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Symphyotrichum genus
Some Symphyotrichum species left–right, top–bottom are shown: S. carnerosanum, S. chilense, S. adnatum, S. lateriflorum, S. concolor, S. ericoides, S. defoliatum, S. ciliatum, S. novae-angliae.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Subfamily:	Asteroideae
Tribe:	Astereae
Subtribe:	Symphyotrichinae
Genus:	Symphyotrichum Nees

Symphyotrichum is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Astereae which includes the commonly cultivated New York aster (S. novi-belgii) and New England aster (S. novae-angliae). Its species are widespread in the Americas, including as far north as subarctic North America to as far south as Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands. One species has a native range extending into eastern Eurasia.

Most of the species in the genus are perennials. The flower heads have white, pink, purple, or blue ray florets surrounding white to yellow disk florets. The disk floret corollas become pink, purple, or brown after pollination. The three species in section Conyzopsis have reduced or absent ray florets.

Symphyotrichum is the type genus of subtribe Symphyotrichinae. There are 98 species in the genus, some with varieties, and thirteen named hybrids. The genus is split into five subgenera: Chapmaniana, Astropolium, Virgulus, Ascendentes, and Symphyotrichum. Most of the species had been classified within the genus Aster until it was confirmed to be polyphyletic. The American asters now are separated into monophyletic genera based on multiple phylogenetic studies.

Conventions

• NatureServe conservation categories
  Conservation status
  GX	Presumed Extinct (0 species)
  GH	Possibly Extinct (0 species)
  G1	Critically Imperiled (3 species)
  G2	Imperiled (9 species)
  G3	Vulnerable (7 species)
  G4	Apparently Secure (21 species)
  G5	Secure (37 species)
  Other categories
  GNA	Not Applicable (8 species)
  GNR	Not Ranked (0 species)
  NL	Not listed (25 species)

Conservation status codes follow the NatureServe conservation (NS) rounded global status scheme. Hybrids have a column for parents in place of conservation status. Not listed (NL) is not a NatureServe category but is used here to represent those left out of global status rankings up to G5 (including GNA and GNR) and those not in NatureServe. Type species for each clade are in a separate table.

Classification

Classification of Symphyotrichum

Classification within Symphyotrichum

Most of the species had been classified within the genus Aster until it was confirmed to be polyphyletic – as previously defined, the genus Aster contained groups of species with different most recent ancestors. The American asters were then separated into several genera based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic studies.

Within Symphyotrichum, S. novae-angliae and S. turbinellum are monotypic within sections. S. novae-angliae is classified in the subgenus Virgulus. In 1994, it was placed in section Grandiflori, subsection Polyligulae. In 2002, it was segregated within its own section Polyliguli. The list follows the 2002 circumscription of section Polyliguli for the species. S. turbinellum is classified in the subgenus Symphyotrichum. It has been placed within its own section Turbinelli. It was previously placed in section Symphyotrichum, subsection Turbinelli. The list follows the more recent circumscription of section Turbinelli for the species.

Clades

• Symphyotrichum subg. Chapmaniana (Semple) Semple
• Symphyotrichum subg. Astropolium (Nutt.) Semple
• Symphyotrichum subg. Virgulus (Raf.) G.L.Nesom
  • sect. Ericoidei (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
  • sect. Patentes (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
    • subsect. Brachyphylli (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
    • subsect. Patentes
  • sect. Grandiflori (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
    • subsect. Mexicanae G.L.Nesom
    • subsect. Grandiflori (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
  • sect. Polyliguli (Semple & Brouillet) Semple
  • sect. Concolores (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
• Symphyotrichum subg. Ascendentes (Rydb.) Semple
• Symphyotrichum subg. Symphyotrichum
  • sect. Conyzopsis (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
  • sect. Occidentales (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom
  • sect. Turbinelli (Rydb.) Semple
  • sect. Symphyotrichum
    • subsect. Dumosi (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
    • subsect. Heterophylli (Nees) Semple
      • series Concinni (Nees) Semple
      • series Cordifolii (G.Don in Loudon) Semple
    • subsect. Porteriani (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom
    • subsect. Symphyotrichum
      • series Punicei (House) Semple
      • series Symphyotrichum

• Symphyotrichum subg. Chapmaniana S. chapmanii subg. Astropolium S. divaricatum S. glabrifolium S. graminifolium S. martii S. parviflorum S. patagonicum S. peteroanum S. potosinum S. regnellii S. subulatum S. tenuifolium S. vahlii subg. Virgulus sect. Ericoidei S. ericoides S. falcatum sect. Patentes ssect. Brachyphylli S. adnatum S. walteri ssect. Patentes S. georgianum S. patens S. phlogifolium sect. Grandiflori ssect. Mexicanae S. bimater S. chihuahuense S. hintonii S. moranense S. purpurascens S. trilineatum S. turneri ssect. Grandiflori S. campestre S. estesii S. fendleri S. fontinale S. grandiflorum S. oblongifolium S. pygmaeum S. yukonense sect. Polyliguli S. novae-angliae sect. Concolores S. concolor S. lucayanum S. plumosum S. pratense S. sericeum subg. Ascendentes                                                                                    S. ascendens S. defoliatum subg. Symphyotrichum sect. Conyzopsis S. ciliatum S. frondosum S. laurentianum sect. Occidentales S. chilense S. eatonii S. foliaceum S. greatae S. hallii S. hendersonii S. jessicae S. lentum S. molle S. spathulatum S. subspicatum sect. Turbinelli S. turbinellum sect. Symphyotrichum ssect. Dumosi S. boreale S. bullatum S. burgessii S. carnerosanum S. dumosum S. eulae S. lanceolatum S. lateriflorum S. leone S. nahanniense S. ontarionis S. praealtum S. racemosum S. schaffneri S. simmondsii S. tradescantii S. welshii ssect. Heterophylli ser. Concinni   S. laeve S. oolentangiense ser. Cordifolii   S. anomalum S. ciliolatum S. cordifolium S. drummondii S. shortii S. undulatum S. urophyllum ssect. Porteriani S. depauperatum S. kentuckiense S. parviceps S. pilosum S. porteri ssect. Symphyotrichum ser. Punicei S. elliottii S. firmum S. prenanthoides S. puniceum S. rhiannon ser. Symphyotrichum S. anticostense S. novi-belgii S. retroflexum S. robynsianum

  Cladogram references ^ Nesom, G.L. (September 1994). "Review of the Taxonomy of Aster sensu lato (Asteraceae: Astereae), Emphasizing the New World Species". Phytologia. 77 (3) (published 31 January 1995): 141–297. ISSN 0031-9430. Retrieved 23 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. ^ Semple, J.C.; Heard, S.B.; Brouillet, L. (2002). "Cultivated and Native Asters of Ontario (Compositae: Astereae)". University of Waterloo Biology Series. 41. Ontario: University of Waterloo: 1–134. Sugbenus Ascendentes is made up of two allopolyploid species with historic parents from subg. Virgulus and subg. Symphyotrichum.

Species list

Subgenus Chapmaniana

Subgenus Chapmaniana (Semple) Semple – one species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s)	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. chapmanii	(Torr. & A.Gray) Semple & Brouillet	Aster chapmanii	1841	Savanna aster	G2	Wetlands, bogs, acid swamps 0–30 m (0–100 ft)

Subgenus Astropolium

Subgenus Astropolium (Nutt.) Semple – twelve species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s) and varieties	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. divaricatum	(Nutt.) G.L.Nesom	Tripolium divaricatum	1840	Southern annual saltmarsh aster	G5	Marshy habitats, roadsides, lawns, and waste places 0–1,500 m (0–4,921 ft)
S. glabrifolium	(DC.) G.L.Nesom	Erigeron glabrifolius	1836		NL	Wet meadows and stream edges 1,500–2,400 m (4,920–7,870 ft)
S. graminifolium	(Spreng.) G.L.Nesom	Conyza graminifolia	1826		NL	Humid places
S. martii	(Baker) G.L.Nesom	Aster martii	1882		NL	Cerrado savanna, grasslands
S. parviflorum	(Nees) G.L.Nesom	Aster parviflorus	1818	Southwestern annual saltmarsh aster	NL	Marshy habitats and roadsides 0–1,100 m (0–3,609 ft)
S. patagonicum	(Cabrera) G.L.Nesom	Aster patagonicus	1971		NL	Mallines and lagoon edges 500–2,500 m (1,640–8,200 ft)
S. peteroanum	(Phil.) G.L.Nesom	Aster peteroanus	1894		NL	Humid montane ecosystems 1,000–2,200 m (3,280–7,220 ft)
S. potosinum	(A.Gray) G.L.Nesom	Aster potosinus	1880	Santa Rita Mountain aster	G2	Muddy and wet soils on stream banks 1,500–1,900 m (4,920–6,230 ft)
S. regnellii	(Baker) G.L.Nesom	Aster regnellii	1882		NL	Swamps or damp savanna soils
S. subulatum	(Michx.) G.L.Nesom	Aster subulatus	1803	Annual saltmarsh aster Eastern annual saltmarsh aster Three varieties S. s. var. subulatum S. s. var. elongatum (Bahaman aster) S. s. var. squamatum (southeastern annual saltmarsh aster)	G5	Brackish marshes, salt marshes, roadsides 0–4,000 m (0–13,120 ft)
S. tenuifolium	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster tenuifolius	1753	Perennial saltmarsh aster Two varieties S. t. var. tenuifolium S. t. var. aphyllum (Brace’s aster)	G5	Coastal salt marshes, brackish marshes, low pine woods 0–10 m (0–30 ft)
S. vahlii	(Gaudich.) G.L.Nesom	Erigeron vahlii	1825	Margarita Marsh daisy Two varieties S. v. var. vahlii S. v. var. tenuifolium	NL	Grassland, heathland, peaty soil, sandy soil 20–1,200 m (70–3,940 ft)

Subgenus Virgulus

Subgenus Virgulus (Raf.) G.L.Nesom

Section Ericoidei

Section Ericoidei (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – two species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s) and varieties	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. ericoides	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster ericoides	1753	White heath aster Two varieties S. e. var. ericoides S. e. var. pansum	G5	Open locations with sandy, gravelly, or disturbed soil 30–2,400 m (100–7,870 ft)
S. falcatum	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster falcatus	1834	Western heath aster White prairie aster Two varieties S. f. var. falcatum S. f. var. commutatum	G5	Well-drained soils, stream banks and slopes, and others 200–2,500 m (660–8,200 ft)

Section Patentes

Section Patentes (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom

Subsection Brachyphylli

Subsection Brachyphylli (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – two species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s)	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. adnatum	(Nutt.) G.L.Nesom	Aster adnatus	1834	Scaleleaf aster	G4	Sandy soils, scrub, woods 0–100 m (0–330 ft)
S. walteri	(Alexander) G.L.Nesom	Aster walteri	1933	Walter's aster	G4	Sandy and clay soils, woods edges, open areas 0–100 m (0–330 ft)

Subsection Patentes

Subsection Patentes – three species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s) and varieties	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. georgianum	(Alexander) G.L.Nesom	Aster georgianus	1933	Georgia aster	G3	Sandy or clay soil, woodlands, mostly Piedmont 0–300 m (0–980 ft)
S. patens	(Aiton) G.L.Nesom	Aster patens	1789	Late purple aster Spreading aster Three varieties S. p. var. patens S. p. var. gracile S. p. var. patentissimum	G5	Dry woodlands, sandy or clay soils, fields 0–1,000 m (0–3,280 ft)
S. phlogifolium	(Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L.Nesom	Aster phlogifolius	1803	Thinleaf late purple aster	G5	Various soils, rich mesic hardwood forests 0–1,100 m (0–3,610 ft)

Section Grandiflori

Section Grandiflori (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom

Subsection Mexicanae

Subsection Mexicanae G.L.Nesom – seven species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s)	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. bimater	(Standl. & Steyerm.) G.L.Nesom	Aster bimater	1944		NL	Pine-oak woods, ravines, slopes, grassy openings 1,000–2,150 m (3,280–7,050 ft)
S. chihuahuense	G.L.Nesom		2018		NL	Grassland, oak-pine woods 1,800–2,500 m (5,910–8,200 ft)
S. hintonii	(G.L.Nesom) G.L.Nesom	Aster hintonii	1989		NL	Oak and oak-pine woods 1,400–2,200 m (4,590–7,220 ft)
S. moranense	(Kunth) G.L.Nesom	Aster moranensis	1818		NL	Grassland, woodlands 1,000–2,750 m (3,280–9,020 ft)
S. purpurascens	(Sch.Bip.) G.L.Nesom	Aster purpurascens	1854		NL	Open woods 1,500–2,850 m (4,920–9,350 ft)
S. trilineatum	(Sch.Bip. ex Klatt) G.L.Nesom	Aster trilineatus	1884		NL	Mountains (sierra) 975–2,840 m (3,200–9,320 ft)
S. turneri	(S.D.Sundb. & A.G.Jones) G.L.Nesom	Aster moranensis var. turneri	1986		NL	Woods, along waterways, and in wet pastures 2,050–2,750 m (6,730–9,020 ft)

Subsection Grandiflori

Subsection Grandiflori (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – eight species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s)	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. campestre	(Nutt.) G.L.Nesom	Aster campestris	1840	Western meadow aster	G5	Dry habitats, rocky and sandy soils near ponds and streams 1,500–2,500 m (4,920–8,200 ft)
S. estesii	Semple		2019	May Prairie aster Estes's aster	G1	Hydroxeric soils in open, sunny, flat prairies Approx. 330 m (1,070 ft)	May Prairie State Natural Area Coffee County, Tennessee (US)
S. fendleri	(A.Gray) G.L.Nesom	Aster fendleri	1849	Fendler's aster	G4	Open, sandy, silty, shaly, often rocky soils and similar 600–2,000 m (1,970–6,560 ft)
S. fontinale	(Alexander) G.L.Nesom	Aster fontinalis	1933	Florida water aster	G3	Marshes, sandhills, hammocks, flood plains, streams 0–50 m (0–160 ft)
S. grandiflorum	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster grandiflorus	1753	Large-flowered aster	G4	Sandy soils and hills, thickets, roadsides 0–200 m (0–660 ft) and higher
S. oblongifolium	(Nutt.) G.L.Nesom	Aster oblongifolius	1818	Aromatic aster Oblong-leaved aster	G5	Open and dry, rocky or sandy soils 100–1,500 m (330–4,920 ft)
S. pygmaeum	(Lindl.) Brouillet & Selliah	Aster pygmaeus	1834	Pygmy aster	G4	Sandy or silty wet areas, gravelly tundra, tundra slopes 0–200 m (0–660 ft)
S. yukonense	(Cronquist) G.L.Nesom	Aster yukonensis	1945	Yukon aster	G3	Mud flats, rocky or silty lakeshores 300–1,500 m (980–4,920 ft)

Section Polyliguli

Section Polyliguli (Semple & Brouillet) Semple – one species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s)	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. novae-angliae	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster novae-angliae	1753	New England aster	G5	Open, typically moist habitats 0–1,600 m (0–5,250 ft)

Section Concolores

Section Concolores (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – five species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s) and varieties	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. concolor	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster concolor	1753	Eastern silver aster Two varieties S. c. var. concolor S. c. var. devestitum	G5	Scrub, flatwoods, fields, roadsides 0–600 m (0–1,970 ft)
S. lucayanum	(Britton) G.L.Nesom	Aster lucayanus	1906	Pineland aster	NL	Pine woodlands and wetland edges 0–12 m (0–40 ft)	Endemic to the island of Grand Bahama
S. plumosum	(Small) Semple	Aster plumosus	1924		G2	Deep, sandy soils, pine flatwoods, pine-scrub oak woods 0–40 m (0–130 ft)
S. pratense	(Raf.) G.L.Nesom	Aster pratensis	1817	Barrens silky aster	G4	Prairies and fields, woodland and scrub, roadsides 0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)
S. sericeum	(Vent.) G.L.Nesom	Aster sericeus	1800	Western silvery aster	G5	Many open habitats 100–500 m (330–1,640 ft)

Subgenus Virgulus named hybrids

Subgenus Virgulus named hybrids – three

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s)	Parents	Habitat	Distribution
S. × amethystinum	(Nutt.) G.L.Nesom	Aster amethystinus	1840	Amethyst aster	S. ericoides × S. novae-angliae	Prairies or fields, disturbed ground, near parent plants 200–400 m (660–1,310 ft)
S. × batesii	(Rydb.) G.L.Nesom	Aster batesii	1931		S. ericoides × S. oblongifolium
S. × columbianum	(Piper) G.L.Nesom	Aster columbianus	1913		S. campestre × S. ericoides

Subgenus Ascendentes

This subgenus contains two allopolyploid species derived from the historic hybridization of plants from the subgenera Symphyotrichum and Virgulus.

Subgenus Ascendentes (Rydb.) Semple – two species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s)	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. ascendens	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster ascendens	1834	Long-leaved aster Intermountain aster Western aster	G5	Grasslands, sagebrush steppe, meadows 500–3,200 m (1,640–10,500 ft)
S. defoliatum	(Parish) G.L.Nesom	Aster defoliatus	1904	San Bernardino aster	G2	Seeps, marshes, swamps, meadows, montane forests, coastal scrubs 0–2,050 m (0–6,730 ft)

Subgenus Symphyotrichum

Section Conyzopsis

The three species in section Conyzopsis have reduced or absent ray florets.

Section Conyzopsis (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – three species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s)	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. ciliatum	(Ledeb.) G.L.Nesom	Erigeron ciliatus	1829	Rayless annual aster Rayless alkali aster	G5	Moist prairies, steppes, salty areas (natural or manmade) 0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft)
S. frondosum	(Nutt.) G.L.Nesom	Tripolium frondosum	1840	Short-rayed alkali aster	G4	Wet meadows, marshes, saline conditions 10–2,200 m (30–7,220 ft)
S. laurentianum	(Fernald) G.L.Nesom	Aster laurentianus	1914	Gulf of St. Lawrence aster	G1	Brackish or salty marshes, shores, and dunes Sea level (0 m (0 ft))

Section Occidentales

Section Occidentales (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom – eleven species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s) and varieties	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. chilense	(Nees) G.L.Nesom	Aster chilensis	1832	Pacific aster Common California aster	G5	Coastal salt marshes, dunes and banks, grasslands, coniferous forests 0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)
S. eatonii	(A.Gray) G.L.Nesom	Aster foliaceus var. eatonii	1884	Eaton's aster	G5	Sunny wetlands 500–3,100 m (1,640–10,170 ft)
S. foliaceum	(Lindl. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom	Aster foliaceus	1836	Alpine leafybract aster Leafy aster Leafy-bracted aster Five varieties S. f. var. foliaceum S. f. var. apricum S. f. var. canbyi S. f. var. cusickii (Cusick's aster) S. f. var. parryi	G5	Meadows, open areas in woods, slopes, grasslands 1,000–3,600 m (3,280–11,810 ft)
S. greatae	(Parish) G.L.Nesom	Aster greatae	1902	Greata's aster	G2	Damp places in canyons of the south slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains of California 300–2,000 m (980–6,560 ft)
S. hallii	(A.Gray) G.L.Nesom	Aster hallii	1872	Hall's aster	G4	Grasslands and meadows with summer dryness 0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)
S. hendersonii	(Fernald) G.L.Nesom	Aster hendersonii	1895	Henderson's aster	G4	Meadows, forest openings, banks 1,000–1,500 m (3,280–4,920 ft) and higher
S. jessicae	(Piper) G.L.Nesom	Aster jessicae	1898	Jessica's aster	G2	Dry grasslands, meadows, banks, woodland openings 500–1,200 m (1,640–3,940 ft)
S. lentum	(Greene) G.L.Nesom	Aster lentus	1894	Suisun marsh aster	G2	Freshwater marshes and swamps 0–300 m (0–980 ft)
S. molle	(Rydb.) G.L.Nesom	Aster mollis	1901	Soft aster	G3	Dry montane meadows 2,000–3,000 m (6,560–9,840 ft)
S. spathulatum	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster spathulatus	1834	Western mountain aster Three varieties S. s. var. spathulatum S. s. var. intermedium S. s. var. yosemitanum (western bog aster)	G5	Montane meadows, open woodlands 100–2,900 m (330–9,510 ft)
S. subspicatum	(Nees) G.L.Nesom	Aster subspicatus	1832	Douglas's aster	G5	Disturbed and weedy open areas, marshes, thickets 0–1,000 m (0–3,280 ft)

Section Turbinelli

Section Turbinelli (Rydb.) Semple – one species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s)	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. turbinellum	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster turbinellus	1835	Prairie aster	G4	Generally dry, acidic soils 60–900 m (200–2,950 ft)

Section Symphyotrichum

Subsection Dumosi

Subsection Dumosi (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – seventeen species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s) and varieties	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. boreale	(Torr. & A.Gray) Á.Löve & D.Löve	Aster laxifolius var. borealis	1841	Rush aster Slender white aster Northern bog aster	G5	Calcareous areas, wetland areas 0–1,500 m (0–4,920 ft)
S. bullatum	(Klatt) G.L.Nesom	Aster bullatus	1894		NL	Wet ledges 37–1,750 m (120–5,740 ft)
S. burgessii	(Britton) G.L.Nesom	Aster burgessii	1914		NL	Rocky river banks
S. carnerosanum	(S.Watson) G.L.Nesom	Aster carnerosanus	1891		NL	495–2,850 m (1,620–9,350 ft)
S. dumosum	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster dumosus	1753	Bushy aster	G5	Wetlands, muddy or mucky areas, sand, woods 0–700 m (0–2,300 ft)
S. eulae	(Shinners) G.L.Nesom	Aster eulae	1950	Eula's aster	G4	Part shade, soils with clay or silt, bottom areas or stream banks 0–100 m (0–330 ft)	Endemic to Texas
S. lanceolatum	(Willd.) G.L.Nesom	Aster lanceolatus	1803	Lance-leaved aster Panicled aster White panicled aster Five varieties S. l. var. lanceolatum S. l. var. hesperium S. l. var. hirsuticaule S. l. var. interior S. l. var. latifolium	G5	Stream banks, thickets, borders, ditches, meadows, mucky soils (depending on variety) 10–2,700 m (30–8,860 ft)
S. lateriflorum	(L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve	Solidago lateriflora	1753	Calico aster White woodland aster Side-flowering aster	G5	Mostly shade, dry to humid soils, woodland edges 0–400 m (0–1,310 ft)
S. leone	(Britton) G.L.Nesom	Aster leonis	1920		NL	Marshes
S. nahanniense	(Cody) Semple	Aster nahanniensis	1974	Nahanni aster	G3	Stream banks near hot mineral springs About 1,000 m (3,280 ft)	Nahanni National Park Reserve Northwest Territories (Canada)
S. ontarionis	(Wiegand) G.L.Nesom	Aster ontarionis	1928	Ontario aster Bottomland aster Two varieties S. o. var. ontarionis S. o. var. glabratum	G5	Moist soils or shores, other wetlands, field edges 10–300 m (30–980 ft)
S. praealtum	(Poir.) G.L.Nesom	Aster praealtus	1811	Willowleaf aster Willow aster	G5	Usually moist and wet areas 0–400 m (0–1,310 ft)
S. racemosum	(Elliott) G.L.Nesom	Aster racemosus	1823	Small white aster Smooth white oldfield aster	G4	Moist to wet, often brackish, soils 0–200 m (0–660 ft)
S. schaffneri	(S.D.Sundb. & A.G.Jones) G.L.Nesom	Aster schaffneri	1986		NL	Disturbed oak forests, secondary vegetation areas, mountain mesophilic forests, rich black or brown soils 120–2,500 m (390–8,200 ft)
S. simmondsii	(Small) G.L.Nesom	Aster simmondsii	1913	Simmonds' aster	G4	Moist to dry soils 0–50 m (0–160 ft)
S. tradescantii	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster tradescantii	1753	Tradescant's aster Shore aster	G4	Shores, streams, freshwater estuaries 0–200 m (0–660 ft)
S. welshii	(Cronquist) G.L.Nesom	Aster welshii	1994	Welsh's aster	G2	Wet soils in dry areas 1,300–2,300 m (4,270–7,550 ft)

Subsection Heterophylli

Subsection Heterophylli (Nees) Semple

Series Concinni

Series Concinni (Nees) Semple – two species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s) and varieties	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. laeve	(L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve	Aster laevis	1753	Smooth aster Four varieties S. l. var. laeve S. l. var. concinnum S. l. var. geyeri (Geyer’s aster) S. l. var. purpuratum	G5	Open and dry habitats 0–2,400 m (0–7,870 ft)
S. oolentangiense	(Riddell) G.L.Nesom	Aster oolentangiensis	1835	Azure aster Skyblue aster	G5	Dry or dry to wet habitats 50–500 m (160–1,640 ft)

Series Cordifolii

Series Cordifolii (G.Don in Loudon) Semple – seven species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s) and varieties	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. anomalum	(Engelm.) G.L.Nesom	Aster anomalus	1843	Manyray aster	G4	Dry soils over limestone, acid soils 50–500 m (160–1,640 ft)
S. ciliolatum	(Lindl.) Á.Löve & D.Löve	Aster ciliolatus	1836	Lindley's aster Fringed blue aster	G5	Rich, open deciduous forests, trails, stream banks 0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft)
S. cordifolium	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster cordifolius	1753	Heartleaf aster Common blue wood aster	G5	Mostly rich, moist soils and woods 0–1,200 m (0–3,940 ft)
S. drummondii	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster drummondii	1835	Drummond's aster Two varieties S. d. var. drummondii S. d. var. texanum (Texas aster)	G5	Old fields, woodlands, savannas depending on variety 0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)
S. shortii	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster shortii	1834	Short's aster	G5	Thin rocky soils of woodlands and thickets often around limestone bluffs 100–500 m (330–1,640 ft)
S. undulatum	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster undulatus	1753	Wavyleaf aster	G5	Dry or well-drained loamy or rocky soils 200–1,500 m (660–4,920 ft)
S. urophyllum	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster urophyllus	1836	White arrowleaf aster Arrowleaf aster	G4	Open, dry to mesic habitats 40–300 m (130–980 ft) and higher

Subsection Porteriani

Subsection Porteriani (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom – five species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s) and varieties	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. depauperatum	(Fernald) G.L.Nesom	Aster depauperatus	1908	Serpentine aster Starved aster	G2	Serpentine or diabasic soils 400–1,000 m (1,310–3,280 ft)
S. kentuckiense	(Britton) Medley	Aster kentuckiensis	1901	Price's aster Kentucky aster	G4	Limestone cedar glades and limestone roadsides
S. parviceps	(E.S.Burgess) G.L.Nesom	Aster ericoides var. parviceps	1898	Smallhead aster Small white aster	G4	Dry, sandy, or loamy soils; barrens, fields, roadsides, old cemeteries 200–400 m (660–1,310 ft)
S. pilosum	(Willd.) G.L.Nesom	Aster pilosus	1803	Hairy aster Frost aster Hairy white oldfield aster Two varieties S. p. var. pilosum S. p. var. pringlei (Pringle's aster)	G5	Various and many, depending on variety 0–1,100 m (0–3,610 ft)
S. porteri	(A.Gray) G.L.Nesom	Aster porteri	1881	Porter's aster Smooth white aster	G3	Rocky Mountain foothills 1,800–2,900 m (5,910–9,510 ft)

Subsection Symphyotrichum

Series Punicei

Series Punicei (House) Semple – five species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s) and varieties	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. elliottii	(Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom	Aster elliottii	1841	Elliott's aster	G4	Swamps, bogs, marshes, brackish marshes 0–50 m (0–160 ft)
S. firmum	(Nees) G.L.Nesom	Aster firmus	1818	Glossy-leaved aster	G5	Wet soils, fens, marshes 100–400 m (330–1,310 ft)
S. prenanthoides	(Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L.Nesom	Aster prenanthoides	1803	Crookedstem aster	G4	Mostly wetlands such as swamps and seeps 100–1,500 m (330–4,920 ft)
S. puniceum	(L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve	Aster puniceus	1753	Purplestem aster Red-stemmed aster Swamp aster Two varieties S. p. var. puniceum S. p. var. scabricaule (roughstem aster)	G5	Wetlands 0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft)
S. rhiannon	Weakley & Govus		2004	Rhiannon's aster Buck Creek aster	G1	Serpentine barrens 900–1,300 m (2,950–4,270 ft)	Buck Creek Serpentine Barrens, Clay County, North Carolina (US)

Series Symphyotrichum

Series Symphyotrichum – four species

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s) and varieties	NS	Habitat	Distribution
S. anticostense	(Fernald) G.L.Nesom	Aster anticostensis	1915	Anticosti aster	G3	Calcareous river shores, limestone lake shores 0–100 m (0–330 ft)
S. novi-belgii	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster novi-belgii	1753	New York aster Four varieties S. n. var. novi-belgii S. n. var. crenifolium S. n. var. elodes S. n. var. villicaule	G5	Mostly sea or stream shores, thickets, dunes, barrens (depending on variety) 0–800 m (0–2,620 ft)
S. retroflexum	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster retroflexus	1836	Rigid whitetop aster	G4	Moist or dry wooded areas, moist meadows 400–1,500 m (1,310–4,920 ft)
S. robynsianum	(J.Rousseau) Brouillet & Labrecque	Aster robynsianus	1957	Robyn's aster	G5	Moist, open, sandy, gravelly, or rocky habitats 10–400 m (30–1,310 ft)

Subgenus Symphyotrichum named hybrids

Subgenus Symphyotrichum named hybrids – ten

Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s)	Parents	Habitat	Distribution
S. × finkii	(Rydb.) G.L.Nesom	Aster finkii	1931		S. cordifolium × S. shortii	Wooded bluffs and fencerows
S. × gravesii	(E.S.Burgess) G.L.Nesom	Aster gravesii	1901	Graves' aster	S. dumosum × S. laeve	Dry woods
S. × longulum	(E.Sheld.) G.L.Nesom	Aster longulus	1894		S. boreale × S. puniceum	Swampy and marshy areas
S. × priceae	(Britton) G.L.Nesom	Aster priceae	1901		S. kentuckiense × S. pilosum		Kentucky
S. × salignum	(Willd.) G.L.Nesom	Aster salignus	1803		S. lanceolatum var. lanceolatum × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii
S. × schistosum	(E.S.Steele) G.L.Nesom	Aster schistosus	1911		S. cordifolium × S. laeve	Shale gravel, dry hills
S. × subgeminatum	(Fernald) G.L.Nesom	Aster foliaceus var. subgeminatus	1915		S. ciliolatum × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii	"Damp bushy ravine in the limestone tableland" 200–300 m (660–980 ft)
S. × tardiflorum	(L.) Greuter, M.V.Agab. & Wagenitz	Aster tardiflorus	1763		S. cordifolium × S. puniceum	Along streams
S. × versicolor	(Willd.) G.L.Nesom	Aster versicolor	1803	Late Michaelmas daisy	S. laeve var. laeve × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii
S. × woldenii	(Rydb.) G.L.Nesom	Aster woldenii	1931		S. laeve × S. praealtum

Notes

1. Hybrids do not have their own articles.
2. Elevation in the May Prairie State Natural Area
3. Elevation on the island of Grand Bahama
4. In FNA as Symphyotrichum cusickii
5. This is a county map of east central Texas showing the range of S. eulae as described by Lloyd Herbert Shinners. Darker green shaded counties were in Shinners' 1950 protologue of Aster eulae. Lighter green shaded counties are within the area covered by Shinners' description. Darker green counties are, alphabetically, as follows: Bexar, Calhoun, Cooke, Dallas, Denton, Hill, Hunt, Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall, Tarrant, Wise, and Wood. The following counties are shaded lighter green because they are within Shinners' range but are not specifically named by him: Anderson, Austin, Bastrop, Bell, Bosque, Brazos, Burleson, Caldwell, Collin, Colorado, Comal, Coryell, DeWitt, Ellis, Falls, Fayette, Freestone, Goliad, Gonzales, Guadalupe, Hays, Henderson, Hood, Jack, Johnson, Karnes, Lavaca, Lee, Leon, Limestone, Madison, McLennan, Milam, Parker, Rains, Robertson, Smith, Somervell, Travis, Van Zandt, Victoria, Waller, and Washington. Williamson, and Wilson. Only McLennan County is green on the S. eulae page in the USDA PLANTS database.
6. The locations are from the USDA PLANTS Database with added county information from two sources. Iowa — Fayette; West Virginia — no county information; Wisconsin — Eau Claire, Grant, and Waupaca.
7. There is also an extensive presence of Symphyotrichum × salignum in Europe and western Asia in the following countries: Assam, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Krym, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Yugoslavia.

Citations

1. ^ Morgan & Holland (2012a).
2. ^ Nesom (2018a), p. 1.
3. Brouillet et al. (2009), p. 610.
4. Nesom (1994a), p. 212.
5. Löve (1982), pp. 358–359.
6. Nesom (1994b).
7. ^ Nesom (1994b), p. 273.
8. ^ Semple, Heard & Brouillet (2002a), p. 133.
9. ^ Nesom (1994b), p. 269.
10. ^ Nesom (1994b), p. 272.
11. ^ Nesom (1994b), p. 274.
12. ^ Nesom (1994b), p. 275.
13. ^ Nesom (1994b), p. 267.
14. ^ Nesom (1994b), p. 271.
15. ^ Nesom (1994b), p. 268.
16. ^ Nesom (1994b), p. 270.
17. ^ POWO (2021), search for species name.
18. ^ IPNI (2021), search for species name.
19. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), search for species name.
20. ^ NatureServe (2022), search for species name.
21. USDA (2014c).
22. ^ USDA (2014q).
23. Hassler (2021), Symphyotrichum subulatum var. ligulatum.
24. ^ Sancho & Ariza Espinar (2003), p. 10 as Aster glabrifolius.
25. Sancho & Ariza Espinar (2003), pp. 9–10 as Aster cabrerae.
26. ^ Heiden (2020).
27. USDA (2014q), Symphyotrichum expansum.
28. Brouillet et al. (2006), search for Symphyotrichum subulatum var. parviflorum.
29. Hassler (2021), Symphyotrichum parviflorum.
30. ^ Sancho & Ariza Espinar (2003), pp. 10–11 as Aster patagonicus.
31. ^ Sancho & Ariza Espinar (2003), p. 11 as Aster peteroanus.
32. Hassler (2021), Symphyotrichum potosinum.
33. ^ Sancho & Ariza Espinar (2003), p. 11 as Aster regnellii.
34. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum subulatum varieties except ligulatum and parviflorum.
35. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum tenuifolium varieties.
36. Hind & Strange (2019), p. 390.
37. Hind & Strange (2019), pp. 387–390.
38. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), search for species name and varieties.
39. Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides.
40. Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum falcatum var. commutatum.
41. USDA (2014a).
42. ^ Nesom (2018b), p. 6.
43. ^ Nesom (2018b), p. 5.
44. ^ Nesom (2018b), p. 3.
45. ^ Nesom (2018b), p. 2.
46. Nesom (2018b), pp. 4–5.
47. Nesom (1989).
48. ^ GBIF.org (2021b).
49. ^ Semple (2019a), p. 1.
50. ^ Semple (2019b).
51. Semple (2019a), pp. 1, 7, 9.
52. GBIF.org (2021c).
53. SERNEC (2021).
54. Semple (2019c).
55. Semple (2014a).
56. Semple (2014b).
57. ^ Leon Levy Native Plant Preserve (n.d.).
58. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum × amethystinum.
59. USDA (2014b).
60. USDA (2014h).
61. USDA (2014n).
62. Semple (n.d.).
63. CNPS (2021a).
64. ^ Allen (2012), Symphyotrichum defoliatum.
65. Brouillet et al. (2006).
66. Allen (2012), Symphyotrichum chilense.
67. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum cusickii.
68. ^ Allen (2012), Symphyotrichum greatae.
69. USDA (2014d).
70. USDA (2014o).
71. ^ CNPS (2021b).
72. Allen (2012), Symphyotrichum lentum.
73. Montana Natural Heritage Program (n.d.).
74. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum spathulatum varieties.
75. Fernald (1900), as Aster jalapensis.
76. GBIF.org (2021a).
77. Britton (1914), pp. 14–15.
78. GBIF.org (2021e).
79. GBIF.org (2021d).
80. ^ Shinners (1950), p. 36,37,38.
81. ^ USDA (2014r).
82. Shinners (1950), p. 36: "Common in north central Texas, from Hopkins and Wood west to Cooke and Wise counties; extending south to Bexar and Calhoun counties".
83. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum lanceolatum varieties.
84. Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. hesperium.
85. Britton (1920), p. 114.
86. Parks Canada (2021).
87. TORCH (2022).
88. GBIF.org (2022a).
89. POWO (2024), search for species name.
90. Semple (2021a).
91. Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum laeve varieties.
92. Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri.
93. Brouillet et al. (2020).
94. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum drummondii varieties.
95. Wilhelm & Rericha (2017), p. 1098.
96. Gustafson & Latham (2005), p. 1447.
97. POWO (2022a).
98. Medley (2021).
99. Britton (1901).
100. NatureServe (2022a).
101. ^ Semple (2021c).
102. Gianopulos (2014).
103. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum pilosum varieties.
104. USDA (2014e).
105. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum puniceum varieties.
106. Kauffman et al. (2004).
107. USDA (2014f).
108. USDA (2014p).
109. Semple (2021b).
110. ^ USDA (2014g).
111. ^ Shinners (1941), p. 407.
112. Rydberg (1931), p. 102.
113. ^ Britton (1901), pp. 961–962.
114. USDA (2014i).
115. USDA (2014j).
116. Sheldon (1894).
117. ^ POWO (2022b).
118. Verloove (2014a).
119. USDA (2014k).
120. Steele (1911), p. 373.
121. Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum ciliolatum.
122. Fernald (1915), p. 16.
123. USDA (2014l).
124. Gray (1884), p. 194.
125. GRIN (n.d.).
126. Verloove (2014b).
127. USDA (2014m).

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