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The basic components of the Linux family of operating systems, which are based on the Linux kernel, the GNU C Library, BusyBox or forks thereof like μClinux and uClibc, have been programmed with a certain level of abstraction in mind. Also, there are distinct code paths in the assembly language or C source code which support certain hardware. Therefore, the source code can be successfully compiled on‍—‌or cross-compiled for‍—‌a great number of computer architectures.

Furthermore, the required free and open-source software has also been developed to interface between Linux and the hardware Linux is to be executed on. For example, compilers are available, e.g. GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and LLVM/Clang. For cross-compilation a number of complete toolchains are available, like GNU toolchain, OpenWrt Buildroot or OpenEmbedded. The Yocto Project is targeted at embedded use cases.

The portability section of the Linux kernel article contains information and references to technical details.

Note that further components like a windowing system, or programs like Blender, can be present or absent. Fundamentally any software has to be ported, i.e. specifically adapted, to any kind of hardware it is supposed to be executed on. The level of abstraction that has been kept in mind while programming that software in the first place dictates the necessary effort.

The relevant term is of the porting target is computer architecture; it comprises the instruction set(s) and the microarchitecture(s) of the processor(s), at least of the CPU. The target also comprises the "system design" of the entire system, be it a supercomputer, a desktop computer or some SoC, e.g. in case some unique bus is being used. In former times, the memory controller was part of the chipset on the motherboard and not on the CPU-die.

Although the support of a specific instruction set is the task of the compiler, the software must be written with a certain level of abstraction in mind to make this portability possible. Any code written in Assembly language will be specific to the instruction set.

The support of a specific microarchitecture includes optimizations for the CPU cache hierarchy, the TLB, etc.

Releases

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• DEC Alpha (alpha)
• Intel (Altera) NIOS II ARM - nios2
• ARM family of instruction sets (32- and 64-bit) (arm and arm64):
  • Acorn Archimedes and RiscPC series (original machines were supported in 2.6.22)
  • Allwinner
  • Apple A series processors
  • Apple M series processors
  • Broadcom VideoCore
  • DEC StrongARM
  • Samsung Exynos
  • Marvell (formerly Intel) XScale
  • Sharp Zaurus
  • HiSilicon
  • iPAQ
  • Palm, Inc.'s Tungsten Handheld
  • GamePark Holdings' GP2X
  • Open Pandora
  • MediaTek
  • Nokia 770 Internet Tablet
  • Nokia N800
  • Nokia N810
  • Nokia N900
  • Nomadik
  • NovaThor (discontinued)
  • gumstix
  • Sony Mylo
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon
  • Nvidia Tegra
  • TI OMAP
  • Psion 5, 5MX, Series 7, netBook
  • Rockchip
  • Some models of Apple iPods (via iPodLinux)
  • OpenMoko Neo 1973, Neo FreeRunner
  • Freescale's (formerly Motorola's) i.MX multimedia processors
• C-SKY
• Elbrus-8S
• Freescale's (formerly Motorola's) 68k architecture (68020, 68030, 68040, 68060) (m68k):
  • Some Amigas: A1200, A2500, A3000, A4000
  • Apple Macintosh II, LC, Quadra, Centris and early Performa series
  • Some Atari computers (TT and Falcon030)
• Qualcomm Hexagon (hexagon)
• Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC (parisc)
• International Business Machines (IBM)
  • System/390 (31-bit) (s390)
  • z/Architecture (IBM Z and IBM LinuxONE) (64-bit) (s390x)
• x86 architecture (x86):
  • IBM PC compatibles using IA-32 and x86-64 processors:
    • Intel 80386 (dropped since 3.8), 80486, and their AMD, Cyrix, Texas Instruments and IBM variants
    • The entire Pentium series and its Celeron and Xeon variants
    • Intel Core processors
    • AMD 5x86, K5, K6, Athlon (all 32-bit versions), Duron, Sempron
    • x86-64: 64-bit processor architecture, now officially known as AMD64 (AMD) or Intel64 (Intel); supported by the Athlon 64, Opteron and Intel Core 2 processors, among others
    • Cyrix 5x86, 6x86 (M1), 6x86MX and MediaGX (National/AMD Geode) series
    • VIA Technologies Eden (Samuel II), VIA C3, and VIA C7 processors (all 32-bit) and VIA Nano (x86-64)
      • Zhaoxin ZX-7000.
  • Microsoft's Xbox (Pentium III processor), through the Xbox Linux project
  • SGI Visual Workstation (Pentium II/III processor(s) with SGI chipset)
  • PC-98NX (models from 1997 to 2000)
  • FM Towns
  • Sun Microsystems Sun386i workstation (80386 and 80486)
  • Support for 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188 and 80286 CPUs is under development (the ELKS fork)
• MicroBlaze from Xilinx (microblaze)
• MIPS architecture (mips):
  • Dingoo
  • Infineon's Amazon & Danube Network Processors
  • Ingenic Jz4740
  • Loongson (MIPS-compatible), and models 2 and 2E, from BLX IC Design Ltd (China)
  • Some PlayStation 2 models, through the PS2 Linux project
  • PlayStation Portable uClinux 2.4.19 port
  • Broadcom wireless chipsets
  • Dreambox (HD models)
  • Cavium Octeon packet processors
• OpenRISC (openrisc)
  • OpenRISC 1000 family in the mainline Linux Kernel as of 3.1
  • Beyond Semiconductor OR1200
  • Beyond Semiconductor OR1210
• Power ISA:
  • IBM Servers
• PowerPC architecture (powerpc):
  • IBM's Cell
  • Most pre-Intel Apple computers (all PCI-based Power Macintoshes, limited support for the older NuBus Power Macs)
  • Clones of the PCI Power Mac marketed by Power Computing, UMAX and Motorola
  • Amigas upgraded with a "Power-UP" card (such as the Blizzard or CyberStorm)
  • AmigaOne motherboard from Eyetech Group Ltd (UK)
  • Samantha from Soft3 (Italy)
  • IBM RS/6000, AS/400 and pSeries systems
  • Pegasos I and II boards from Genesi
  • GameCube and Wii, through GameCube Linux
  • Project BlackDog from Realm Systems, Inc.
  • Sony PlayStation 3
  • Microsoft's Xbox 360, through the free60 project
  • V-Dragon CPU from Culturecom
  • Virtex II Pro field-programmable gate array (FPGA) from Xilinx with PowerPC cores
  • Dreambox (non-HD models)
• RISC-V (riscv)
• SPARC (sparc)
  • SPARC (32-bit):
    • LEON
  • UltraSPARC (64-bit):
    • Sun Ultra series
    • Sun Blade
    • Sun Fire
    • SPARC Enterprise systems, also the based on the UltraSPARC T1, UltraSPARC T2, UltraSPARC T3, and UltraSPARC T4 processors
• Sunway
• SuperH (sh)
  • Sega Dreamcast (SuperH SH4)
  • HP Jornada 680 through Jlime distribution (SuperH SH3)
• Synopsys DesignWare ARC cores, originally developed by ARC International (arc)
• Xtensa from Tensilica
• Transmeta Crusoe

Additional processors (particularly Freescale's 68000 and ColdFire) are supported by the MMU-less μClinux variant.

Formely supported

Dropped in 6.7

• Intel IA-64 Itanium, Itanium II (ia64)

Dropped in 5.19

• Renesas Technology H8 Family (h8300)

Dropped in 5.18

• Andes Technology NDS32 (nd32)

Dropped in 5.12

• Texas Instruments TMS320 (c6x)

Dropped in 5.9

• UniCore32 (unicore32)

Dropped in 4.17

• Analog Devices Blackfin (supported since 2.6.22) (blackfin)
• Axis Communications' ETRAX CRIS
• Fujitsu FR-V (frv)
• Imagination META
• S+core (score)
• Mitsubishi M32R (m32r)
• Panasonic Corporation MN103 (mn10300)
• Tilera

Dropped in 4.12

• Atmel AVR32 (avr32)

Dropped in 3.5

• SPARCstation/SPARCserver series (sun4m, sun4d) sun4c

Dropped in 2.6.27

• Sun SPARC Sun-4

See also

• Comparison of operating system kernels
• Comparison of operating systems
• Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset
• User-mode Linux

References

1. "Linux Kernel Driver DataBase: CONFIG_ARCH_ARC: Archimedes". cateee.net. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
2. "ARM Linux - Acorn - Overview". www.arm.linux.org.uk. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
3. "Linux on Palm Tungsten E". palmtelinux.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
4. "Csky « arch - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
5. "ELKS: The Embeddable Linux Kernel System". elks.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
6. "uClinux on the PSP". 2007-01-14. Archived from the original on 2007-01-14. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
7. Dream Multimedia DM 800 PVR technical data Archived 2008-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
8. "Dream Multimedia DM 500 + technical data". Archived from the original on 2008-05-30.
9. "Remove IA-64 architecture support". kernel.org.
10. "ChangeLog-6.7". kernel.org.
11. "[GIT PULL] asm-generic changes for 5.19 - Arnd Bergmann". kernel.org.
12. https://www.phoronix.com/news/Andes-Tech-NDS32-Removal
13. https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/ChangeLog-5.12
14. "[GIT PULL] remove unicore32 support - Mike Rapoport". kernel.org.
15. "'Linux 2.6.22-rc1' - MARC". marc.info. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
16. "Linux 4.17 Spring Cleaning To Drop Some Old CPU Architectures". www.phoronix.com. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
17. "Meta Linux Kernel Port [LWN.net]".
18. "Kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

External links

• Jae Yun Moon and Lee Sproull (November 2000). "Essence of Distributed Work: The Case of the Linux Kernel". First Monday. 5 (11).
• BlueCat – Linux Kernel Porting Guide

• Linux kernel