines in Crimean Tatar		Ukraine	Jamala	"1944"
52	Belarusian	2017	Belarus	Naviband	"Historyja majho žyccia" (Гісторыя майго жыцця)
–	phrases in Sanskrit		Italy	Francesco Gabbani	"Occidentali's Karma"
–	phrases in Japanese	2018	Israel	Netta	"Toy"
53	Georgian		Georgia	Ethno-Jazz Band Iriao	"For You"
–	phrases in Torlakian		Serbia	Sanja Ilić and Balkanika	"Nova deca" (Нова деца)
–	phrases in Abkhaz	2019	Georgia	Oto Nemsadze	"Keep on Going"
–	lines in Amharic	2020	Israel	Eden Alene	"Feker Libi" (ፍቅር ልቤ)
54	lines in Sranan Tongo	2021	Netherlands	Jeangu Macrooy	"Birth of a New Age"
55	lines in Latin	2022	Serbia	Konstrakta	"In corpore sano"
56	lines in Yankunytjatjara	2024	Australia	Electric Fields	"One Milkali (One Blood)"
57	lines in Azerbaijani		Azerbaijan	Fahree feat. Ilkin Dovlatov	"Özünlə apar"

Winners by language

Between 1966 and 1972, and again between 1977 and 1998, countries were only permitted to perform in a official, national or regional language of their country. Since language restrictions were last lifted in 1999, only four songs in non-English languages have won: Serbia's "Molitva" in 2007 (Serbian), Portugal's "Amar pelos dois" in 2017 (Portuguese), Italy's "Zitti e buoni" in 2021 (Italian) and Ukraine's "Stefania" in 2022 (Ukrainian). Also, Ukraine's winning entries in 2004 and 2016 combined lyrics in English with Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar, respectively.

In 2017, "Amar pelos dois" became the first Portuguese-language song to win the contest, the first winner since 2007 to both be in a language that had never produced a winning song before and be entirely in a language other than English. Among all Eurovision winning entries, only Ukraine's were performed in more than one language.

2021 was the first year since 1995, and the first since language restrictions were last lifted in 1999, that the top three songs were all sung in a non-English language: Italian (first) and French (second and third).

Entries in constructed languages

Three times in the history of the contest, songs have been sung, wholly or partially, in constructed languages or gibberish.

Appearance	Country	Performer	Song
2003	Belgium	Urban Trad	"Sanomi"
2006	Netherlands	Treble	"Amambanda"
2008	Belgium	Ishtar	"O Julissi"

Performances with sign languages

Some performances have included phrases in sign languages on stage.

Appearance	Country	Sign language	Performer	Song	Ref
2005	Latvia	Latvian Sign Language	Walters & Kazha	"The War Is Not Over"
2006	Poland	Polish Sign Language	Ich Troje	"Follow My Heart"
2011	Lithuania	Lithuanian Sign Language	Evelina Sašenko	"C'est ma vie"
2015	Serbia	Yugoslav Sign Language	Bojana Stamenov	"Beauty Never Lies"
2019	France	French Sign Language	Bilal Hassani	"Roi"

See also

• List of languages in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest

Notes and references

Footnotes

1. ^ Serbo-Croatian is the name given to the pluricentric language to which Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian and Montenegrin belong. At the time of Yugoslavia's existence there was little distinction between the four standard varieties: the term Croatian came into use during the 1970s; Serbian and Bosnian evolved politically in the 1990s, and Montenegrin in the 2000s (see Serbo-Croatian for more details). Varying sources outline the language in which Yugoslav entries were performed differently, and another view is that the first entry performed by an artist from each Yugoslav constituent republic can be considered the first for their respective languages: "Neke davne zvezde" for Serbian in 1961, "Brodovi" for Croatian in 1963, "Život je sklopio krug" for Bosnian in 1964, and "Džuli" for Montenegrin in 1983.

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• Lists of languages
• Eurovision Song Contest related lists
• Linguistics