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The following list enumerates Hindu monarchies in chronological order of establishment dates. These monarchies were widespread in South Asia since about 1500 BC, went into slow decline in the medieval times, with most gone by the end of the 17th century, although the last one, the Kingdom of Nepal, dissolved only in the 2008.

Early Indian history does not have an equivalent of chronicles (like the ones established in the West by Herodotus in the 5th century BC or Kojiki / Nihongi in Japan): "with the single exception of Rajatarangini (History of Kashmir), there is no historical text in Sanskrit dealing with the whole or even parts of India" (R. C. Majumdar). While there are texts in Sanskrit, the Puranas, that profess to include the early Indian history, they were actually compiled by brahmins in the 1st millennium AD, and can be considered as contemporary with the described facts only from the time of Guptas (3rd century AD). These texts are considered legendary, corresponding kingdoms are listed separately in the Puranic kings section.

List

Empire or Dynasty	Established	Disestablished	Capital(s)	Language(s)	Today part of	Map
Kuru Kingdom	1900 BCE	380 BCE	Āsandīvat, Hastinapura, Indraprastha	Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit	India
Brihadratha dynasty	1700 BCE	682 BCE	Girivraja	Vedic Sanskrit	India
Gopala Dynasty	1400 BCE	841 BCE	Pashupatinath Temple, Gaushala, Kathmandu	Sanskrit	Nepal
Pundravardhana Kingdom	1280 BCE	345 BCE	Mahasthangarh	Pali, Sanskrit	Bangladesh  India
Anga Kingdom	1100 BCE	530 BCE	Champa	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India
Vidarbha Kingdom	1100 BCE	500 BCE	Kaundinyapur	Sanskrit	India
Khasa Kingdom	1100 BCE	500 BCE	Kedarnath ('Kedare-Khasa-Mandale')	Sanskrit, Prakrit, Khas language	Nepal  India
Panchala Kingdom	1100 BCE	350 CE	Ahichatra, Kampila	Sanskrit	India    Nepal
Mahisapala dynasty	841 BCE	679 BCE	Kathmandu	Sanskrit	Nepal  India
Gandhara Kingdom	800 BCE	535 BCE	Puṣkalavati, Takṣaśilā, Puruṣapura	Sanskrit	Afghanistan  Pakistan
Kirata Kingdom	700 BCE	300 CE	Yalung, Thankot	Kiranti languages, Sanskrit, Pali Prakrit	Nepal  Tibet  Bhutan  China  Pakistan
Kingdom of Kosala	700 BCE	345 BCE	Shravasti, Ayodhya	Sanskrit	India    Nepal
Vajjika League	c. 6th century BCE	c. 468 BCE	Vaishali	Sanskrit	India    Nepal
Malla	c. 4th century BCE	c. 7th century	Kusinārā, Pāvā	Prakrit	India    Nepal
Matsya Kingdom	700 BCE	345 BCE	ViratNagar	Sanskrit	India
Surasena Kingdom	700 BCE	345 BCE	Mathura	Sanskrit	India
Avanti Kingdom	700 BCE	300 BCE	Ujjayini	Sanskrit	India
Asmaka Kingdom	700 BCE	300 BCE	Potali	Sanskrit	India
Kingdom of Vatsa	700 BCE	345 BCE	Kauśāmbī	Sanskrit	India
Shakya	700 BCE	345 BCE	Kapilavastu Tilaurakot, Nepal	Sanskrit, Pali	Nepal  India
Kingdom of Kashi	700 BCE	345 BCE	Banaras	Sanskrit	India
Chedi Kingdom	700 BCE	345 BCE	Suktimati	Sanskrit	India
Pradyota dynasty	682 BCE	544 BCE	Rajagriha	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India    Nepal
Pandyan Empire	600 BCE	1759 CE	Korkai, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Vizhinjam	Tamil	India  Sri Lanka
Chera Dynasty	600 BCE	1753 CE	Karur, Kodungallur, Kollam	Tamil	India
Haryanka Dynasty	554 BCE	413 BCE	Rajagriha, Pataliputra	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India    Nepal
Ror dynasty	450 BCE	489 CE	Aror	Sanskrit	Pakistan
Shishunaga Empire	413 BCE	345 BCE	Rajgir, Vaishali, Pataliputra	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India    Nepal
Paurava dynasty	400 BCE	301 BCE	Sagala, Mathura	Sanskrit	India  Pakistan
Chola Empire	400 BCE	1540 CE	Thanjavur, Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Pazhaiyaarai	Tamil	India  Sri Lanka Maldives
Malava Empire	350 BCE	650 CE	Vidisha	Sanskrit	India
Nanda Empire	345 BCE	322 BCE	Pataliputra	Magadhi Prakrit, Sanskrit	India  Bangladesh    Nepal  Pakistan
Mauryan Empire	322 BCE	184 BCE	Pataliputra	Magadhi Prakrit, Sanskrit	India  Myanmar  Afghanistan  Bangladesh  Iran  Tajikistan  Nepal  Bhutan  Pakistan
Gangaridai Kingdom	300 BCE	200 CE	-	-	Bangladesh  Bhutan  India
Mahameghavahana dynasty	225 BCE	300 CE	Kalinga	Sanskrit	India
Kuninda Kingdom	2nd century BCE	3rd century CE	southern areas of modern Himachal Pradesh	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India
Shunga Empire	185 BCE	75 BCE	Pataliputra, Vidisha	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India  Bangladesh    Nepal  Bhutan
Kingdom of Samatata	180 BCE	335	-	-	Bangladesh  India
Deva Dynasty of Saketa	150 BCE	10 BCE	Ayodhya	Sanskrit	India
Satavahana Empire	100 BCE	225 CE	Pratishthana, Amaravati	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India
Kanva Dynasty	75 BCE	30 BCE	Pataliputra or Vidisha	Sanskrit	India
Northern Satrap Dynasty	60 BCE	150 CE	Sagala, Mathura	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India  Pakistan
Chutu dynasty	30 BCE	280 CE	Banavasi	Prakrit	India
Suren Kingdom	19 CE	225 CE	Takṣaśilā, Kabul	Pali, Parthian, Sanskrit, Greek	Afghanistan  Pakistan  India
Kushan Empire	30 CE	375 CE	Puruṣapura, Takṣaśilā,Mathura	Greek, Bactrian,Gandhari Prakrit, Hybrid Sanskrit	India  Pakistan Afghanistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan Tibet Iran  East Turkestan  China
Kshaharata Empire	35 CE	405 CE	Ujjain, Barygaza	Pali, Prakrit, Sanskrit	India  Pakistan
Funan Empire	50 CE	550 CE	Vyadhapura	Khmer, Sanskrit	Laos  Cambodia  Thailand  Vietnam  Myanmar
Nagvanshi Dynasty	94 CE	1952 CE	Khukhragarh, Navratangarh	Prakrit, Nagpuri	India
Parataraja Kingdom	125 CE	300 CE	Loralai	Pali, Prakrit, Sanskrit, Scythian	Pakistan  Afghanistan
Salakanagara Kingdom	130 CE	362 CE	-	Sanskrit	Indonesia
Langkasuka Kingdom	150 CE	1475 CE	-	Malay	Malaysia  Thailand
Kingdom of Gangga Negara	150 CE	1025 CE	Beruas	Malay	Malaysia
Kingdom of Champa	192 CE	1832 CE	Indrapura, Vijaya, Panduranga	Chamic languages, Sanskrit	Vietnam  Laos  Cambodia
Andhra Ikshvaku Dynasty	200 CE	275 CE	Vijayapuri (Nagarjunakonda)	Prakrit, Sanskrit, Telugu	India
Abhira dynasty	203 CE	370 CE	Anjaneri, Thalner, Prakashe, Bhamer, Asirgarh	Ahirani, Apabhraṃśa Sanskrit	India
Bharashiva Dynasty	205 CE	335 CE	Padmavati	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India
Soma Dynasty	205 CE	305 CE	Kathmandu	Sanskrit	Nepal
Gupta Empire	240 CE	550 CE	Pataliputra	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India  Bangladesh  Pakistan    Nepal  Afghanistan
Kalabhra Empire	250 CE	600 CE	Kaveripumpattinam, Madurai	Prakrit, Tamil, Sanskrit	India
Paurava Dynasty (reinstated)	c. 4th century CE	c. 7th century CE	Brahmapur	Sanskrit	India
Pallava Empire	275 CE	897 CE	Kanchipuram	Tamil, Prakrit, Sanskrit	India
Licchavi dynasty	305 CE	1200 CE	Kathmandu	Bajjika, Sanskrit	Nepal  India  Bhutan
Kataha	330 CE	1136 CE	Kataha	Old Malay, Sanskrit	Malaysia
Kadamba Empire	345 CE	525 CE	Banavasi	Kannada, Sanskrit	India
Kingdom of Malwa (350–545)	350 CE	550 CE	Mandsaur	Sanskrit	India
Western Ganga Dynasty	350 CE	575 CE	Talakadu, Kolar	Kannada, Sanskrit	India
Kamarupa Kingdom	350 CE	1140 CE	Pragjyotishpura, Haruppeswara, Durjaya	Assamese, Prakrit, Sanskrit	India  Bhutan  Bangladesh  Myanmar
Tarumanagara Kingdom	358 CE	669 CE	Sundapura	Sundanese, Sanskrit	Indonesia
Kutai Martadipura	399 CE	1635 CE	Muara Kaman	Sanskrit, probably old version of Kutainese language	Indonesia
Vishnukundina Dynasty	420 CE	624 CE	Nalgonda, Eluru, Amaravati	Sanskrit, Prakrit, Telugu	India
Sharabhapuriya Dynasty	465 CE	590 CE	Sharabhapura	Sanskrit	India
Kingdom of Valabhi	475 CE	776 CE	Vallabhi	Apabhramsa, Prakrit, Sanskrit, Sauraseni	India
Kingdom of Thanesar	500	606	Kanyakubja	Sanskrit	India  Pakistan
Nala Kingdom	515	585	Pushkari	Sanskrit	India
Rai Dynasty	524	632	Aror	Sanskrit	Pakistan
Chalukya Dynasty	543	753	Badami	Kannada, Sanskrit	India
Kalachuri Dynasty	550	620	Mahishmati	Sanskrit	India
Chenla Empire	550	802	Shrestapura, Bhavapura, Isanapura, Shambhupura	Khmer, Sanskrit	Cambodia  Thailand  Laos  Vietnam
Chahamana Dynasty	550	1194	Shakambhari	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India
Kingdom of Kannauj	550	1036	Kannauj	Sanskrit	India
Kalingga Kingdom	550	650	-	Old Javanese, Sanskrit	Indonesia
Gauda Kingdom	590	626	Karnasuvarna	-	India  Bangladesh
Panduvamshi Dynasty	600	790	Shripura	Sanskrit	India
Eastern Chalukya Empire	624	1189	Vengi, Rajahmundry	Sanskrit, Telugu	India
Karkota Empire	625	885	Srinagar, Parihaspore	Sanskrit	India  Pakistan  Afghanistan  Bangladesh
Brahman Dynasty of Sindh	632	724	Aror	Sanskrit	India  Pakistan
Srivijaya Empire	650	1377	Palembang, Chaiya, Jambi	Old Malay, Sanskrit	Indonesia  Malaysia  Singapore  Thailand  Cambodia  Philippines  Vietnam  Brunei  Taiwan
Shailendra Dynasty	650	1025	Kedu Plain	Old Javanese, Sanskrit	Indonesia
Galuh Kingdom	669	1482	Kawali	Sundanese, Sanskrit	Indonesia
Sunda Kingdom	669	1579	Kawali, Pakuan Pajajaran	Sundanese, Sanskrit	Indonesia
Kalachuri Tripuri Dynasty	675	1212	Tripuri	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India
Garhwal Kingdom	688 CE	1949 CE	Srinagar, Uttarakhand Tehri Narendranagar	Garhwali, Jaunsari, Sanskrit	India
Chavda Dynasty	690	942	Panchasar, Aṇahilaváḍa	Prakrit	India
Mallabhum Kingdom	694	1800	Laugram, Pradyumnapur, Bishnupur	Sanskrit, Prakrit	India  Bangladesh
Katyuri kings (Karttikeyapur)	700 CE	1065 CE	Joshimath later shifted to Baijnath, Uttarakhand	Khas, Sanskrit, Prakrit	India    Nepal
Chand kings	700 CE	1790 CE	Champawat	Kumaoni, Dotyali, Nepali	India    Nepal  Tibet
Limbuwan	7th Century CE	1774	Morang, Bijaypur	Limbu, Lepcha	Nepal  India  Bhutan
Gurjaratra	730	816	Kannauj	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India Afghanistan  Pakistan
Mataram Kingdom	732	1006	Mamratipura	Old Javanese, Sanskrit	Indonesia
Saindhava Dynasty	735	920	Bhutamabilika	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India
Tomara Dynasty	736	1151	Delhi	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India
Pala Empire	750	1199	Bikrampur, Pataliputra, Gauda, Monghyr, Somapura, Mahipal, Ramavati	Prakrit, Sanskrit	Bangladesh  India    Nepal  Pakistan
Haripunjaya Kingdom	750	1292	Lamphun	Thai	Thailand
Rashtrakuta Empire	753	982	Manyakheta	Kannada, Sanskrit	India
Khmer Empire	802	1431	Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya, Koh Ker, Yasodharapura	Khmer, Sanskrit	Cambodia  Laos  Myanmar  Thailand  Vietnam
Chudasama Dynasty	825	1472	Vamanasthali, Junagadh	Old Gujarati, Prakrit	India
Later Chola Empire	848	1279	Pazhaiyaarai, Thanjavur, Gangaikonda Cholapuram	Tamil	India  Bangladesh  Sri Lanka  Maldives  Indonesia  Singapore  Malaysia  Thailand  Myanmar
Somavamshi Dynasty	850	1150	Yayatinagara	Sanskrit	India
Yadava Dynasty	850	1334	Devagiri	Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit	India
Utpala Dynasty	855	1003	Avantipur	Sanskrit	India  Afghanistan  Pakistan
Hindu Shahi Dynasty	879	1026	Kabul	Sanskrit	Pakistan  Afghanistan  India
Kingdom of Malwa	900	1305	Dhar	Prakrit, Sanskrit	India
Bali Kingdom	914	1908	Bedulu, Samprangan, Gelgel, Klungkung	Kawi, Balinese	Indonesia
Pagan Empire	940	1297	Pagan	Burmese, Mon, Pyu	Myanmar
Khasa Malla kingdom	954	1450	Sinja Valley, Nepal	Khas, Sanskrit, Dotyali	Nepal  India  Tibet
Western Chalukya Empire	973	1189	Manyakheta, Basavakalyan	Kannada, Sanskrit	India
Rajahnate of Butuan	1001	1756	Butuan	Butuanon, Old Malay	Philippines
Lohara Dynasty	1003	1320	Srinagar	Sanskrit	India  Afghanistan  Pakistan
Rajanate of Sanmalan	1011	1405	Zamboanga City	Tamil	Philippines
Kingdom of Polonnaruwa	1017	1310	Polonnaruwa	Pali, Sanskrit	India
Kahuripan Kingdom	1019	1045	Kahuripan	Old Javanese, Sanskrit	Indonesia
Hoysala Empire	1026	1343	Halebidu, Belur	Kannada, Sanskrit	India
Janggala Kingdom	1045	1136	Hujung Galuh	Old Javanese, Sanskrit	Indonesia
Kediri Kingdom	1045	1221	Kadiri	Old Javanese, Sanskrit	Indonesia
Sena Dynasty	1070	1230	Nabadwip	Sanskrit	Bangladesh  India
Eastern Ganga Empire	1078	1434	Dantapura, Kalinganagara, Kataka	Sanskrit	India
Gahadavala Dynasty	1080	1194	Varanasi, Kanyakubja	Sanskrit	India
Dimasa Kingdom	1087	1832	Dimapur, Maibang, Khaspur	Dimasa	India
Karnat Dynasty	1097	1324	Simraungadh	Maithili, Sanskrit	Nepal  India
Chero dynasty	12th CE	18th CE		Bhojpuri, Nagpuri	India
Sambhuvaraya Dynasty	1150	1375	Rajagambhiram, Padaveedu	Sanskrit, Tamil	India
Vanni Nadu Dynasty	1150	1803	Vanni	Tamil	Sri Lanka
Deva Dynasty	1156	1250	Bikrampur	Bengali, Sanskrit	Bangladesh  India
Kakatiya Dynasty	1163	1323	Orugallu	Sanskrit, Telugu	India
Khen Dynasty	1185	1498	Kamarupanagara, Kamatapura	Assamese, Kamtapuri	India  Myanmar
Sutiya Kingdom	1187	1673	Swarnagiri, Ratnapur, Sadiya	Assamese, Sanskrit	India
Malla Dynasty	1200	1768	Bhaktapur, Kathmandu, Patan, Nepal	Newari, Nepali, Sanskrit, Maithili	Nepal
Doti Rainka kingdom	13th century	1790	Dipayal Silgadhi, Nepal	Dotyali, Khas, Sanskrit, Kumaoni	Nepal  India  Tibet
Jaffna Kingdom	1215	1624	Nallur	Tamil	Sri Lanka
Singhasari Kingdom	1222	1292	Tumapel	Old Javanese, Sanskrit	Indonesia
Ahom Kingdom	1228	1826	Charaideo, Garhgaon, Rangpur, Jorhat	Assamese, Tai-Ahom	India  Myanmar
Sambhuvaraya Dynasty	1236	1375	Rajagambhiram, Padaveedu	Tamil, Sanskrit	India
Yajvapala Dynasty	1237	1289	Nalapura	-	India
Vaghela Dynasty	1244	1304	Dholka	Apabhramsa, Old Gujarati, Prakrit	India
Rajahnate of Cebu	1250	1565	Singhapala	Cebuano, Old Malay, Middle Tamil	Philippines
Narayangarh Raj	1264	1947	Midnapore district	Bengali Language	India
Majapahit Empire	1293	1527	Majapahit, Wilwatikta	Old Javanese, Sanskrit	Indonesia  Malaysia  Singapore  Brunei  Thailand  Timor Leste  Philippines  Australia
Sena Dynasty (Nepal)	13th Century CE	18th Century CE	Makwanpurgadhi, Chaudandi, Palpa	Nepali, Maithili Language, Khas, Bengali, Sanskrit	Nepal  India
Reddy Dynasty	1325	1448	Addanki, Kondavidu, Rajahmundry	Telugu, Sanskrit	India
Musunuri Nayakas	1150	1369	Warangal	Telugu, Sanskrit	India
Vijayanagara Empire	1336	1646	Vijayanagara, Penukonda, Chandragiri	Kannada, Sanskrit, Telugu	India
Oiniwar Dynasty	1353	1526	Madhubani	Maithili language	India
Kallala dynasty	1404	1789	Sinja Valley	Khas language, Nepali, Sanskrit	Nepal  India
Gajapati Kingdom	1434	1541	Cuttack	Odia	India
Bhoi dynasty	1541	1947	Cuttack, Puri, Khurda	Odia	India
Koch Dynasty	1515	1949	Chikana, Kamatapur	Kamtapuri, Assamese, Bengali, Sanskrit	India
Madurai Nayak Dynasty	1529	1736	Madurai, Tiruchirapalli	Telugu, Tamil, Sanskrit	India
Thanjavur Nayak Kingdom	1532	1673	Thanjavur	Telugu, Tamil, Sanskrit	India
Gorkha Kingdom	1559	1768	Gorkha Darbar	Nepali	Nepal
Raj Darbhanga	1577	1947	Darbhanga	Maithili	India
Midnapore Raj	1568	1812	Medinipur	Bengali Language	India
Maratha Empire	1674	1818	Raigad, Gingee, Satara, Pune	Marathi, Sanskrit	India  Pakistan
Pudukkottai Kingdom	1680	1800	Pudukkottai	Tamil	India
Sivaganga Kingdom	1725	1733	Sivaganga	Tamil	India
Kingdom of Nepal	1768	2008	Kathmandu	Nepali, Sanskrit	Nepal  India  China  Bangladesh
Jammu and Kashmir	1846	1952	Jammu	Dogri	India  Pakistan  China

Note: Kingdoms that acted as princely states to the British Empire are not mentioned except for the time period when they exercised sovereign control.

Puranic kings

Five Puranas (Vayu, Matsya, Brahmanda, Vishnu, Bhagavata) contain dynastic Puranic lists. Approach of researchers to these lists varies from outright skepticism, especially prevalent in the 19th century ("extravagant romances, ... works of imagination", "particular year is never mentioned") to cautious partial acceptance along the lines traced by F. E. Pargiter: "false genealogies ... imitate genuine genealogies", accepting limitations does not require to declare the absence of "any trust whatever". Ludo Rocher in his book "The Puranas" (1986) provides a long list of chronological calculations based on Puranic lists with a warning that they are "often highly imaginative".

Kingdom	Capital(s)	Language(s)	Today part of
Puru kingdom		Vedic Sanskrit	India
Yadu kingdom		Vedic Sanskrit	India
Anu kingdom		Vedic Sanskrit	India
Iksvakus kingdom		Vedic Sanskrit	India
Heheya Kingdom	Mahishmati	Vedic Sanskrit	India

See also

• Bhagavad Gita
• Hindu cosmology
• History of India
• History of Hinduism
• Vedas & Vedic Literature
• Yuga & Hindu units of time
• Vedic period & Vedic science
• Hinduism
• Sangam period & Sangam literature
• Greater India & Indosphere
• Sanskriti (disambiguation) & Sanskrit literature
• Indianization of Southeast Asia
• Hinduism in Southeast Asia
• Solar dynasty & Lunar dynasty
• Kuru Kingdom & Gandhara Kingdom
• Puru and Yadu Dynasties
• Indus Valley Civilisation
• Janapadas & Mahajanapadas
• Middle kingdoms of India
• List of Indian monarchs
• List of Jain states and dynasties
• Muslim conquests of Afghanistan

References

1. Chaulagain 2019, pp. 1–2.
2. Chaulagain 2019, p. 6.
3. Witzel 1990, p. 1.
4. Witzel 1990, p. 2.
5. "Porus | Indian prince". Encyclopædia Britannica.
6. Saklani, Dinesh Prasad (1998). Ancient Communities of the Himalaya. Indus. ISBN 9788173870903.
7. Rocher 1986, p. 115.
8. Rocher 1986, p. 116.
9. Rocher 1986, p. 117.
10. Rocher 1986, p. 118.
11. Rocher 1986, p. 122.

Sources

• Chaulagain, Nawaraj (2019). "Kingship (Hinduism)". Hinduism and Tribal Religions. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_83-1. ISBN 978-94-024-1036-5.
• Witzel, Michael (1990). "On Indian historical writing: The case of the Vaṃśāvalīs". Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies. 1: 1–57.
• Rocher, Ludo (1986). "The Purāṇas as Historical Documents". The Purāṇas. History of Indian literature. O. Harrassowitz. pp. 115–132. ISBN 978-3-447-02522-5. Retrieved 2024-09-23.

• Hindu states
• Hinduism-related lists
• Hindu dynasties
• Lists of dynasties