| Lax Kwʼalaams | |
|---|---|
| District municipality | |
 Lax Kwʼalaams backdropped by Mount McNeil of the Kitimat Ranges | |
  Lax KwʼalaamsLocation of Lax Kwʼalaams in British Columbia | |
| Coordinates: 54°33′00″N 130°25′01″W / 54.550°N 130.417°W / 54.550; -130.417 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | British Columbia |
| Regional district | North Coast |
| Established | 1834 |
| Area | |
| • Total | 109.3 km (42.2 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 1,000 |
| • Density | 9.1/km (24/sq mi) |
| Postal code | V0V 1H0 |
| Website | laxkwalaams |
Lax-Kwʼalaams (/ləkwəˈlɑːms/), previously called Port Simpson until 1986, is an Indigenous village community in British Columbia, Canada, not far from the city of Prince Rupert. It is located on Port Simpson Indian Reserve No. 1, which is shared with other residential communities of the Tsimshian Nation. The Nine Allied Tribes are: Gilutsʼaaw, Ginadoiks, Ginaxangiik, Gispaxloʼots, Gitando, Gitlaan, Gitsʼiis, Gitwilgyoots, and Gitzaxłaał.
History
Lax-Kwʼalaams derives from Laxłguʼalaams, also formerly spelled Lach Goo Alams, which means "place of the wild roses". It was an active camping spot of the Gispaxloʼots tribe. In 1834 the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) set up a trading post there called Fort Simpson, then Port Simpson. The Gispaxlo'ots Tribe enticed the HBC to set up on their camping site and invited all members of the nine Allied Ts'msyen Tribes to live there and build their homes. The fort facility was named after Capt. Aemilius Simpson, superintendent of the HBC's Marine Department, who in 1830 had established the first, short-lived, Fort Simpson, on the nearby Nass River with Peter Skene Ogden. The HBC set up Fort Simpson in order to undermine American dominance of the Maritime Fur Trade along the Pacific Coast. The first HBC factor at the new Fort Simpson was Dr. John Frederick Kennedy. He married the daughter of chief Ligeex of the Gispaxloʼots, as part of the diplomacy which established the fort on Gispaxloʼots territory. Kennedy served at Fort Simpson until 1856.
In 1857 an Anglican lay missionary named William Duncan brought Christianity to Lax Kwʼalaams. But, feeling that the dissipated fort atmosphere was bad for the souls of his Tsimshian followers, he relocated with more than 800 of his flock to Metlakatla, at Metlakatla Pass just to the south. They later moved to Annette Island, Alaska, where he gained authority from the US Congress for an Indian reservation.
Lax Kwʼalaams was without missionaries until 1874, when Rev. Thomas Crosby of the Methodist church arrived. The community is still predominantly Methodist (i.e. United Church of Canada). Crosby's wife, Emma Crosby, founded the Methodist-affiliated Crosby Girls' Home in the community in the 1880s. It became part of B.C.'s Indian residential school system in 1893 and operated until 1948.
In 1931 the Native Brotherhood of British Columbia was founded in Port Simpson as the province's first Native-run rights organization. Its four founders included the Tsimshian ethnologist William Beynon and hereditary Chief William Jeffrey.
Duncan estimated the population of Lax Kwʼalaams in 1857 as 2,300, living in 140 houses. Approximately 500 died shortly after Duncan's departure during the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic. Today Lax Kwʼalaams is the largest of the seven Tsimshian village communities (882 living in the village) in Canada and hosts the Lax Kw'alaams Band main offices which serves over 4100 members. The Lax Kw'alaams Band has the third largest indigenous membership in BC (over 4100). As of 2024 the Lax-kwʼalaams First Nation has over 4,100 members. There are about 10,000 Tsimshian in British Columbia; they are the most numerous indigenous people in the province.
The legal and political interests of the people of Lax Kwʼalaams vis à vis the provincial and federal governments are represented by the Allied Tsimshian Tribes Association, which represents the hereditary chiefs of the Nine Tribes. The Tsimshian have a matrilineal kinship system, with property and descent passed through the maternal lines. Hereditary chiefs come from the maternal lines.
In November 2016, a study published in Nature Communications linked the genome of 25 Indigenous people who inhabited modern-day Prince Rupert, British Columbia 1000 to 6000 years ago with their descendants in the Lax-Kwʼalaams community.
Until it was renamed, Port Simpson was named for Captain Aemilius Simpson a distant relative of Sir George Simpson.
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Fort Simpson in 1857
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Old Hudson's Bay Co. trading post, early 1900s
Notable residents
- Frederick Alexcee, artist
- William Beynon, hereditary chief and ethnologist
- Alfred Dudoward, hereditary chief
- Bill Helin, artist
- Chief William Jeffrey, hereditary chief, carver and activist
- Odille Morison, linguist and artifact collector
- William Henry Pierce, missionary and memoirist
- Terry Starr, artist
- Henry W. Tate, oral historian
- Shannon Thunderbird, singer-songwriter, speaker, educator, recording artist, playwright, and author
- Arthur Wellington Clah, hereditary chief and diarist
Bibliography
- Bolt, Clarence (1992) Thomas Crosby and the Tsimshian: Small Shoes for Feet Too Large. Vancouver: UBC Press.
- Garfield, Viola (1939) "Tsimshian Clan and Society," University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 167–340.
- Hare, Jan, and Jean Barman (2006) Good Intentions Gone Awry: Emma Crosby and the Methodist Mission on the Northwest Coast. Afterword by Caroline Dudoward. Vancouver: UBC Press.
- Inglis, Gordon B., et al. (1990) "Tsimshians of British Columbia since 1900." In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7: Northwest Coast, pp. 285–293. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
- Large, R. Geddes (1957; reprinted, 1981) The Skeena: River of Destiny. Sidney, B.C.: Gray's Publishing.
- Meilleur, Helen (2001) A Pour of Rain: Stories from a West Coast Fort. Vancouver: Raincoast Books.
- Neylan, Susan (2001) The Heavens Are Changing: Nineteenth-Century Protestant Missions and Tsimshian Christianity. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
- Calvin Helin - Tsimshian Lax Kw'alaams (2008) "Dancing with dependency," (2010) "Out of poverty through self-reliance"
References
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-02-08). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Lax Kwʼalaams 1, Indian reserve [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Skeena-Queen Charlotte, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
- "Guide to Pronunciation of B.C. First Nations". British Columbia Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
- BC Names/GeoBC entry "Port Simpson 1 (Indian reserve)"
- BC Names entry "Lax Kwaʼalaams (community)"
- "St. Mary's". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
- Mortillaro, Nicole (November 22, 2016). "Science is finally backing up what First Nations oral tradition has been saying for centuries". CBC News. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
- Lindo, John; Huerta-Sánchez, Emilia; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Morten; Petzelt, Barbara; Mitchell, Joycelynn; Cybulski, Jerome S.; Willerslev, Eske; DeGiorgio, Michael (2016-11-15). "A time transect of exomes from a Native American population before and after European contact". Nature Communications. 7: 13175. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713175L. doi:10.1038/ncomms13175. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5116069. PMID 27845766.
- Akrigg, G.P.V.; Akrigg, Helen B. (1986), British Columbia Place Names (3rd, 1997 ed.), Vancouver: UBC Press, ISBN 0-7748-0636-2