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Labialization

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(Redirected from Lip rounding) Secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages "Lip rounding" redirects here. For the lip rounding of vowels, see Roundedness. This article is about labial rounding. For internal rounding, see sulcalization.
Labialized
◌ᵝ
Labial(-velar)ized with protrusion
◌ʷ
Sound change and alternation
Metathesis
Lenition
Fortition
Epenthesis
Elision
Transphonologization
Assimilation
Dissimilation
Sandhi Synalepha
Other types

Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve the lips, they are called rounded.

The most common labialized consonants are labialized velars. Most other labialized sounds also have simultaneous velarization, and the process may then be more precisely called labio-velarization. The "labialization" of bilabial consonants often refers to protrusion instead of a secondary articulatory feature velarization. doesn't mean although refers to a labial–velar approximant.

In phonology, labialization may also refer to a type of assimilation process.

Occurrence

Labialization is the most widespread secondary articulation in the world's languages. It is phonemically contrastive in Northwest Caucasian (e.g. Adyghe), Athabaskan, and Salishan language families, among others. This contrast is reconstructed also for Proto-Indo-European, the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages; and it survives in Latin and some Romance languages. It is also found in the Cushitic and Ethio-Semitic languages.

American English labializes /r, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ to various degrees.

A few languages, including Arrernte and Mba, have contrastive labialized forms for almost all of their consonants.

In many Salishan languages, such as Klallam, velar consonants only occur in their labialized forms (except /k/, which occurs in some loanwords). However, uvular consonants occur abundantly labialized and unrounded.

Types

Open-labialized
◌ꟹ

Out of 706 language inventories surveyed by Ruhlen (1976), labialization occurred most often with velar (42%) and uvular (15%) segments and least often with dental and alveolar segments. With non-dorsal consonants, labialization may include velarization as well. Labialization is not restricted to lip-rounding. The following articulations have either been described as labialization or been found as allophonic realizations of prototypical labialization:

  • Labiodental frication, found in Abkhaz
  • Complete bilabial closure, , found in Abkhaz and Ubykh
  • "Labialization" (/w/, /ɡʷ/, and /kʷ/) without noticeable rounding (protrusion) of the lips, found in the Iroquoian languages. It may be that they are compressed.
  • Rounding without velarization, found in Shona and in the Bzyb dialect of Abkhaz.

Eastern Arrernte has labialization at all places and manners of articulation; this derives historically from adjacent rounded vowels, as is also the case of the Northwest Caucasian languages. Marshallese also has phonemic labialization as a secondary articulation at all places of articulation except for labial consonants and coronal obstruents.

In North America, languages from a number of families have sounds that sound labialized (and vowels that sound rounded) without the participation of the lips. See Tillamook language for an example.

Prelabialization

In Slovene, sounds can be prelabialized. Furthermore, the change is phonemic and all phonemes have prelabialized pairs (though not all of their allophones can have pairs). Compare stati 'stand' and vstati 'stand up' . The prelabialization part, however, is usually not considered as being part of the same phoneme as prelabialized sound, but rather as an allophone of /ʋ/ as it changes depending on the environment, e. g. vzeti 'take' and povzeti 'summarize' . See Slovene phonology for more details.

Transcription

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, labialization of velar consonants is indicated with a raised w modifier (Unicode U+02B7), as in /kʷ/. (Elsewhere this diacritic generally indicates simultaneous labialization and velarization.) There are also diacritics, respectively , , to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding. These are normally used with vowels but may occur with consonants. For example, in the Athabaskan language Hupa, voiceless velar fricatives distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either /x/, /x̹/, /xʷ/ or /x/, /x̜ʷ/, /xʷ/.

The extensions to the IPA has two additional symbols for degrees of rounding: Spread and open-rounded (as in English). It also has a symbol for labiodentalized sounds, .

If precision is desired, the Abkhaz and Ubykh articulations may be transcribed with the appropriate fricative or trill raised as a diacritic: , , , .

For simple labialization, Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) resurrected an old IPA symbol, , which would be placed above a letter with a descender such as ɡ. However, their chief example is Shona sv and zv, which they transcribe /s̫/ and /z̫/ but which actually seem to be whistled sibilants, without necessarily being labialized. Another possibility is to use the IPA diacritic for rounding, distinguishing for example the labialization in English soon and swoon. The open rounding of English /ʃ/ is also unvelarized.

Assimilation

Labialization also refers to a specific type of assimilatory process where a given sound become labialized due to the influence of neighboring labial sounds. For example, /k/ may become /kʷ/ in the environment of /o/, or /a/ may become /o/ in the environment of /p/ or /kʷ/.

In the Northwest Caucasian languages as well as some Australian languages rounding has shifted from the vowels to the consonants, producing a wide range of labialized consonants and leaving in some cases only two phonemic vowels. This appears to have been the case in Ubykh and Eastern Arrernte, for example. The labial vowel sounds usually still remain, but only as allophones next to the now-labial consonant sounds.

List of labialized consonants

type Phone IPA Languages
Stops plain protruded voiceless bilabial stop Chaha, Paha
protruded voiced bilabial stop Chaha, Paha, Mayo, Yaqui
lab voiceless alveolar stop Archi, Abkhaz, Lao, Paha, Ubykh
lab voiced alveolar stop Archi, Abkhaz, Ubykh
lab voiceless velar stop Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Taos, Chipewyan, Hadza, Gwichʼin, Tlingit, Akan, Nez Perce, Archi, Cantonese, Wariʼ, Chaha, Dahalo, Hausa, Igala, Igbo, Lao, Latin, Nahuatl, Nawat, Okinawan, Ossetic, Paha, Portuguese, Thai, Tigrinya, Hiw, Ubykh, Bearlake Slavey, Breton, Gothic
lab voiced velar stop Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Akan, Archi, Chaha, Dahalo, Hausa, Okinawan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Hadza, Igala, Igbo, Gwichʼin, Kabardian, Paha, Portuguese, Tigrinya, Ubykh, Breton, Yoruba, Gothic
lab voiceless uvular stop Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Kabardian, Ossetic, Paha, Tlingit, Nez Perce, Ubykh
lab pharyngealized voiceless uvular stop Archi, Ubykh
lab voiced uvular stop Oowekyala, Kwak'wala, Tsakhur
lab glottal stop Adyghe, Kabardian, Lao, Tlingit
lab prenasalized voiced bilabial plosive Tamambo
Labial–velar protruded voiceless labio–velar stop Dorig, Mwotlap
protruded prenasalized voiced labial–velar stop Volow
Affricates sibilant lab voiceless alveolar affricate Adyghe, Archi, Lezgian, Tsakhur
lab voiced alveolar affricate Adyghe, Dahalo
lab voiceless palato-alveolar affricate Archi, Abaza, Adyghe, Paha, Aghul, German
lab voiced palato-alveolar affricate Abaza, Aghul, Tsakhur, German
lab voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate Abkhaz, Akan, Ubykh
lab voiced alveolo-palatal affricate Abkhaz, Akan, Ubykh
non-sibilant lab voiceless velar affricate Navajo
lab voiceless uvular affricate Kabardian, Lillooet
lateral lab voiceless velar lateral affricate Archi
Fricatives sibilant lab voiceless alveolar sibilant Archi, Lao, Lezgian
lab voiced alveolar sibilant Archi, Tsakhur, Lezgian
lab voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant Archi, Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Paha, Aghul, Ubykh
lab voiced palato-alveolar sibilant Archi, Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Aghul, Ubykh
lab voiceless retroflex sibilant Bzhedug
lab voiced retroflex sibilant Bzhedug
lab voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant Abkhaz, Ubykh
lab voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant Abkhaz, Ubykh
non-sibilant protruded voiceless bilabial fricative Okinawan
protruded voiced bilabial fricative Tamambo
lab voiceless labiodental fricative Hadza, Chaha
lab voiced labiodental fricative
lab voiceless dental fricative Paha
lab voiced dental fricative Paha
lab voiceless palatal fricative Akan
lab voiceless velar fricative Abaza, Adyghe, Avestan, Chaha, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Oowekyala, Taos, Navajo, Tigrinya, Lillooet, Tlingit
lab voiced velar fricative Abaza, Navajo, Lillooet, Gwichʼin, possibly Proto-Indo-European
lab voiceless uvular fricative Abkhaz, Adyghe, Archi, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Lillooet, Tlingit, Wariʼ, Chipewyan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Ubykh
lab pharyngealized voiceless uvular fricative Abkhaz, Archi, Ubykh
lab voiced uvular fricative Abkhaz, Adyghe, Chipewyan, Kabardian, Ubykh
lab pharyngealized voiced uvular fricative Archi, Ubykh
lab voiceless pharyngeal fricative Abaza, Abkhaz
lab voiced pharyngeal fricative Abaza, Lillooet
Pseudo-fricatives lab voiceless glottal fricative Akan, Tlingit, Tsakhur
Lateral fricatives lab voiceless alveolar lateral fricative Dahalo
lab voiceless velar lateral fricative Archi
Nasals protruded bilabial nasal Adyghe, Chaha, Paha, Tamambo
lab palatal nasal Akan
lab velar nasal Akan, Avestan, Lao, Hiw, Igala
protruded labial-velar nasal Dorig, Mwotlap
Approximants lab alveolar lateral approximant Lao
lab labiodental approximant Russian
labialized palatal approximant Abkhaz, Akan, French, Mandarin, Paha
Labio-velar approximant (voiced) in Japanese
Protruded labio-velar approximant (voiced) widespread; in every above-mentioned language, as well as e.g. Arabic, English, Korean, Vietnamese
Voiceless labio-velar approximant certain dialects of English, Gothic
nasal labialized velar approximant Polish, Portuguese
lab postalveolar approximant many dialects of English
Ejectives protruded bilabial ejective Adyghe
lab alveolar ejective Abkhaz, Adyghe, Ubykh
lab velar ejective Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Archi, Bearlake Slavey, Chipewyan, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Ossetic, Tlingit, Ubykh
lab palato-alveolar ejective fricative Adyghe
lab uvular ejective Abaza, Abkhaz, Archi, Halkomelem, Hakuchi, Tlingit, Ubykh
lab pharyngealized uvular ejective Archi, Ubykh
lab alveolar ejective affricate Archi, Khwarshi
lab alveolar lateral ejective affricate Khwarshi
lab palato-alveolar ejective affricate Abaza, Archi, Khwarshi
lab alveolo-palatal ejective affricate Abkhaz, Ubykh
lab retroflex ejective affricate allophonic in Adyghe
lab velar lateral ejective affricate Archi
lab velar ejective fricative Tlingit
lab uvular ejective fricative Tlingit

See also

References

  1. ^ Siegel, Bernard J. (1977). Annual Review of Anthropology. Annual Reviews Incorporated. ISBN 9780824319069.
  2. Jurgec, Peter (2007), Novejše besedje s stališča fonologije Primer slovenščine (in Slovenian), Tromsø, p. 95{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. As a mnemonic, the more-rounded diacritics resemble the rounded vowel ⟨ɔ⟩.
  4. International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-52163751-0.
  5. This is not a subscript w but originally a subscript omega that "recalls the letter w" (Jespersen & Pedersen, 1926, Phonetic Transcription and Transliteration: Proposals of the Copenhagen Conference, April 1925. Oxford University Press).
  6. See . Archived May 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  7. John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed.
  8. Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)

Bibliography

Articulation
Articulatory phoneticsCo-articulationInternational Phonetic Alphabet
Place
Labial
Coronal
Active place
Dorsal
Laryngeal
Double articulation
Pathological
Other
Manner
Obstruent
Sonorant
Airstream
Secondary
articulation
Tongue shape
Voice
Phonation
International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Consonants
Pulmonic consonants
Place Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal
Manner Bi­labial Labio­dental Linguo­labial Dental Alveolar Post­alveolar Retro­flex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal Glottal
Nasal m ɱ̊ ɱ n ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ
Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ
Sibilant affricate ts dz t̠ʃ d̠ʒ
Non-sibilant affricate p̪f b̪v t̪θ d̪ð tɹ̝̊ dɹ̝ t̠ɹ̠̊˔ d̠ɹ̠˔ ɟʝ kx ɡɣ ɢʁ ʡʜ ʡʢ ʔh
Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ɻ̊˔ ɻ˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ
Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ ʔ̞
Tap/flap ⱱ̟ ɾ̼ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̆
Trill ʙ̥ ʙ r ɽ̊r̥ ɽr ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ
Lateral affricate tꞎ d𝼅 c𝼆 ɟʎ̝ k𝼄 ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ 𝼅 𝼆 ʎ̝ 𝼄 ʟ̝
Lateral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap ɺ̥ ɺ 𝼈̥ 𝼈 ʎ̆ ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants
BL LD D A PA RF P V U EG
Ejective Stop ʈʼ ʡʼ
Affricate p̪fʼ t̪θʼ tsʼ t̠ʃʼ tʂʼ tɕʼ kxʼ qχʼ
Fricative ɸʼ θʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ χʼ
Lateral affricate tɬʼ c𝼆ʼ k𝼄ʼ q𝼄ʼ
Lateral fricative ɬʼ
Click
(top: velar;
bottom: uvular)
Tenuis


k𝼊
q𝼊

Voiced ɡʘ
ɢʘ
ɡǀ
ɢǀ
ɡǃ
ɢǃ
ɡ𝼊
ɢ𝼊
ɡǂ
ɢǂ
Nasal ŋʘ
ɴʘ
ŋǀ
ɴǀ
ŋǃ
ɴǃ
ŋ𝼊
ɴ𝼊
ŋǂ
ɴǂ
ʞ
 
Tenuis lateral
Voiced lateral ɡǁ
ɢǁ
Nasal lateral ŋǁ
ɴǁ
Implosive Voiced ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Voiceless ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥
Co-articulated consonants
Nasal n͡m Labial–alveolar ɳ͡m Labial–retroflex ŋ͡m Labial–velar Plosive t͡pd͡b Labial–alveolar ʈ͡pɖ͡b Labial–retroflex k͡pɡ͡b Labial–velar q͡ʡ Uvular–epiglottal q͡p Labial–uvular Fricative/approximant ɥ̊ɥ Labial–palatal ʍw Labial–velar ɧ Sj-sound (variable) Lateral approximant ɫ Velarized alveolar Implosive ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ɠ͡ɓ Labial–velar Ejective t͡pʼ Labial–alveolar
Other
Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i • y ɨ • ʉ ɯ • u
Near-close ɪ • ʏ • ʊ
Close-mid e • ø ɘ • ɵ ɤ • o
Mid • ø̞ ə ɤ̞ •
Open-mid ɛ • œ ɜ • ɞ ʌ • ɔ
Near-open æ • ɐ
Open a • ɶ ä • ɑ • ɒ

Legend: unrounded • rounded

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