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The differences between additives for fracking in different countries are the type of chemicals used (hazardous, non-hazardous), the disclosure of chemicals and the composition of fracturing fluid. In 2010, Halliburton announced the creation of food additive based hydraulic fracturing fluid in response to calls for transparency and demand for a "more environmentally friendly" unconventional hydrocarbon production.

Europe

In Europe, Poland, Norway and Germany have the largest reserves of shale gas, and drillings are underway.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the environmental regulator permits only chemical additives which are classed as non hazardous to groundwater for fracturing fluids. Operators are required to disclose the content of hydraulic fracturing fluids to the relevant environment agency while the composition must be disclosed if the regulator demands it. The permitted additives for hydraulic fracturing fluid include polycrylamide, hydrochloric acid and a biocide.

United States

In the US, about 750 compounds have been listed as additives for hydraulic fracturing, also known as ingredients of pressurized fracking fluid, in an industry report to the US Congress in 2011 The following is a partial list of the chemical constituents in additives that are used or may have been used in fracturing operations.

See also

• Hydraulic fracturing
• Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom
• Hydraulic fracturing in the United States
• Hydraulic fracturing proppants
• Uses of radioactivity in oil and gas wells

References

1. Soraghan, Mike (15 November 2010). "Halliburton Announces Ecofriendly Fracking Fluid, More Disclosure". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 April 2017. Halliburton Co., which is fighting U.S. EPA about disclosure of its fracking fluid, today announced that it will publicly disclose detailed information on its website about the chemicals used in its fracturing fluids. The Houston-based oilfield services company announced the creation of a new fracturing fluid that uses chemicals "sourced entirely from the food industry."
2. Dr Dave Healy (July 2012). "Hydraulic Fracturing or 'Fracking': A Short Summary of Current Knowledge and Potential Environmental Impacts" (PDF). Department of Geology & Petroleum Geology, University of Aberdeen: 18–19. Retrieved 12 November 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
3. "The Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010". UK Government. 2010. Retrieved 2016-08-28.
4. "The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012". www.legislation.gov.uk. Queen's Printer for Scotland (QPS). Retrieved 1 April 2017.
5. "DIRECTIVE 2006/118/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 12 December 2006 on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration". eur-lex.europa.eu. EUR-Lex - 32006L0118 - EN - EUR-Lex. 12 December 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2014. It is necessary to distinguish between hazardous substances, inputs of which should be prevented, and other pollutants, inputs of which should be limited. Annex VIII to Directive 2000/60/EC, listing the main pollutants relevant for the water environment, should be used to identify hazardous and non-hazardous substances which present an existing or potential risk of pollution.
6. "Onshore oil and gas exploration in the UK: regulation and best practice" (PDF). DECC/BEIS. p. 46. Retrieved 13 April 2017. Operators will disclose the chemical additives of fracturing fluids on a well-by-well basis.
7. Mair, Robert (June 2012). Shale gas extraction in the UK: A review of hydraulic fracturing (PDF) (Report). The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
8. ^ NLM (August 2015). "Household Products Database". Health and Safety Information on Household Products. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
9. GWPC & IOGCC (2015). "What chemicals are used in a hydraulic fracturing job". Chemical Disclosure Registry. FracFocus. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
10. Nicholas Kusnetz (April 8, 2011). "Fracking Chemicals Cited in Congressional Report Stay Underground". ProPublica. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
11. Chemicals Used in Hydraulic Fracturing (PDF) (Report). Committee on Energy and Commerce U.S. House of Representatives. April 18, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2013.
12. "Natural Gas Development Activities and High-volume Hydraulic Fracturing" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 30 September 2009. pp. 45–51.

• Hydraulic fracturing
• Water and the environment
• Chemistry-related lists