The term ace (now commonly flying ace) was first used by French newspapers during World War I, describing Adolphe Pégoud as l'as ('the ace'), after he downed five German aircraft. When aircraft began to shoot or force down other aircraft, systems to count "air victories" were subsequently developed. The American qualification of five victories eventually became the standard, even though other air services had previously used differing figures.
While "ace" status was most often won by fighter pilots, bomber and reconnaissance crews, and observers in two-seater aircraft such as the Bristol F.2b ("Bristol Fighter"), also destroyed enemy aircraft. If a two-seater aircraft destroyed an aircraft, both crew members were credited with a victory. Because pilots usually teamed with differing observer/gunners in two-seater aircraft, an observer might be an ace when his pilot was not, and vice versa. The few aces among combat aviators have historically accounted for the majority of air-to-air victories in military history.
Loss of records by mischance and the passage of time complicates reconstructing the actual count for given aces. The scores presented in the list cannot be definitive, but are based on itemized lists that are the best available sources of information. Aces are listed after verifying the date and location of combat, and the foe vanquished, for every victory accredited by an aviator's home air service using their own aerial victory standards. Those victories for which the evidence is unavailable or fragmentary have been excluded from the victory count.
List of World War I aces by victory count:
Aces
This list is complete. Notable aces are linked to their biographies.
This along with the symbolic sword †, indicates that the pilot was known to be either killed in action, missing in action, died of wounds, or killed in a flying accident during World War I.
| Name | Country | Air service(s) | Victories |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ivan Agabeg |  United Kingdom
|
Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Percival Appleby |  Canada
|
Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Karl Arnold |  German Empire
|
Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| John Aspinall | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Hilbert Bair |  United States
|
Royal Air Force, United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| Robert Barbour | United Kingdom | Royal Air Force | 6 |
| John Barlow | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 6 |
| Johann Baur | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| James Beane | United States | Aéronautique Militaire, United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| Frank Bell | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Eric Betts | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Clayton Bissell | United States | United States Army Air Service, United States Army Air Corps, United States Army Air Forces, United States Air Force | 6 |
| Charles Arthur Bissonette | United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Aldo Bocchese |  Italy
|
Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 6 |
| Paul Bona | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Nicholson Boulton | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Percy Boulton | United Kingdom | Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Clifford Bowman | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Moritz-Waldemar Bretschneider-Bodemer | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Arthur Britton | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Eric Brookes | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Arthur Raymond Brooks | United States | United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| Albin Bühl | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Harry von Buelow-Bothkamp | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte, Luftwaffe | 6 |
| Leslie William Burbidge | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| August Burkard | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| James Bush | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 6 |
| Alessandro Buzio | Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 6 |
| William Cairnes | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| William Cambray | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Douglas Campbell | United States | United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| John Candy | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Douglas Carbery | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Charles Catto | United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Albert Chabrier | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Robert Chalmers |  Union of South Africa
|
Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Thomas Chiltern | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Antonio Chiri | Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 6 |
| Henry Gordon Clappison | Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Edward Clarke | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Harris George Clements | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| John Henry Colbert | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Reginald Conder | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Gerald Kempster Cooper | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Maurice Cooper | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Norman Cooper alias Ernest S. Tooker | United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Irving Corey | Canada | Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Bartolomeo Costantini | Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 6 |
| Louis Coudouret | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Jules Covin | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Earl Frederick Crabb | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, United States Army Air Corps | 6 |
| Thomas Culling |  New Zealand
|
Royal Flying Corps | 6 |
| William Curphey | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 6 |
| Edward Peck Curtis | United States | United States Army Air Service, United States Army Air Force | 6 |
| John Daley | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Charles Dance | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Edward Darby | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Horace Balfour Davey | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Charles Davidson | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Horace Debenham | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| François de Boigne | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Joseph De Bonnefoy | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Karl Deilman | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Lionel de Marmier | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Alexander De Seversky |  Russian Empire
|
Imperial Army Air Service | 6 |
| Andreas Dombrowski |  Austria-Hungary
|
Luftfahrtruppen | 6 |
| John Elmer Drummond | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Adolphe DuBois d'Aische |  Kingdom of Belgium
|
Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| André Dubonnet | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Pierre Dufaur de Gavardie | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Denis Edwin Edgley | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Karl Engelfried | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Cyril Askew Eyre | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service | 6 |
| Robert Farquhar | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| William Spurrett Fielding-Johnson | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| John Pierce Findlay | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Alfred Fleischer | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Guglielmo Fornagiari | Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 6 |
| Herbert Fowler | Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Gustav Frädrich | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Johann Frint | Austria-Hungary | Luftfahrtruppen | 6 |
| Daniel Galbraith | Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force | 6 |
| George Gardiner | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Mieczyslaw Garsztka | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Paul Gastin | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Rupert Gifford | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Friedrich Gille | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Hermann Gilly | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Maurice Gond | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| George H. D. Gossip |  Australia
|
Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Herbert Gould | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| James Green | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 6 |
| Duncan Grinnell-Milne | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Murray Guthrie | United States | United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| Heinrich Haase | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Erich Hahn | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Alfred Haines | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| David S. Hall | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 6 |
| Stanley Hamblin | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Leslie Hamilton | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Leonard Hammond | United States | United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| Frank Hays | United States | United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| Geoffrey Hemming | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Marcel Henriot | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Albert Hets | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Richard Alexander Hewat | United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Cyril Heywood | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Robert Hildebrandt | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Walter G. R. Hinchliffe | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Otto Höhne | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte, Luftwaffe | 6 |
| Philip Holligan | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Donald Hudson | United States | United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| Frank Hudson | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Alfred Hübner | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Victor Huston | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Hans Imelmann | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Attilio Imolesi | Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 6 |
| David Ingalls | United States | United States Navy attached to Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Bruce Jackman | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| H. S. Jackson | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Johannes Jensen | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Philip Andrew Johnston | Australia | Royal Naval Air Service | 6 |
| Erich Just | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Willy Kahle | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Max Kahlow | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Alexander Kasza | Austro-Hungarian Empire | Luftfahrtruppen | 6 |
| James Alfred Keating | United States | United States Army Air Service attached to Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Noel Keeble | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Ernest Tilton Sumpter Kelly | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Otto Klaiber | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Gustav Klaudat | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Howard Knotts | United States | United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| Erich König | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Kurt Küppers | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Herman Kunz | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| George Lawson | Union of South Africa | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, South African Air Force | 6 |
| Alfred Lenz | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| André Robert Lévy | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Thomas Lewis | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| H. Lindfield | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Robert Opie Lindsay | United States | United States Army Air Service, United States Army Air Corps | 6 |
| George Lingham | Australia | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Alwyne Travers Loyd | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 6 |
| Ludwig Luer | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Thomas Luke | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| John Knox MacArthur | United States | United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| Andrew MacGregor | Union of South Africa | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Cesare Magistrini | Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 6 |
| Garnet Malley | Australia | Australian Flying Corps | 6 |
| Friedrich Mallincrodt | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Maxmillian Mare-Montembault | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Louis Martin | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| T. W. Martin | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 6 |
| Heinrich Maushake | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| F. H. Maynard | New Zealand | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Malcolm McCall | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Robert McKenzie | Australia | Australian Flying Corps | 6 |
| Robert McLaughlin | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Oscar McMaking | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 6 |
| Leslie McRobert | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Earl Stanley Meek | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| William Meggitt | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Emil Meinecke | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Frank Tremar Sibly Menendez | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Konrad Mettlich | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| William James Middleton | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Archibald Miller | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 6 |
| William Miller | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Norman Craig Millman | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Laurence Minot | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 6 |
| Alfred Mohr | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Hugh Fitzgerald Moore | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Guido Nardini | Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 6 |
| Gerald Ewart Nash | Canada | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force | 6 |
| Gustave Naudin | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Werner Niethammer | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Karl Nikitsch | Austro-Hungarian Empire | Luftfahrtruppen | 6 |
| Hans Oberlander | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Jan Olieslagers | Kingdom of Belgium | Aviation Militaire Belge | 6 |
| Luigi Olivi | Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 6 |
| Rudolf Otto | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Ernest Edward Owen | United Kingdom
|
Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Augustus Paget | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Medley Parlee | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Laurence Pearson | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Adolphe Pégoud | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Giorgio Pessi alias Guiliano Parvis | Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 6 |
| Franz Peter | Austro-Hungarian Empire | Luftfahrtruppen | 6 |
| David McKelvey Peterson | United States | Aéronautique Militaire, United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| Geoffrey Pidcock | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Cleo Pineau | United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| William Ponder | United States | Aéronautique Militaire, United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| Sydney Pope | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Frederick Powell | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Josef Pürer | Austro-Hungarian Empire | Luftfahrtruppen | 6 |
| Thomas G. Rae | Union of South Africa | Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Arthur Rahn | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Richard Raymond-Barker | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Émile Régnier | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Alan Rice-Oxley | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Rudolf Rienau | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Harry Rigby | Australia | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Johann Risztics | Austro-Hungarian Empire | Luftfahrtruppen | 6 |
| Cosimo Rizzotto | Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 6 |
| Bogart Rogers | United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Achille Rousseaux | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Cyril H. Sawyer | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Alfons Scheicher | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Roman Schmidt | Austro-Hungarian Empire | Luftfahrtruppen | 6 |
| Karl Schmückle | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Edgar Scholtz | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Erich Schuetze | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Wilhelm Schulz | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Gunther Schuster | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Laurence Henry Scott | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Heinrich Seywald | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Evander Shapard | United States | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Thomas Sharpe | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Edward A. Simpson | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| David Esplin Smith | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| John Smith-Grant | Union of South Africa | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Cyril Richard Smythe | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Erich Sonneck | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Constant Soulier | France | Aéronautique Militaire | 6 |
| Otto Splitgerber | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Arthur Spurling | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Georg Staudacher | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Mario Stoppani | Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 6 |
| William H. Stovall | United States | United States Army Air Service, United States Army Air Corps | 6 |
| William Strugnell | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Rothesay Stuart Wortley | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Kurt Student | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Hermann Stutz | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| William Swayze | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Ronald Sykes | United Kingdom | Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Harry Symons | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Cecil Thompson | Union of South Africa | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Claud Robert James Thompson | Australia | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, Australian Flying Corps | 6 |
| Romolo Ticconi | Italy | Corpo Aeronautico Militare | 6 |
| Edgar Tobin | United States | United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| Albert Tonkin | Australia | Australian Flying Corps | 6 |
| James Hamilton Traill | Australia | Australian Flying Corps | 6 |
| George Trapp | Canada | Royal Naval Air Service | 6 |
| Reinhard Treptow | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Philip Tudhope | Union of South Africa | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Thomas Tuffield | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| William Tyrell | United Kingdom | Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Konstantin Vakulovsky | Russian Empire | Imperial Army Air Service | 6 |
| Hermann Vallendor | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Jerry Vasconcells | United States | United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| Remington Vernam | United States | Aéronautique Militaire, United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| Hans Waldhausen | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Eric Walker | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Bernard Albert Walkerdine | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Stephen Reginald Parke Walter | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps | 6 |
| Harry Watson | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Rudolf Weber | Austro-Hungarian Empire | Luftfahrtruppen | 6 |
| Joseph F. Wehner | United States | United States Army Air Service | 6 |
| William Weir | Australia | Australian Flying Corps | 6 |
| Heinrich Wessels | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Siegfried Westphal | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| William Westwood | Union of South Africa | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| William A. Wheeler | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Victor White | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Ernst Wiehle | German Empire | Luftstreitkräfte | 6 |
| Frederick Wilton | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| William Otto Braasch Winkler | United Kingdom | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
| Harry Wood | Canada | Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force | 6 |
References
- Maksel, Rebecca (7 April 2008). "What does it take to become an "ace"?". Need to Know. Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
- Franks, Bailey & Guest 1993, p. 10
- Dunnigan 2003, p. 149
- Shores, Franks & Guest 1990, p. 7
- ^ Franks, Guest and Alegi (1997)
- ^ Franks, Bailey and Guest (1993).
- Shores, Franks & Guest 1990, p. 54.
- ^ Shores, Franks, Guest, (1990)
- ^ Franks, Bailey (1992)
- Pieters (1998). pp. 72-73.
- ^ Shores, Franks & Guest 1996.
- Shores, Franks & Guest 1996, p. 5.
- Shores, Franks & Guest 1996, pp. 5–6.
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