Lanthanide triflates are triflate salts of the lanthanides. These salts have been investigated for application in organic synthesis as Lewis acid catalysts. These catalysts function similarly to aluminium chloride or ferric chloride, but they are water-tolerant (stable in water). Commonly written as Ln(OTf)3·(H2O)9 the nine waters are bound to the lanthanide, and the triflates are counteranions, so more accurately lanthanide triflate nonahydrate is written as (OTf)3.
Synthesis
Lanthanide triflates are synthesized from lanthanide oxide and aqueous triflic acid:
- Ln2O3 + 6HOTf + 18H2O → 2(OTf)3 + 3H2O
Anhydrous lanthanide triflates can be produced by dehydrating their hydrated counterparts by heating between 180 and 200 °C under reduced pressure:
- (OTf)3 → Ln(OTf)3 + 9H2O
Example reactions
Friedel-Crafts reactions
Lanthanide triflates are proposed for Friedel-Crafts acylations and alkylations, which are often carried out with AlCl3 as the catalyst in an organic solvent. The nature of the Friedel-Craft reaction, especially the acylation, forces the AlCl3 to irreversibly complex with any oxygen-containing group in the product, with the only way of decomplexing it being to destroy the AlCl3 part with water altogether. An estimated 0.9 kg of AlCl3 is wasted per kilogram of typical product- it is hydrolysed into Al2O3 and the extremely corrosive HCl.
In contrast, lanthanide triflates' complexes with the product are easily separated by water, and the lanthanide triflate hydrate thus formed can be simply heated to boil the water away (This does not work for aluminium chloride due to loss of HCl; same goes for the lanthanide chlorides, hence the necessity of the triflate counterion). This avoids the need to use organic solvents- one can just use water as the solvent.
Ln(OTf)3 catalysts are used for esterifications.
Other C-C bond-forming reactions
La(OTf)3 catalysts have been used for Diels-Alder, aldol, and allylation reactions. Some reactions require a mixed solvent, such as aqueous formaldehyde, although Kobayashi et al. have developed alternative surfactant-water systems.
Michael additions are another very important industrial method for creating new carbon-carbon bonds, often with particular functional groups attached. Addition reactions are inherently atom efficient, so are preferred synthesis pathways. La(OTf)3 catalysts not only enable these reactions to be carried out in water, but can also achieve asymmetric catalysis, yielding a desired enantio-specific or diastereo-specific product.
C-N bond-forming reactions
Main article: NitrationLanthanide triflates can be used to synthesize pyridine by catalysing either the condensation of aldehydes and amines, or the aza Diels-Alder reaction catalytic synthesis. Again, water can be used as a solvent, and high yields can be achieved under mild conditions.
Nitro compounds are common in pharmaceuticals, explosives, dyes, and plastics. As for carbon compounds, catalysed Michael additions and aldol reactions can be used. For aromatic nitro compounds, synthesis is via a substitution reaction. The standard synthesis is carried out in a solution of nitric acid, mixed with excess sulfuric acid to create nitronium ions. These are then substituted on to the aromatic species. Often, the para-isomer is the desired product, but standard systems have poor selectivity. As for acylation, the reaction is normally quenched with water, and creates copious acidic waste. Using a La(OTf)3 catalyst in place of sulfuric acid reduces this waste considerably. Clark et al. report 90% conversion using just 1 mol% of ytterbium triflate in weak nitric acid, generating only a small volume of acidic waste.
Green catalysts
Lanthanide triflates are stable in water, so avoid the need for organic solvents, and can be recovered for reuse. on their catalytic effect in water, the range of researched applications for La(OTf)3 catalysts has exploded.
See also
References
- Harrowfield, J. M.; Keppert, D. L.; Patrick, J. M.; White, A. H. (1983). "Structure and stereochemistry in "f-block" complexes of high coordination number. VIII. The system. Crystal structures of 3, M = lanthanum, gadolinium, lutetium, or yttrium". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 36 (3): 483–492. doi:10.1071/CH9830483.
- Kobayashi, S.; Hachiya, I. (1994). "Lanthanide Triflates as Water-Tolerant Lewis Acids. Activation of Commercial Formaldehyde Solution and Use in the Aldol Reaction of Silyl Enol Ethers with Aldehydes in Aqueous Media". J. Org. Chem. 59 (13): 3590–6. doi:10.1021/jo00092a017.
- ^ Clark, J.; Macquarie, D. (2002). Handbook of Green Chemistry & Technology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-05715-3.
- Barrett, A.; Braddock, D. (1997). "Scandium(III) or Lanthanide(III) Triflates as Recyclable Catalysts for the Direct Acetylation of Alcohols with Acetic Acid". Chem. Commun. 1997 (4): 351–352. doi:10.1039/a606484a.
- ^ Engberts, J., Feringa, B., Keller, E. & Otto, S. 1996, “Lewis-acid Catalysis of Carbon Carbon Bond Forming Reactions in Water”, Recuil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 115(11-12), 457-464
- ^ Kobayashi, S.; Manabe, K. (2000). "Green Lewis Acid Catalysts in Organic Synthesis" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 72 (7): 1373–1380. doi:10.1351/pac200072071373. S2CID 16770637.
- Wenhua Xie; Yafei Jin; Peng George Wang (1999). "Lanthanide triflates as unique Lewis acids". Chemtech. 29 (2): 23–29.
- Kobayashi, S.; Uchiro, H.; Fujishita, Y.; Shiina, I.; Mukaiyama, T. (1991). "Asymmetric Aldol Reaction between Achiral Silyl Enol Ethers and Achiral Aldehydes by use of a Chiral Promoter System". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113 (11): 4247–4252. doi:10.1021/ja00011a030.
- Shu Kobayashi† and Kei Manabe. Green Lewis acid catalysis in organic synthesis. Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 72, No. 7, pp. 1373–1380, 2000.
- Waller, F.J.; Barrett. A.G.M.; Braddock, D.C.; Ramprasad, D. "Lanthanide (III) Triflates as Recyclable Catalysts for Atom Economic Aromatic Nitration." Chem. Commun. 1997, 613-614.