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An ethnonym is the name applied to a given ethnic group. Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories: exonyms (where the name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and autonyms or endonyms (self-designation; where the name is created and used by the ethnic group itself). This article does not cover ethnic slurs.
List
 | This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2014) |
| Afrikaans | Jood |
| Albanian | çifut (i/ja) (ethnic) |
| hebre (u/ja) (ethnic) | |
| izraelit (i/ja) | |
| Arabic | يهودي Yahūdī (sl.); يهود Yahūd (pl.) بنو إسرائيل Banū Isra’il عبري ʕibrī |
| Armenian | հրեա hrea (sing.); հրեաներ (pl.) |
| Basque | Judu or judutar |
| Bengali | Yeuhudi |
| Bulgarian | Евреин, evrein (masc.); еврейка, evreika (fem.); евреи, evrei (pl.); юдеи, yudei (pl., archaic) |
| Bosnian | Jevrej, Jevrejin, Židov, Ćifut, Ćifo/Ćifko (probably from Turkish (Çıfıt) or Kurdish (Cihû), derogatory) |
| Catalan | Jueu (masc. sig.); jueus (masc. pl.), jueva (fem. sing.); jueves (fem. pl.) |
| Chinese | 猶太人, Chinese, Traditional |
| 犹太人, Chinese, Simplified, pinyin: Yóutài Rén | |
| Cornish | Yedhoweth |
| Croatian | Židov |
| Czech | Žid (as a member of nation) or žid (as a confessor of Judaism) |
| Danish | Jøde (sing.); Jøder (pl.) |
| Dutch | Jood |
| English | Jews, see Jew (word) |
| Hebrews | |
| Israelites or Children of Israel | |
| Esperanto | judo. L.L. Zamenhof described himself as hebreo. |
| Estonian | Juut |
| Finnish | Juutalainen |
| French | Juif (masc.); Juive (fem.), old formal term israélite (as in the Crémieux Decree) |
| Galego | Xudeu (masc. sing.); Xudía (fem. sing.); Xudeus (masc. pl.); Xudías (fem. pl.) |
| Georgian | ებრაელი, Ebraeli |
| German | Jude (masc.); Jüdin (fem.); Juden (pl.) |
| Greek | Ἰουδαῖος, Ioudaios |
| Ἑβραῖος, Hebraios (from Evrei) | |
| Ἰσραηλίτης, Israelites (from Israel) | |
| Hebrew | יהודי, Yehudi (sl.m); יהודיה, Yehudia (sl.f);יהודים, Yehudim/Yehudioth (pl.) |
| עברי, Ivri (sl.m); עבריה, Ivria (sl.f); עברים, Ivrim/Ivrioth | |
| בני ישׂראל, Bnei Yisrael (pl.) | |
| Hindi | यहूदी Yahūdī |
| Hungarian | zsidó |
| Icelandic | gyðingur (sl.) |
| Indonesian/Malay | Yahudi, Banī Israel |
| Irish | Giúdach |
| Italian | Giudeo (masc. sing.); giudei (masc. pl.). This word has mostly a pejorative connotation, "ebreo" is nowadays preferred; |
| Ebreo (masc. sing.); ebrei (masc. pl.); ebrea (fem. sing.); ebree (fem. pl.) | |
| Japanese | ユダヤ人, Yudayajin |
| Korean | 유태인, Yutae-in |
| Kurdish | Cihû, Mûsayî/مووسایی, Cûleke/جوله که |
| Ladino | djudio, Judio (singular) |
| los ebreos (the Jews) | |
| Latin | Iudaeus |
| Latvian | Ebrejs (masc. sg.), ebrejiete (fem. sg.), ebreji (masc. pl.), ebrejietes (fem. pl). The terms žīds (masc. sg.), žīdiete (fem. sg.), žīdi (masc. pl.) and žīdietes (fem. pl.) were also used alongside up until World War II as a neutral ethnonym. However, post-World War II mainly due to it being used in the Nazi propaganda and the influence of Russian, the term has become to be traditionally considered derogatory. |
| Lithuanian | Žydas (sg.), žydai (pl.) |
| Luganda | Abayudaya (from "people of Judah") |
| Norwegian | Jøde |
| Ojibwe | Zhoodawi (from the French: judéité) or Joowiwi (from the English: Jew) |
| Persian | جهود or يهود -- Johud (Persian) or Yahūd (from Middle Persian Yahūt) |
| کلیمی, Kalimi (religious) a follower of Kalim Allah, also a euphemism for Johud. | |
| Polish | Żyd (sg.), Żydzi (pl. neutral), Żydowie (pl. respectful), Żydy (pl. contemptuous); żyd (sg.), żydzi (pl. neutral), żydowie (pl. respectful), żydy (pl. contemptuous) — as a confessors of Judaism |
| Portuguese | Judeu; judeus (masc. pl.); judia; judias (fem. pl.). Also hebreus and israelitas (both masc. pl.) |
| Romanian | Evreu, israelit, jidov (archaic), ovrei (archaic and demeaning), jidan (highly pejorative) |
| Russian | Еврей, Yevrey (sg.); Евреи, Yevrei (pl.): Typically denotes the ethnicity; жид, zhid (masc. sing, pejorative), жидовка, zhidovka (fem. sing., pejorative); Russian language being rich in inflection, there is a large number of pejorative forms derived from the two basic ones. |
| Иудей, Iudey (sg.); Иудеи, Iudei (pl.): Typically denotes the followers of Judaism. | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Iùdach (sing. nom.) Iùdaich (pl. nom.) |
| Serbian | Јевреј Jevrej |
| Slovak | Žid |
| Spanish | Judío (m. sing) Judía (f. sing) Judíos (plu) Judías (f. plu) |
| Hebreo (m. sing) Hebrea (f. sing) Hebreos (plu) Hebreas (f. plu) | |
| Israelita (sing) Israelitas (plu) as in "Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina". | |
| Swahili | Yahudi |
| Swedish | Jude |
| Tagalog | Hudyo, Israelita (both derived from Spanish) |
| Thai | คนยิว, khon yiu (from the English: Jew) |
| Tibetan | Yahutapa |
| Ukrainian | Жид (sl.); Жиди (pl.) |
| Urdu | یہودی Yahūdī (sl.); یہود Yahūd (pl.) |
| Vietnamese | người Do Thái |
| Turkish | Yahudi, Çıfıt (religious, and ethnic) something related to, or a follower of Judaism, latter usually considered pejorative. |
| Musevi, (religious) a follower of Moses, also a euphemism for Yahudi. | |
| İbrani, (ethnic) Hebrews. | |
| Welsh | Iddewon |
| Yiddish | איד,ייִד Yid (pronounced [ˈjɪd]) (sing.); ייִדן, Yidn (pronounced ) (pl.) |
Obsolete
Jews were often called (and occasionally called themselves) Palestinians, but after the emergence of Arab Palestinian nationalism and the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the term "Palestinians" came to be used almost exclusively for Palestinian Arabs. (See Definitions of Palestinian)
See also
- Jew (word)
- Person of Jewish ethnicity
- Zhyd – Pejorative term
Footnotes
- Ioudaios, Yehudi, Jewish, a "Judaean", "from the land of Yehuda (Judah, Judea)".
- Ivri, Hebrew, "one who passes over", a reference to the Biblical patriarch Abraham (or possibly Eber).
- Israel, "one who has struggled with God", the name given to the Biblical patriarch Jacob.
References
- "judo". Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto 2020 (in Esperanto). Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda. 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- "giudeo - Dizionario italiano-inglese WordReference". www.wordreference.com.
- "Pomerance, Rachel. "Uganda's Jews finally have their day at the Mikvah". Archived from the original on 2002-08-16. Retrieved 2006-01-25.
- Anna Wierzbicka, The Semantics of Grammar, ISBN 9027230196, 1988, p. 456
- Haldane, Robert (1849). The righteousness of God = Fireantachd Dh: air a tional o mhineachadh air an Litir a chum nan Romanach. Edinburgh: Scottish Tract Society.