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Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 126 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the official language and national language. The influx of Japanese loanwords can be classified into two periods, Japanese colonial administration period (1942–1945) and globalisation of Japanese popular culture (1980-now). As Indonesian is written using Latin script, Japanese romanisation systems influence the spelling in Indonesian.

Spelling

Consonants

Vowels

Most vowels are retained without significant change in Indonesian, except in vowels length and pitch accent (there are no vowels length distinction and no pitch accent in Indonesian).

Loanwords

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

W

Y

Z

Bibliography

• Badudu, J.S; Kamus Kata-kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia; Kompas, Jakarta, 2003
• Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, Balai Pustaka: 1999, halaman 1185 s.d. 1188 berisikan Pendahuluan buku Senarai Kata Serapan dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, 1996 (dengan sedikit penyaduran tanpa mengubah maksud dan tujuan seseungguhnya dari buku ini).

References

1. ^ /p/, /t/, /k/ are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position, they are unreleased , with final k being a glottal stop. /b, d/ are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, . There is no liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in kulit ubi "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
2. ^ The fricatives are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as [v]; otherwise it is [f]. The fricative can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
3. ^ In dialects such as the Tokyo dialect, the voiced fricatives are generally pronounced as affricates in word-initial positions and after the moraic nasal /N/ (pronounced [n] before and [ɲ] before ) or the sokuon /Q/ (spelled ッ, only in loanwords). Actual realizations of these sounds vary among speakers (see Yotsugana).
4. ^ When an affricate consonant is geminated, only the closure component of it is repeated: , , , .
5. ^ A declining number of speakers pronounce word-medial /ɡ/ as [ŋ], but /ɡ/ is always represented by in this system.
6. ^ The glottal stop [ʔ] is an allophone of /k/ and /ɡ/ in the coda: baik, bapak. It is also used between identical vowels in hiatus. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs) and rakyat (alternative word of 'people' or 'society'). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an.
7. , romanized w, is the consonant equivalent of the vowel , which is pronounced with varying degrees of rounding, depending on dialect.
8. The syllable-final n (moraic nasal) is pronounced as some kind of nasalized vowel before a vowel, semivowel () or fricative (). is a conventional notation undefined for the exact place of articulation.
9. ^ In many dialects including the Tokyo dialect, close vowels and become voiceless (marked by a ring under the symbol) when surrounded by voiceless consonants and not followed by a pitch drop.
10. ^ , romanized u, exhibits varying degrees of rounding depending on dialect. In the Tokyo dialect, it is either unrounded or compressed (), meaning the sides of the lips are held together without horizontal protrusion, unlike protruded [u].

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