Islamic scientific achievements encompassed a wide range of subject areas, especially medicine, mathematics, astronomy, agriculture as well as physics, economics, engineering and optics.
Muslim scientists who have contributed significantly to science and civilization in the Islamic Golden Age (i.e. from the 8th century to the 14th century) include:
Astronomers
- Ibrahim al-Fazari (d. 777)
- Muhammad al-Fazari (d. 796 or 806)
- Al-Khwarizmi (d. 850)
- Sanad ibn Ali (d. 864)
- Al-Marwazi (d. 869)
- Al-Farghani (d. 870)
- Al-Mahani (d. 880)
- Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (d. 886)
- Dīnawarī (d. 896)
- Banū Mūsā (d. 9th century)
- Abu Sa'id Gorgani (d. 9th century)
- Ahmad Nahavandi (d. 9th century)
- Al-Nayrizi (d. 922)
- Al-Battani (d. 929)
- Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (d. 971)
- Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi (d. 986)
- Al-Saghani (d. 990)
- Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī (d. 998)
- Abu Al-Fadl Harawi (d. 10th century)
- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (d. 1000)
- Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (d. 1000)
- Al-Majriti (d. 1007)
- Ibn Yunus (d. 1009)
- Kushyar ibn Labban (d. 1029)
- Abu Nasr Mansur (d. 1036)
- Abu l-Hasan 'Ali (d. 1037)
- Ibn Sina (d. 1037)
- Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1040)
- Al-Bīrūnī (d. 1048)
- Ali ibn Ridwan (d. 1061)
- Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (d. 1087)
- Omar Khayyám (d. 1131)
- Ibn Bajjah (d. 1138)
- Ibn Tufail (d. 1185)
- Ibn Rushd (d. 1198)
- Al-Khazini (d. 12th century)
- Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji (d. 1204)
- Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (d. 1213)
- Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi (d. 1266)
- Nasir al-Din Tusi (d. 1274)
- Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (d. 1310)
- Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (d. 1311)
- Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 1346)
- Ibn al-Shatir (d. 1375)
- Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī (d. 1380)
- Jamshīd al-Kāshī (d. 1429)
- Ulugh Beg (d. 1449)
- Ali Qushji (d. 1474)
Physiologists
Further information: Psychology in the medieval Islamic world- Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation
- Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy
- Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (9th century), pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology
- Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi (850–934), pioneer of mental health, medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine
- Al-Farabi (872–950) (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies
- Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (936–1013) (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery
- Ibn al-Haytham (965–1040) (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception
- Al-Biruni (973–1050), pioneer of reaction time
- Avicenna (980–1037) (Ibn Sīnā), pioneer of neuropsychiatry, thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness
- Ibn Zuhr (1094–1162) (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology
- Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease
- Ibn Tufail (1126–1198), pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture
Chemists and alchemists
Further information: Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world- Khalid ibn Yazid (–85 AH/ 704) (Calid)
- Jafar al-Sadiq (702–765)
- Jābir ibn Hayyān (d. c. 806–816) (Geber, not to be confused with pseudo-Geber)
- Al-Khwārizmī (780–850), algebra, mathematics
- Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887) (Armen Firman)
- Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus)
- Al-Majriti (fl. 1007–1008) (950–1007)
- Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030)
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048)
- Avicenna (980–1037)
- Al-Khazini (fl. 1115–1130)
- Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201–1274)
- Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)
Economists and social scientists
Further information: History of Islamic economics See also: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of early Islam- Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699–767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
- Abu Yusuf (731–798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
- Al-Saghani (–990), one of the earliest historians of science
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048), Anthropology", Indology
- Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
- Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030), economist
- Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
- Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
- Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
- Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
- Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences such as demography, cultural history, historiography, philosophy of history, sociology and economics
- Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
Geographers and earth scientists
Further information: Arab Agricultural Revolution- Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography
- Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science
- Zakariya al-Qazwini (1204-1283), geographer, cozmographer, physicist and mathematician. He explained the formation of mountains and collected the latitude, longitude and climate of 700 cities together with their time differences in a book.
- al-Hamdani
- Ibn Al-Jazzar
- Al-Tamimi
- Al-Masihi
- Ali ibn Ridwan
- Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
- Ahmad ibn Fadlan
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, geodesy, geology and Anthropology
- Avicenna
- Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
- Averroes
- Ibn al-Nafis
- Ibn Jubayr
- Ibn Battuta
- Ibn Khaldun
- Piri Reis
- Evliya Çelebi
Mathematicians
Further information: Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world- Ali Qushji
- Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
- Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
- Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi), algebra and algorithms
- 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
- Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra
- Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
- Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
- Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
- Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
- Al-Mahani
- Ahmed ibn Yusuf
- Al-Majriti
- Al-Battani (Albatenius)
- Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
- Al-Nayrizi
- Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
- Brethren of Purity
- Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
- Al-Saghani
- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
- Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
- Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
- Ibn Sahl
- Al-Sijzi
- Ibn Yunus
- Abu Nasr Mansur
- Kushyar ibn Labban
- Al-Karaji
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
- Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
- Al-Nasawi
- Al-Jayyani
- Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
- Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
- Omar Khayyám
- Al-Khazini
- Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
- Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
- Al-Marrakushi
- Al-Samawal
- Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
- Ibn Seena (Avicenna)
- Hunayn ibn Ishaq
- Ibn al-Banna'
- Ibn al-Shatir
- Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
- Jamshīd al-Kāshī
- Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
- Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
- Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
- Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
- Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
- Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
- Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
- Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
- Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
- Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
- Ulugh Beg
- Al-Samawal al-Maghribi (1130–1180)
Philosophers
Further information: List of Muslim philosophers- Al-Kindi
- Averroes
- Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
- Al-Farabi
- Avicenna
- Ibn Arabi
- Rumi
- Jami
- Ibn Khaldun
- Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Physicists and engineers
Further information: Physics in the medieval Islamic world- Mimar Sinan (1489–1588), also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ
- Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
- Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
- Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
- Al-Saghani (d. 990)
- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
- Ibn Sahl, 10th century
- Ibn Yunus, 10th century
- Al-Karaji, 10th century
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, optics, and experimental physics
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics
- Ibn Sīnā/Seena (Avicenna), 11th century
- Al-Khazini, 12th century
- Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
- Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
- Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
- Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer
- Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
- Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
- Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
- Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
See also
- List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars
- List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world
- List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars
Notes
- Saliba, George. 1994. A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-8023-7. pp. 245, 250, 256–57.
- King, David A. (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks". Isis. 74 (4): 531–55. doi:10.1086/353360. S2CID 144315162.
- Hassan, Ahmad Y. 1996. "Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century." Pp. 351–99 in Islam and the Challenge of Modernity, edited by S. S. Al-Attas. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
- "Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise" (PDF).
- "The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world". TheGuardian.com. February 2010.
- Haque 2004, p. 375.
- Saoud 2004.
- Haque 2004, p. 361.
- Deuraseh & Abu Talib 2005.
- Haque 2004, p. 362.
- Haque 2004, p. 363.
- ^ Martin-Araguz et al. 2002.
- Khaleefa 1999.
- Iqbal 1934.
- Safavi-Abbasi, Brasiliense & Workman 2007.
- Nasr & Leaman 1996.
- Russell 1994.
- Rosenthal 1950, p. 559.
- ^ Ahmed 1984.
- Khan 2000.
- Ahmed 2002.
- ^ Mowlana 2001.
- Abdalla 2007.
- Ahmed 1999.
- ^ Akhtar 1997.
- Oweiss 1988.
- Boulakia 1971.
- "Mas'udi, al-". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006.
- Gari 2002.
- Gandz 1936.
- Nanisetti 2006.
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu'l Hasan ibn Ali al Qalasadi", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- Al Deek 2004.
- Thiele 2005.
- Rozhanskaya & Levinova 1996.
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