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Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey and includes caracaras, laughing falcon, forest falcons, falconets, pygmy falcons, falcons and kestrels. They are small to medium-sized birds of prey, ranging in size from the black-thighed falconet, which can weigh as little as 35 grams (1.2 oz), to the gyrfalcon, which can weigh as much as 1,735 grams (61.2 oz). They have strongly hooked bills, sharply curved talons and excellent eyesight. The plumage is usually composed of browns, whites, chestnut, black and grey, often with barring of patterning. There is little difference in the plumage of males and females, although a few species have some sexual dimorphism in boldness of plumage. They differ from other Falconiformes in killing with their beaks instead of their talons. They have a "tooth" on the side of their beak for the purpose.

They are classified in eleven genera and 67 species of which two are extinct.

Conventions

Conservation statuses listed for each species follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. The symbol indicates that the species's population trend is positive, the symbol indicates that the species's population trend is negative, the symbol indicates that the species's population is stable, and the ? symbol indicates that the species's population trend is unknown. Population trends are based on the Red List of Threatened Species. The super-scripted "IUCN" tag is a link to that species's Red List of Threatened Species page. If a species has taxonomic synonyms, a list of these is provided in the "Scientific name" column, underneath the binomial name and author. If a species has subspecies, a list of these is provided in the "Common name" column, underneath the common name.

Classification

Family: Falconidae

• Subfamily Polyborinae
  • Genus Daptrius – black caracara
  • Genus Ibycter – red-throated caracara (sometimes included in Daptrius)
  • Genus Phalcoboenus (4 species) – Andean and southern South American caracaras
  • Genus Caracara – crested caracaras (2 living species, 1 extinct)
  • Genus Milvago – brown caracaras (2 species)
  • Genus Micrastur – forest falcons (7 species)
• Subfamily Falconinae
  • Genus Herpetotheres – laughing falcon
  • Genus Spiziapteryx – spot-winged falconet
  • Genus Polihierax – pygmy falcons (2 species, includes Neohierax)
  • Genus Microhierax – typical falconets (5 species)
  • Genus Falco – true falcons, hobbies and kestrels (around 37 species)

Following list of Falconidae is based on International Ornithological Congress' World Bird List.

Subfamily Polyborinae

Traditionally, subfamily Polyborinae comprises caracaras and forest falcons which are principally birds of South and Central America. They are classified in six genera and 18 species of which one is extinct since 1906. Unlike the Falco falcons in the same family, caracaras in the five relevant genera are not fast-flying aerial hunters, but are comparatively slow and are often scavengers (a notable exception being the red-throated caracara).

Genus Daptrius

Genus Daptrius Vieillot, 1816 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Black caracara D. ater Vieillot, 1816 aLC South America: Amazonia

Genus Ibycter

Genus Ibycter Vieillot, 1816 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Red-throated caracara I. americanus (Boddaert, 1783) Synonyms: Falco americanus Boddaert, 1783 Daptrius americanus (Boddaert, 1783) aLC Central & South America : Southern Mexico to southern Brazil

Genus Phalcoboenus

Genus Phalcoboenus d'Orbigny, 1834 - 4 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Carunculated caracara P. carunculatus Des Murs, 1853 aLC South America: Ecuador, southwest Colombia Mountain caracara P. megalopterus (Meyen, 1834) aLC South America: Peru to central Chile White-throated caracara P. albogularis (Gould, 1837) aLC South America: Southern Chile, southern Argentina Striated caracara P. australis (Gmelin, 1788) bNT South America: Southern islands

Genus Caracara

Genus Caracara Merrem, 1826 - 3 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Guadalupe caracara (Mourning caracara) C. lutosa† (Ridgway, 1876) Synonyms: Polyborus plancus lutosus Caracara plancus lutosus Polyborus lutosus Caracara lutosus aEX Guadalupe Island, Mexico Extinct probably since 1906 Crested caracara (Carancho) (Carcará) C. plancus (Miller, 1777) Synonyms: Polyborus plancus Miller, 1777 aLC

Genus Milvago

Genus Milvago Spix, 1824 - 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Yellow-headed caracara Subspecies: M. c. cordata Bangs & Penard, TE, 1918 M. c. chimachima (Vieillot, 1816) M. chimachima (Vieillot, 1816) Synonyms: Polyborus chimachima (Vieillot, 1816) Falco readei (Brodkorb, 1959) Milvago readei (Brodkorb, 1959) aLC Central & South America: Costa Rica to northern Argentina Chimango caracara Subspecies: M. c. chimango Vieillot, 1816 M. c. temucoensis W.L. Sclater, 1918) M. chimango (Vieillot, 1816) Synonyms: Phalcoboenus chimango Ridgway, 1876 aLC South America : Southern Cone

Genus Micrastur

Forest falcons are endemic to the Americas. They are classified as 7 species in one genus. They are adapted for agility in thick cover rather than outright speed in the open air. They have short wings, long tails, and extraordinarily acute hearing. While generally visually inconspicuous, their songs are commonly heard.

Genus Micrastur G.R. Gray, 1841 - 7 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Barred forest falcon Subspecies: M. r. guerilla Cassin, 1848 M. r. interstes Bangs, 1907 M. r. zonothrax (Cabanis, 1866) M. r. concentricus (Lesson, 1830) M. r. ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817) M. r. olrogi Amadon, 1964 M. ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817) aLC Central & South America: Southern Mexico to northern Argentina Plumbeous forest falcon M. plumbeus W.L. Sclater, 1918 cVU Central & South America: Southwestern Colombia, northwestern Ecuador Lined forest falcon M. gilvicollis (Vieillot, 1817) aLC South America: Amazon rainforest Cryptic forest falcon M. mintoni Whittaker, 2003 aLC South America: From eastern Amazon rainforest south to Bolivia Slaty-backed forest falcon M. mirandollei (Schlegel, 1862) aLC Central & South America: Costa Rica to eastern Brazil Collared forest falcon Subspecies: M. s. naso (Lesson, 1830) M. s. semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817) M. semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817) aLC Central & South America: Central Mexico to northern Argentina Buckley's forest falcon M. buckleyi Swann, 1919 aLC South America: Western Amazon rainforest

Subfamily Falconinae

Genus Herpethotheres

Genus Herpetotheres Vieillot, 1817 - 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Laughing falcon (Snake hawk) Subspecies: H. c. cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) H. c. fulvescens Chapman, 1915 H. cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms: Falco cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) Falco sufflator (Linnaeus, 1758) aLC Central & South America: from Mexico to northern Argentina

Genus Spiziapteryx

Genus Spiziapteryx Kaup, 1852 - 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Spot-winged falconet S. circumcincta (Kaup, 1852) Synonyms: 'Harpagus curcumcinctus' (Kaup, 1852) aLC

Genus Polihierax

Genus Polihierax Kaup, 1847 - 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Pygmy falcon (African pygmy falcon) Subspecies: P. s. castanonotus (Heuglin, 1860) P. s. semitorquatus (Smith, 1836) P. semitorquatus (Smith, 1836) aLC White-rumped falcon (White-rumped pygmy falcon) (White-rumped falconet) (Fielden's falconet) (Burmese pigmy falcon) Subspecies: P. i. insignis Walden, 1872 P. i. cinereiceps Baker, 1927 P. i. harmandi (Oustalet, 1876) P. insignis Walden, 1872 Synonyms: 'Neohierax insignis' (Walden, 1872) bNT

Genus Microhierax

Genus Microhierax Sharpe, 1874 - 5 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Collared falconet Subspecies: M. c. caerulescens Linnaeus, 1758 M. c. burmanicus Swann, 1920 M. caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms: 'Falco caerulescens' (Linnaeus, 1758) aLC Black-thighed falconet M. fringillarius (Drapiez, 1824) aLC White-fronted falconet (Bornean falconet) M. latifrons Sharpe, 1879 bNT Philippine falconet Subspecies: M. e. erythrogenys (Vigors, 1831) M. e. meridionalis Ogilvie-Grant, 1897 M. erythrogenys (Vigors, 1831) aLC Pied falconet M. melanoleucos (Blyth, 1843) Synonyms: 'Microhierax melanoleucus' (Blyth, 1843) aLC

Genus Falco

Falcons are roughly divisible into three or four groups. The first contains the kestrels (probably excepting the American kestrel); the second group contains slightly larger (on average) and more elegant species, the hobbies and relatives. Third are the peregrine falcon and its relatives: variably sized powerful birds which also have a black malar area (except some very light color morphs), and often a black cap also. Very similar to these and sometimes included therein are the four or so species of hierofalcons (literally, "hawk-falcons").

Genus Falco Linnaeus, 1758 - 40 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Lesser kestrel F. naumanni Fleischer, 1818 aLC Common kestrel (European kestrel) (Eurasian kestrel) (Old World kestrel) Subspecies: F. t. tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758 F. t. perpallidus (Clark, 1907) F. t. interstinctus McClelland, 1840 F. t. objurgatus (Baker, 1929) F. t. canariensis (Koenig, 1890) F. t. dacotiae Hartert, 1913 F. t. neglectus Schlegel, 1873 F. t. alexandri Bourne, 1955 F. t. rupicolaeformis (C. L. Brehm, 1855) F. t. archeri (Hartert & Neumann, 1932) F. t. rufescens Swainson, 1837 F. tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms: F. t. interstictus aLC Rock kestrel F. rupicolus Daudin, 1800 iNE Southern Africa Malagasy kestrel (Madagascar kestrel) (Malagasy spotted kestrel) (Newton's kestrel) (Madagascar spotted kestrel) Subspecies: F. n. newtoni Gurney, 1863 F. n. aldabranus Grote, 1928 F. newtoni Gurney, 1863 aLC Madagascar, Aldabra Island Mauritius kestrel F. punctatus Temminck, 1821 dEN Mauritius Reunion kestrel F. duboisi† Cowles, 1994 aEX Réunion, extinct since c.1700 Seychelles kestrel F. araea (Oberholser, 1917) cVU Seychelles Islands Spotted kestrel (Moluccan kestrel) Subspecies: F. m. moluccensis Bonaparte, 1850 F. m. microbalius Oberholser, 1917 F. moluccensis (Bonaparte, 1850) aLC Moluccas, Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, Java and Bali Nankeen kestrel Subspecies: F. c. baru Rand, 1940 F. c. cenchroides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 F. cenchroides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 aLC Widespread in Australia American kestrel Subspecies: F. s. sparverius Linnaeus, 1758 F. s. paulus (Howe & King, L, 1902) F. s. peninsularis Mearns, 1892 F. s. tropicalis (Griscom, 1930) F. s. nicaraguensis Howell, 1965 F. s. sparverioides Vigors, 1827 F. s. dominicensis Gmelin, 1788 F. s. caribaearum Gmelin, 1788 F. s. brevipennis Berlepsch, 1892) F. s. isabellinus Swainson, 1838 F. s. ochraceus (Cory, 1915) F. s. caucae (Chapman, 1915) F. s. aequatorialis Mearns, 1892 F. s. peruvianus (Cory, 1915) F. s. cinnamominus Swainson, 1838 F. s. fernandensis (Chapman, 1915) F. s. cearae (Cory, 1915) F. sparverius Linnaeus, 1758 aLC Greater kestrel (White-eyed kestrel) Subspecies: F. r. fieldi (Elliot, 1897) F. r. arthuri (Gurney, 1884) F. r. rupicoloides Smith, 1829 F. rupicoloides Smith, 1829 aLC Fox kestrel F. alopex (Heuglin, 1861) aLC Mauritania, Senegal and Gambia to Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya Grey kestrel F. ardosiaceus Vieillot, 1823 aLC Senegal and Gambia to Ethiopia south to Tanzania and west to Angola and Namibia Dickinson's kestrel (White-rumped kestrel) F. dickinsoni Sclater, 1864 aLC Angola and Namibia to central Kenya and northern Mozambique Banded kestrel (Madagascar banded kestrel) (Barred kestrel) (Madagascar barred kestrel) F. zoniventris Peters, 1854 aLC Madagascar Red-necked falcon Subspecies: F. c. chicquera Daudin, 1800 F. c. ruficollis Swainson, 1837 F. c. horsbrughi Gunning & Roberts, 1911 F. chicquera Daudin, 1800 Synonyms: Turumtia chicquera Blyth, 1863 Chicquera typus Bonaparte,1854 Aesalon chicquera Blanford, 1895 bNT Red-footed falcon F. vespertinus Linnaeus, 1766 bNT Amur falcon F. amurensis Radde, 1863 aLC Eastern Asia, southeastern Africa Eleonora's falcon F. eleonorae Gené, 1839 aLC Southern Europe and also northern Africa, eastern Africa, Madagascar Sooty falcon F. concolor Temminck, 1825 cVU Aplomado falcon Subspecies: F. f. septentrionalis Todd, 1916 F. f. femoralis Temminck, 1822 F. f. pichinchae Chapman, 1925 F. femoralis Temminck, 1822 aLC Widespread in Central & South America Merlin Subspecies: F. c. subaesalon Brehm, 1827 F. c. aesalon Tunstall, 1771 F. c. insignis (Clark, 1907) F. c. pacificus (Stegmann, 1929) F. c. pallidus (Sushkin, 1900) F. c. lymani Bangs, 1913 F. c. columbarius Linnaeus, 1758 F. c. suckleyi Ridgway, 1874 F. c. richardsonii Ridgway, 1871 F. columbarius Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms: Aesalon columbarius (Linnaeus, 1758) F. aesalon Tunstall, 1771 aLC Bat falcon Subspecies: F. r. petoensis Chubb, 1918 F. r. rufigularis Daudin, 1800 F. r. ophryophanes (Salvadori, 1895) F. rufigularis Daudin, 1800 Synonyms: F. albigularis Daudin, 1800 F. fuscocaerulescens Vieillot, 1817 (modern spelling) F. fusco-coerulescens Vieillot, 1817 (original spelling) aLC Northern Mexico to northeastern Argentina Orange-breasted falcon F. deiroleucus Temminck, 1825 bNT Southern Mexico to northeastern Argentina Eurasian hobby Subspecies: F. s. subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758 F. s. streichi Hartert & Neumann, 1907 F. subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758 aLC African hobby F. cuvierii Smith, 1830 aLC Eastern, central, western and southeastern Africa Oriental hobby F. severus Horsfield, 1821 aLC Northwestern India to Solomon Islands Australian hobby (Little falcon) Subspecies: F. l. hanieli Hellmayr, 1914 F. l. longipennis Swainson, 1838 F. l. murchisonianus Mathews, 1912 F. longipennis Swainson, 18371 aLC Widespread in Australia New Zealand falcon F. novaeseelandiae Gmelin, 1788 bNT Widespread in New Zealand Brown falcon Subspecies: F. b. novaeguineae (Meyer, AB, 1894) F. b. berigora Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 F. berigora Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Synonyms: Asturaetus furcillatus De Vis, 1906 Plioaetus furcillatus (De Vis, 1906) aLC Widespread in Australia Grey falcon F. hypoleucos Gould, 1841 cVU Australia Black falcon F. subniger Gray, 1843 aLC Australia Lanner falcon Subspecies: F. b. feldeggii Schlegel, 1843 F. b. erlangeri Kleinschmidt, 1901 F. b. tanypterus Schlegel, 1843 F. b. abyssinicus Neumann, 1904 F. b. biarmicus Temminck, 1825 F. biarmicus Temminck, 1825 Synonyms: F. feldeggii Schlegel, 1841 F. lanarius Linnaeus, 1758 aLC Laggar falcon F. jugger J.E. Gray, 1834 bNT Pakistan to Burma, India Saker falcon Subspecies: F. c. cherrug Gray, JE, 1834 F. c. coatsi Dementiev, 1945 F. c. hendersoni Hume, 1871 F. c. milvipes Jerdon, 1871 F. cherrug Gray, 1834 Synonyms: F. altaicus (Menzbier, 1891) Hierofalco altaicus Menzbier, 1891 dEN Central and southern Europe, northeastern Africa and northern Asia Gyrfalcon F. rusticolus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms: F. arcticus Holbøll, 1843 F. candicans Gmelin, 1788 F. gyrfalco Linnaeus, 1758 F. islandus Brünnich, 1764 F. obsoletus Gmelin, 1788 F. rusticolus candicans Gmelin, 1788 F. rusticolus grebnitzkii (Severtzov, 1885) F. rusticolus intermedius Gloger, 1834 F. rusticolus islandus Brünnich, 1764 F. rusticolus obsoletus Gmelin, 1788 F. rusticolus rusticolus Linnaeus, 1758 F. swarthi L.H. Miller, 1927 Hierofalco grebnitzkii Severtzov, 1885) Hierofalco islandus (Brünnich, 1764) Hierofalco rusticolus (Linnaeus, 1758) Hierofalco rusticolus candicans (Gmelin, 1788) aLC Arctic coasts of Northern America, Europe and Asia Prairie falcon F. mexicanus Schlegel, 1850 Synonyms: Gennaia mexicana Hierofalco mexicanus aLC North America Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 aLC Widespread worldwide Barbary falcon Falco pelegrinoides Temminck, 1829 aLC Southwestern Europe and northern Africa Taita falcon Falco fasciinucha Reichenow & Neumann, 1895 cVU Eastern and southeastern Africa

Notes

1. M. c. cordata southern Costa Rica through South America to the north of the Amazon; M. c. chimachima from south of the Amazon to northern Argentina
2. M. c. chimango from southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay to central Argentina and Chile; M. c. temucoensis from southern Argentina and Chile to Tierra del Fuego
3. M. r. guerilla from Mexico to Nicaragua; M. r. interstes from Costa Rica to western Colombia and Ecuador; M. r. zonothrax from eastern Colombia and northern Venezuela south to Bolivia; M. r. concentricus southern Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonia; M. r. ruficollis eastern Brazil, Paraguay, north Argentina; M. r. olrogi northwestern Argentina
4. M. s. naso from Mexico to northwestern Peru; M. s. semitorquatus from eastern Colombia through the Guianas and Brazil to northern Argentina
5. Erroneously called "snake hawk", since it is not a hawk
6. H. c. cachinnans from Mexico through central and eastern South America to northern Argentina; H. c. fulvescens from eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia to northwestern Peru
7. P. s. castanonotus from southern Sudan and Ethiopia to central Tanzania; P. s. semitorquatus from southern Angola to northwestern South Africa
8. P. i. insignis western and central Myanmar; P. i. cinereiceps southern Myanmar and northwestern Thailand; P. i. harmandi Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia
9. It is sometimes placed in its own monotypic genus Neohierax
10. M. c. caerulescens northern India and Nepal; M. c. burmanicus from Myanmar to Indochina
11. M. e. erythrogenys northern Philippines; M. e. meridionalis southern Philippines
12. Error in species
13. F. t. tinnunculus from Europe and northwestern Africa to Siberia; F. t. perpallidus from northeastern Siberia to northeastern China and Korea;F. t. interstinctus from Himalayas to Japan and Indochina; F. t. objurgatus southern India, Sri Lanka; F. t. canariensis Madeira and western Canary Islands; F. t. dacotiae eastern Canary Islands; F. t. neglectus northern Cape Verde Island; F. t. alexandri southern Cape Verde Island; F. t. rupicolaeformis northeastern Africa and Arabia; F. t. archeri Socotra Island, Somalia, northeastern Kenya; F. t. rufescens from West Africa to Ethiopia south to northern Angola and Tanzania
14. lapsus
15. Falco rupicolus is split from F. tinnunculus ( Hockey, Dean & Ryan, eds. 2005)
16. F. n. newtoni Madagascar; F. n. aldabranus Aldabra and Anjouan Islands
17. F. m. moluccensis northern and southern Moluccas; F. m. microbalius Java to Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi and Tanimbar Islands
18. F. c. baru Snow Mountains (New Guinea); F. c. cenchroides Australia, Tasmania, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Islands
19. F. s. sparverius Alaska and Canada through the USA to western Mexico; F. s. paulus southeastern USA; F. s. peninsularis northwestern Mexico; F. s. tropicalis southern Mexico to northern Honduras; F. s. nicaraguensis northwesternw Honduras, Nicaragua; F. s. sparverioides Bahamas, Cuba; F. s. dominicensis Hispaniola; F. s. caribaearum Puerto Rico to Grenada (West Indies); F. s. brevipennis Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles); F. s. isabellinus eastern Venezuela, the Guianas, northern Brazil;F. s. ochraceus eastern Colombia, northwestern Venezuela; F. s. caucae western Colombia; F. s. aequatorialis northern Ecuador; F. s. peruvianus southwestern Ecuador, Peru, northern Chile; F. s. cinnamominus southeastern Peru to Paraguay, southeastern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) and Tierra del Fuego; F. s. fernandensis Alejandro Selkirk and Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile); F. s. cearae southern Brazil
20. F. r. fieldi northeastern Ethiopia, northern Somalia, northern Kenya; F. r. arthuri central and southern Kenya, northeastern Tanzania; F. r. rupicoloides southern Angola to southwestern Zambia south to South Africa
21. F. c. chicquera southeastern Iran through India to Bangladesh; F. c. ruficollis Senegal to western Ethiopia, eastern Africa to northeastern Zimbabwe and central Mozambique; F. c. horsbrughi Namibia, Botswana, western Zimbabwe and northern, northwestern South Africa
22. F. f. septentrionalis southwwstern USA to Honduras; F. f. femoralis Nicaragua through South America to Tierra del Fuego; F. f. pichinchae Andes from Colombia to northern Chile and northwestern Argentina
23. F. c. subaesalon Iceland; F. c. aesalon Europe to northwestern Siberia; F. c. insignis northern and central Siberia; F. c. pacificus northeastern Asia; F. c. pallidus steppes of western and central Asia; F. c. lymani mountains of eastern and central Asia; F. c. columbarius Alaska to Newfoundland to northern USA; F. c. suckleyi southeastern Alaska to northern Washington (USA); F. c. richardsonii central and southern Canada to northern central USA
24. F. r. petoensis Mexico to western Ecuador; F. r. rufigularis eastern Colombia through the Guianas to southern Brazil and northeastern Argentina; F. r. ophryophanes eastern Bolivia to southern Brazil, Paraguay and northwestern Argentina
25. F. s. subbuteo Europe to Japan to northern India and central China; F. s. streichi Myanmar to southern China and northern Indochina
26. F. l. hanieli Lesser Sundas; F. l. longipennis southwestern and southeeastern Australia, Tasmania; F. l. murchisonianus Australia except southwestern and southeastern
27. F. b. novaeguineae central and eastern New Guinea, coastal northern Australia; F. b. berigora Australia (except coastal north) and Tasmania
28. F. b. feldeggii Italy to Turkey, Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran; F. b. erlangeri northwestern Africa; F. b. tanypterus northeastern Africa to Arabia, Israel and Iraq; F. b. abyssinicus southern Mauritania to Ethiopia and Somalia south to Cameroon and northern Kenya; F. b. biarmicus Democratic Republic of the Congo to southern Kenya south to South Africa
29. F. c. cherrug central Europe to southern central Siberia and northern Kazakhstan; F. c. coatsi central Asia to southern Siberia and northern China; F. c. hendersoni western and southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan; F. c. milvipes Himalayas to Tibet

References

1. Gill, Donsker & Rasmussen 2020.
2. Myers, P. R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. "Subfamily Polyborinae (caracaras and forest falcons)". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
3. ^ Thayer & Bangs 1908.
4. "Master List: Raptors". IOC World Birld List. International Ornithological Congress. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
5. "Catalogue of the Birds of India, with remarks on their geographical description". Ibis. 5 (17): 1–31. 1863. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1863.tb06042.x.

Bibliography

• Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P, eds. (2020). "Seriemas, falcons". IOC World Bird List (v10.1). doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.10.1. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
• Thayer, John; Bangs, Outram (1908). "The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island" (PDF). Condor. 10 (3): 101–106. doi:10.2307/1360977. hdl:2027/hvd.32044072250186. JSTOR 1360977. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-05.

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