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In nineteenth-century Upper Canada, German-language publications were in high demand. After the English and French, Germans were the third-largest immigrant group in Canada. Most Germans settled in Waterloo County, especially in the towns of Berlin (now Kitchener) and Waterloo, and most newspapers were established there to service the population. In any year between 1859 and 1908, Waterloo County typically had four German newspapers, and always between three and five. In the period from 1835 to 1914, nine German newspapers were founded in Berlin and Waterloo and six in Preston, New Hamburg and Elmira. German is the only language other than English or French to have had a flourishing newspaper press in Ontario; approximately thirty German newspapers were published in the province between 1835 to 1918.

Ontario's first German-language newspaper, Canada Museum und Allgemeine Zeitung, was founded in Berlin in 1835, predating the town's first English-language newspaper by 18 years. German-language publications were not typically read outside of Ontario's German communities, leading them to focus their reporting on local news and interpretations foreign events. Due to their small readership, they exerted little political influence on anything other than a local level. Most publication were dependent upon a small population group and folded after only a few years, but the towns Berlin, Waterloo and New Hamburg each supported at least one German newspaper until 1909, by which time all competitors had either folded or amalgamated into Berlin's Berliner Journal.

On 25 September 1918, in the last weeks of the First World War, the Canadian government passed an Order in Council prohibiting "the publication of books, newspapers, magazines or any printed matter in the language of any country or people for the time being at war with Great Britain." The Order had the effect of banning German-language publications, leading to the 1918 closure of the last remaining German newspaper, the Berliner Journal (since renamed the Ontario Journal). Although the government repealed the order in January 1920, it was not until 1967 that another German-language newspaper appeared – the Kitchener Journal, which ceased publication in 1969.

In the wake of the Second World War, a surge in immigration of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe and Germany led to a small revival of Ontario's German-language newspapers. Toronto's das journal, first published in 2011, is presently Ontario's only German-language newspaper.

Newspapers

Name of newspaper, location, frequency, years of publication and political alignment

Newspaper	Place of publication	Frequency	Commenced	Ceased	Political alignment	ISSN / OCLC	Ref.
Berlin Daily News	Berlin	Daily	1878	1878	—	OCLC 1118979644 OCLC 1157018497
Berliner Journal / Ontario Journal	Berlin	Weekly	1859	1918	Liberal (1859–1904), independent (1904–1918)	OCLC 977929550 OCLC 1147283368
Canada Museum und Allgemeine Zeitung	Berlin	Weekly	1835	1840	Independent	ISSN 0848-094X ISSN 0848-0958 OCLC 1081375169 OCLC 1081339960
Canada Zeitung	Hamilton	Twice weekly	1856	1857	—	—
Canadische Volkszeitung	Hamilton / London	Weekly	1872	1876	—	—
Das Ottawa Echo	Ottawa	Monthly	1893	1893	—	ISSN 0701-4694 OCLC 1080359890 OCLC 184748222
das journal	Toronto	Biweekly	2011	present	—	OCLC 843473149
Das Wochenblatt	Berlin	Weekly	1878	1878	Conservative	—
Der Beobachter	Toronto / Preston	Weekly	1856	1867	—	—
Der Canadische Bauernfreund	Waterloo	Weekly	1854	1909	Conservative	ISSN 0839-1661 OCLC 1032863764
Der Canadische Beobachter	Preston	Weekly	1848	1850	Reform	—
Der Canadische Kolonist	Stratford	Weekly	1864	1906	Reform	OCLC 1032863512
Der Deutsche Canadier und Neuigkeitsbote / Der Deutsche Canadier	Berlin	Weekly	1841	1865	Reform	OCLC 1119075046
Der Deutsche in Canada	London / Hamilton	Monthly	1871	1876	—	ISSN 1190-724X OCLC 1019385489 OCLC 1087231616
Der Deutsche Reformer	Waterloo	Weekly	1863	1863	Reform	—
Der Morgenstern	Waterloo	Weekly	1839	1841	—	ISSN 1181-2125 ISSN 1181-2133 OCLC 1033011981 OCLC 1033141534
Der Neu-Hamburger Neutrale / Canadisches Volksblatt	New Hamburg	Weekly	1855	1908	Conservative	ISSN 1180-6591 ISSN 1180-6605 OCLC 1032860930 OCLC 1081129554
Der Perth Volksfreund	Stratford / Listowel	—	1878	1883	Conservative	ISSN 1181-4683 OCLC 1032971347
Der Wächter am Saugeen / Canada National-Zeitung	Neustadt	Weekly	1868	1882	Independent	OCLC 1019411663
Deutsche Post	Arnprior / Pembroke	Weekly	1901	1916	Independent	ISSN 0842-8026 OCLC 1007474506
Deutsche Presse	Toronto	Weekly	1977	—	—	ISSN 0846-118X OCLC 1081383723
Deutsche Rundschau	Cannington	Monthly	1997	2014	—	ISSN 1206-5781 OCLC 819517622
Deutsche Zeitung	Berlin	Weekly	1891	1908	Conservative	ISSN 1180-6109 OCLC 1081084316
Deutscher Canadier	Berlin	Weekly	1869	1870	—	—
Deutscher Canadier Und Allgemeiner Anzeiger	Berlin	Weekly	1867	1869	—	—
Die Aytoner Fama / Der Canadische Volksfreund	Ayton / Neustadt	Weekly	1882	1892	—	—
Die Post	Walkerton	—	1878	1879	Reform	—
Die Prestoner Zeitung	Preston	Weekly	1856	1857	—	—
Die Wespe	Wartburg	Weekly	c. 1871	c. 1871–1872	—	—
Elmira Anzeiger	Elmira	Weekly	1870	1882	—	—
Freie Presse	Berlin	Weekly	1886	1888	Conservative	ISSN 1180-6834 OCLC 1081362174
Hamburger Beobachter	New Hamburg	Weekly	1852	1856	Reform	ISSN 1180-6613 OCLC 1081374456
Hamilton Anzeiger	Hamilton	—	1879	1879	Conservative	—
Kitchener Journal	Kitchener	—	1967	1969	—	ISSN 0837-0818 OCLC 1007733706
Neue Presse	Toronto	Weekly	2003	—	—	ISSN 1705-8082 OCLC 1083190036
The Hofbräuhaus News	Ottawa	Quarterly	2002	2014	—	ISSN 0226-6709 OCLC 1080362164
Walkerton Glocke / Die Ontario Glocke	Walkerton	Weekly	1870	1904	Conservative	ISSN 0842-9332 OCLC 1016229515 OCLC 1007187387
Welland Deutscher Telegraph	Welland	Weekly	1885	1886	—	—

See also

• List of early Canadian newspapers
• List of defunct newspapers of Canada
• History of Canadian newspapers
• German Canadians
• List of German-language newspapers published in the United States

Footnotes

1. The area was known as Upper Canada after 1791, Canada West from 1841 to 1867, and Ontario after Canadian Confederation in 1867.
2. Before the unification of Germany in 1871, German did not refer to the people of a single nation state. The immigrants' area of origin was often designated as "Germany" and was technically within the Holy Roman Empire, but the historian Kenneth McLaughlin writes it is "more properly defined as 'Mitteleuropa'." Those who immigrated to Canada before the unification understood that their family had left an area of what became the German nation state or from an area that shared its culture and language.
3. Toronto was Canada West's population centre, but it was unable to support a large German readership; its only German-language newspaper moved away after less than a year of publication.
4. English-language paper with a German section from February to October 1878.
5. Renamed Ontario Journal in January 1917 after the 1916 Berlin to Kitchener name change. Forced to publish in English after the government passed an Order in Council on 25 September 1918 banning German publications.
6. Berlin was renamed Kitchener after a 1916 name change.
7. Historians John English & Kenneth McLaughlin state the paper began in 1833, quoting from a 1931 Waterloo Historical Society piece to justify that dating. However, the piece they quote from provides a date of 27 August 1835 for the paper's first issue. Scholar Herbert Karl Kalbfleisch also writes the first issue ran on 27 August 1835.
8. Ceased publication in April 1875; moved to London and resumed in July 1875.
9. While the masthead reads Das Echo, Kalbfleisch refers to the newspaper as Das Ottawa Echo.
10. Moved from Toronto to Preston within its first year.
11. ^ After the Berliner Journal amalgamated the newspaper, it continued to be issued under its original name so as to not upset longtime subscribers, though the actual content of the two papers was identical.
12. Amalgamated into Berliner Journal on 1 July 1909.
13. Amalgamated into Berliner Journal on 1 July 1906.
14. Renamed Der Deutsche Canadier at an unspecified date.
15. Moved from London to Hamilton in 1872; ceased publication in April 1875; moved to London and resumed in July 1875.
16. Renamed Canadisches Volksblatt in 1859; amalgamated into Der Canadische Bauernfreund on 2 December 1908.
17. Moved from Stratford to Listowel in April 1880.
18. Suspended publication in mid-1872 and resumed in October; renamed to Canada National-Zeitung in 1879.
19. Moved from Arnprior to Pembroke in 1906.
20. ^ Evidence of publication as late as 2005 in Frisse 2005, p. 857.
21. Stopped publishing in October 1899 and resumed in 1902.
22. An attempted revival of Der Deutsche Canadier, unrelated to the Deutscher Canadier Und Allgemeiner Anzeiger.
23. An attempted revival of Der Deutsche Canadier.
24. ^ Moved from Ayton to Neustadt and renamed Der Canadische Volksfreund in 1890.
25. The first mention of the newspaper is in an 1871 edition of Alexander J. Schem's Deutsch-Amerikanisches Conversations-Lexicon.
26. An 1873 issue of Alexander J. Schem's Deutsch-Amerikanisches Conversations-Lexicon does not mention Die Wespe in a list of Canadian German newspapers, implying it folded before 1873.
27. Published as a special edition of Der Perth Volksfreund.
28. Renamed Die Ontario Glocke in 1882; amalgamated into Berliner Journal on 1 July 1904.

References

Citations

1. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 102–104.
2. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 18.
3. Careless, Foot & McIntosh 2019.
4. Löchte 2008, p. 107.
5. ^ Bloomfield 1995, p. 214.
6. McLaughlin 1985, p. 3.
7. ^ McKegney 1991, p. 8.
8. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 67.
9. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 11, 17.
10. Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 11.
11. Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 17.
12. McKegney 1991, pp. 8, 224n29.
13. Bausenhart 1972, p. 35.
14. English & McLaughlin 1983, p. 163.
15. ^ Leibbrandt 1980, pp. 158, 160.
16. ^ Frisse 2005, p. 857.
17. ^ Das Journal. OCLC 843473149. Retrieved 19 May 2021 – via WorldCat.
18. ^ "das journal – Profile". das journal. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
19. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 34–36.
20. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 96–98.
21. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 78, 128.
22. Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 128.
23. Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 106.
24. McKegney 1991, pp. 8, 224n29: 25 September 1918; Bausenhart 1972, p. 35: banning German publications.
25. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 87–89; Monkiewicz & Skidmore 2005, p. 138; McKegney 1991, pp. 10, 190.
26. English & McLaughlin 1983, pp. 12, 214n26.
27. Byerly 1931, p. 258.
28. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 22–23; McKegney 1991, pp. 8, 10.
29. Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 48.
30. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 76–77.
31. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 83.
32. Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 79; McKegney 1991, pp. 10, 197.
33. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 66–67.
34. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 104.
35. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 70, 103–104.
36. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 50–54; McKegney 1991, p. 10.
37. Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 41; McKegney 1991, pp. 10, 197.
38. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 62–64, 104.
39. Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 30.
40. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 31–40; McKegney 1991, pp. 10, 197.
41. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 61–62; McKegney 1991, pp. 10, 197.
42. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 28–29; McKegney 1991, pp. 10, 197.
43. McKegney 1991, p. 197.
44. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 54–58; McKegney 1991, p. 10.
45. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 66.
46. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 67–68.
47. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 100.
48. "Deutsche Presse". www.artsrn.ualberta.ca. Canadian Minority Media Database. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
49. "Deutsche Rundschau". www.artsrn.ualberta.ca. Canadian Minority Media Database. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
50. "Die Deutsche Rundschau in Kanada gibt auf" (in German). Riviera Zeit. 4 September 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
51. McKegney 1991, pp. 10, 197.
52. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 81–87; McKegney 1991, pp. 10, 27.
53. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 33.
54. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 79.
55. Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 69.
56. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 49–50; McKegney 1991, pp. 10, 197.
57. Schem 1871, p. 18, quoted in Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 76.
58. Schem 1873, p. 652, quoted in Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 76.
59. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 76.
60. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 68–69; McKegney 1991, p. 10.
61. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 80–81; McKegney 1991, pp. 10, 23, 197.
62. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 41, 43; McKegney 1991, pp. 10, 197.
63. Neue Presse. OCLC 1083190036. Retrieved 22 June 2021 – via WorldCat.
64. "The Hofbräuhaus News". www.artsrn.ualberta.ca. Canadian Minority Media Database. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
65. "Status of The HBH News Publication Hard Copy". The Hofbräuhaus News. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
66. Hofbräuhaus news. OCLC 1080362164. Retrieved 23 June 2021 – via WorldCat.
67. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 69–70.
68. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 68–74; McKegney 1991, p. 10.
69. Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 79–80.

Sources

• Bausenhart, Werner A. (January 1972). "The Ontario German Language Press and Its Suppression by Order-in-Council in 1918". Canadian Ethnic Studies. 4 (1): 35–48. ISSN 0008-3496.
• Bloomfield, Elizabeth (1995). Waterloo Township Through Two Centuries. Kitchener: Waterloo Historical Society. ISBN 0-9699719-0-7.
• Byerly, A. E. (1931). "Henry William Peterson" (PDF). Waterloo Historical Society Annual Report. 19. Waterloo: Chronicle Press: 250–261. ISSN 0315-5021. OCLC 1131407970.
• Careless, James Maurice Stockford; Foot, Richard; McIntosh, Andrew (27 September 2019). "Province of Canada (1841–67)". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
• English, John; McLaughlin, Kenneth (1983). Kitchener: An Illustrated History. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0-88920-137-4.
• Frisse, Ulrich (2005). "Ontario, German-language press in". In Adam, Thomas (ed.). Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 855–857. ISBN 1-85109-633-7.
• Kalbfleisch, Herbert Karl (1968). The History of the Pioneer German Language Press of Ontario, 1835–1918. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-1579-2.
• Leibbrandt, Gottlieb (1980). Little Paradise: The Saga of the German Canadians of Waterloo County, Ontario 1800–1975. Translated by Weissenborn, G. K. Kitchener: Allprint Co. ISBN 0-919207-01-4.
• Löchte, Anne (2008). ""We dont want Kiser to rool in Ontario": Franco-Prussian War, German unification, and World War I as reflected in the Canadian Berliner Journal (1859–1918)". In Schulze, Mathias; Skidmore, James M.; John, David G.; Liebscher, Grit; Siebel-Achenbach, Sebastian (eds.). German Diasporic Experiences: Identity, Migration, and Loss. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 107–116. ISBN 978-1-55458-027-9.
• McKegney, Patricia P. (1991). The Kaiser's Bust: A Study of War-Time Propaganda in Berlin, Ontario, 1914–1918. Wellesley: University of Bamberg Press. ISBN 0-9695356-0-0.
• McLaughlin, Kenneth (1985). The Germans in Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association. ISBN 978-0-88798-112-8.
• Monkiewicz, Agata; Skidmore, James M. (2005). "Berliner Journal". In Adam, Thomas (ed.). Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 137–138. ISBN 1-85109-633-7.
• Schem, Alexander J., ed. (1871). Deutsch-Amerikanisches Conversations-Lexicon (in German). Vol. III. New York: Gerhard. OCLC 985451781.
• Schem, Alexander J., ed. (1873). Deutsch-Amerikanisches Conversations-Lexicon (in German). Vol. XI. New York: Gerhard. OCLC 985451566.

External links

• Journalism
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• History of newspapers
• History of mass media in Canada
• German-language newspapers published in Ontario