List of amphibians of Northern America

This is a checklist of amphibians found in Northern America, based mainly on publications by the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. The information about range and status of almost all of these species can be found also for example in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species site. It includes all species of Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and the United States
* alien species

Summary of 2006 IUCN Red List categories.

Conservation status – IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:

EX – extinct, EW – extinct in the wild

CR – critically endangered, EN – endangered, VU – vulnerable

NT – near threatened, LC – least concern

DD – data deficient, NE – not evaluated

(v. 2013.2, the data are current as of March 5, 2014)

and Endangered Species Act:

E – endangered, T – threatened

XN, XE – experimental nonessential or essential population

E(S/A), T(S/A) – endangered or threatened due to similarity of appearance

(the data are current as of March 28, 2014)

Order: Urodela

Spotted salamander, *Ambystoma maculatum*

Suborder: Cryptobranchoidea

Family: Cryptobranchidae

Hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis NT
(Ozark hellbender, C. a. bishopi: E)

Suborder: Salamandroidea

Family: Salamandridae

Subfamily: Pleurodelinae

Eastern newts

Black-spotted newt, Notophthalmus meridionalis EN

Striped newt, Notophthalmus perstriatus NT

Eastern newt, Notophthalmus viridescens LC

Pacific newts

Rough-skinned newt, Taricha granulosa LC

Red-bellied newt, Taricha rivularis LC

Sierra newt, Taricha sierrae LC

California newt, Taricha torosa LC

Family: Plethodontidae

Subfamily: Plethodontinae

Web-toed salamanders

Limestone salamander, Hydromantes brunus VU

Mount Lyell salamander, Hydromantes platycephalus LC

Samwel Shasta salamander, Hydromantes samweli

Shasta salamander, Hydromantes shastae VU

Wintu Shasta salamander, Hydromantes wintu

Climbing salamanders

Green salamander, Aneides aeneus NT

Hickory Nut Gorge green salamander, Aneides caryaensis

Clouded salamander, Aneides ferreus NT

Speckled black salamander, Aneides flavipunctatus NT and:

Santa Cruz black salamander, Aneides (flavipunctatus) niger

Shasta salamander, Aneides iecanus

Sacramento Mountains salamander, Aneides hardii LC

Klamath black salamander, Aneides klamathensis

Arboreal salamander, Aneides lugubris LC

Wandering salamander, Aneides vagrans NT

Dusky salamanders

Seepage salamander, Desmognathus aeneus NT

Holbrook's southern dusky salamander, Desmognathus auriculatus LC and:

Carolina swamp dusky salamander, Desmognathus valtos

Valentine's southern dusky salamander, Desmognathus valentinei and:

Pascagoula dusky salamander, Desmognathus pascagoula

Ouachita dusky salamander, Desmognathus brimleyorum LC

Northern dusky salamander, Desmognathus fuscus LC and:

Spotted dusky salamander, Desmognathus conanti

Flat-headed salamander, Desmognathus planiceps

Imitator salamander, Desmognathus imitator LC

Desmognathus marmoratus / Desmognathus 'quadramaculatus' complex:

Shovel-nosed salamander, Desmognathus marmoratus LC and:

Golden shovel-nosed salamander, Desmognathus aureatus

Black shovel-nosed salamander, Desmognathus melanius

Central shovel-nosed dusky salamander, Desmognathus intermedius

Species split from the former black-bellied salamander, Desmognathus quadramaculatus LC
(complex of "black-bellied salamanders"):

Dwarf black-bellied salamander, Desmognathus folkertsi DD

Nantahala black-bellied salamander, Desmognathus amphileucus

Cherokee blackbellied salamander, Desmognathus gvnigeusgwotli

Kanawha blackbellied salamander, Desmognathus kanawha

Pisgah black-bellied salamander, Desmognathus mavrokoilius

Seal salamander, Desmognathus monticola LC

Desmognathus ochrophaeus complex:

Mountain dusky salamander, Desmognathus ochrophaeus LC and:

Cumberland dusky salamander, Desmognathus abditus NT

Carolina mountain dusky salamander, Desmognathus carolinensis LC

Ocoee salamander, Desmognathus ocoee LC and:

Cherokee mountain dusky salamander, Desmognathus adatsihi

Great Balsams mountain dusky salamander, Desmognathus balsameus

Tallulah salamander, Desmognathus perlapsus

Blue Ridge dusky salamander, Desmognathus orestes LC

Apalachicola dusky salamander, Desmognathus apalachicolae LC

Northern pygmy salamander, Desmognathus organi

Santeetlah dusky salamander, Desmognathus santeetlah LC

Black mountain salamander, Desmognathus welteri LC

Pygmy salamander, Desmognathus wrighti LC

Ensatina

Ensatina, Ensatina eschscholtzii LC

Red Hills salamander

Red Hills salamander, Phaeognathus hubrichti EN T

Woodland salamanders

Ainsworth's salamander or Bay Springs salamander, Plethodon ainsworthi EX

Western slimy salamander, Plethodon albagula LC

Blue Ridge gray-cheeked salamander, Plethodon amplus VU

Ozark zigzag salamander, Plethodon angusticlavius LC

Scott Bar salamander, Plethodon asupak VU

Tellico salamander, Plethodon aureolus DD

Caddo Mountain salamander, Plethodon caddoensis NT

Chattahoochee slimy salamander, Plethodon chattahoochee

Cheoah Bald salamander, Plethodon cheoah VU

Atlantic Coast slimy salamander, Plethodon chlorobryonis

Red-backed salamander or eastern red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus LC

White-spotted slimy salamander, Plethodon cylindraceus LC

Northern zigzag salamander, Plethodon dorsalis LC

Dunn's salamander, Plethodon dunni LC

Northern ravine salamander, Plethodon electromorphus LC

Del Norte salamander, Plethodon elongatus NT

Fourche Mountain salamander, Plethodon fourchensis VU

Northern slimy salamander, Plethodon glutinosus LC and:

Southeastern slimy salamander, Plethodon grobmani

Mississippi slimy salamander, Plethodon mississippi

Valley and ridge salamander, Plethodon hoffmani LC

Peaks of Otter salamander, Plethodon hubrichti VU

Coeur d'Alene salamander, Plethodon idahoensis LC

Red-cheeked salamander, Plethodon jordani NT

Cumberland Plateau salamander, Plethodon kentucki LC

Kiamichi slimy salamander, Plethodon kiamichi DD

Louisiana slimy salamander, Plethodon kisatchie LC

Larch Mountain salamander, Plethodon larselli NT

South Mountain graycheeked salamander, Plethodon meridianus VU

Southern gray-cheeked salamander, Plethodon metcalfi LC

Northern gray-cheeked salamander, Plethodon montanus LC

Jemez Mountains salamander, Plethodon neomexicanus NT E

Cheat Mountain salamander, Plethodon nettingi NT T

Ocmulgee slimy salamander, Plethodon ocmulgee

Rich Mountain salamander, Plethodon ouachitae NT

Pigeon Mountain salamander, Plethodon petraeus VU

White-spotted salamander, Plethodon punctatus NT

Ravine salamander or southern ravine salamander, Plethodon richmondi LC

Savannah slimy salamander, Plethodon savannah

Sequoyah slimy salamander, Plethodon sequoyah DD

Southern red-backed salamander, Plethodon serratus LC

Shenandoah salamander, Plethodon shenandoah VU E

Big Levels salamander, Plethodon sherando VU

Red-legged salamander, Plethodon shermani VU

Siskiyou Mountains salamander, Plethodon stormi EN

Southern Appalachian salamander, Plethodon teyahalee LC

Van Dyke's salamander, Plethodon vandykei LC

South Carolina slimy salamander, Plethodon variolatus

Western redback salamander, Plethodon vehiculum LC

Southern zigzag salamander, Plethodon ventralis LC

Shenandoah Mountain salamander, Plethodon virginia NT

Webster's salamander, Plethodon websteri LC

Wehrle's salamander, Plethodon wehrlei LC and:

Dixie Caverns salamander, Plethodon dixi

Blacksburg salamander, Plethodon jacksoni

Yellow-spotted woodland salamander, Plethodon pauleyi

Weller's salamander, Plethodon welleri EN

Yonahlossee salamander, Plethodon yonahlossee LC

Patch-nosed salamander, Urspelerpes brucei

Subfamily: Spelerpinae

Brook salamanders

Two-lined salamander (Eurycea bislineata) complex:

Northern two-lined salamander, Eurycea bislineata LC

Brown-backed salamander, Eurycea aquatica

Junaluska salamander, Eurycea junaluska VU

Blue Ridge two-lined salamander, Eurycea wilderae LC

Southern two-lined salamander, Eurycea cirrigera LC and:

Carolina sandhills salamander, Eurycea arenicola

Salado Springs salamander, Eurycea chisholmensis VU T

Three-lined salamander, Eurycea guttolineata LC

Cascade Caverns salamander, Eurycea latitans VU and:

Comal blind salamander, Eurycea tridentifera VU

Long-tailed salamander, Eurycea longicauda LC

Cave salamander, Eurycea lucifuga LC

Eurycea multiplicata complex:

Many-ribbed salamander, Eurycea multiplicata LC

Grotto salamander, Eurycea spelaea LC and:

Southern grotto salamander, Eurycea braggi

Northern grotto salamander, Eurycea nerea

Ouachita streambed salamander, Eurycea subfluvicola

Oklahoma salamander, Eurycea tynerensis NT

San Marcos salamander, Eurycea nana VU T

Georgetown salamander, Eurycea naufragia EN T

Texas salamander, Eurycea neotenes VU

Blanco River Springs salamander, Eurycea pterophila DD

Eurycea quadridigitata complex:

Southeastern dwarf salamander, Eurycea quadridigitata LC

Chamberlain's dwarf salamander, Eurycea chamberlaini DD

Hillis's dwarf salamander, Eurycea hillisi

Western dwarf salamander, Eurycea paludicola

Bog dwarf salamander, Eurycea sphagnicola

Barton Springs salamander, Eurycea sosorum VU E

Jollyville Plateau salamander, Eurycea tonkawae EN T

Valdina Farms salamander, Eurycea troglodytes DD

Austin blind salamander, Eurycea waterlooensis VU E

Texas blind salamander, Eurycea rathbuni VU E

Blanco blind salamander, Eurycea robusta DD

Georgia blind salamander, Eurycea wallacei VU

Spring salamanders

Berry Cave salamander, Gyrinophilus gulolineatus EN

Tennessee cave salamander, Gyrinophilus palleucus VU

Spring salamander, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus LC

West Virginia spring salamander, Gyrinophilus subterraneus EN

Red and mud salamanders

Mud salamander, Pseudotriton montanus LC and:

Midland mud salamander, Pseudotriton (montanus) diastictus

Red salamander, Pseudotriton ruber LC

Many-lined salamander

Many-lined salamander, Stereochilus marginatus LC

Subfamily: Bolitoglossinae

Slender salamanders

Subgenus: Batrachoseps

California slender salamander, Batrachoseps attenuatus LC

San Gabriel slender salamander, Batrachoseps gabrieli DD

Batrachoseps diabolicus group:

Hell Hollow slender salamander, Batrachoseps diabolicus DD

Greenhorn Mountains slender salamander, Batrachoseps altasierrae

Sequoia slender salamander, Batrachoseps kawia DD

Kings River slender salamander, Batrachoseps regius VU

Batrachoseps nigriventris group:

Black-bellied slender salamander, Batrachoseps nigriventris LC

Fairview slender salamander, Batrachoseps bramei

Gregarious slender salamander, Batrachoseps gregarius LC

Relictual slender salamander, Batrachoseps relictus DD

Kern Canyon slender salamander, Batrachoseps simatus VU

Tehachapi slender salamander, Batrachoseps stebbinsi VU

Batrachoseps pacificus group:

Channel Islands slender salamander, Batrachoseps pacificus LC

Arguello slender salamander, Batrachoseps wakei

Southern California slender salamander, Batrachoseps major LC (desert slender salamander B. (m.) aridus: E)

Lesser slender salamander, Batrachoseps minor DD

Gabilan Mountains slender salamander, Batrachoseps gavilanensis LC

San Simeon slender salamander, Batrachoseps incognitus DD

Santa Lucia Mountains slender salamander, Batrachoseps luciae LC

Subgenus: Plethopsis

Inyo Mountains salamander, Batrachoseps campi EN

Kern Plateau salamander, Batrachoseps robustus NT

Oregon slender salamander, Batrachoseps wrighti VU

Subfamily: Hemidactyliinae

Fourtoed salamander, Hemidactylium scutatum LC

Family: Proteidae

Dwarf waterdog, Necturus punctatus LC

Alabama waterdog, Necturus alabamensis EN and:

Mobile waterdog, Necturus lodingi (sometimes recognized)

Gulf Coast waterdog, Necturus beyeri LC

Neuse River waterdog, Necturus lewisi NT

Common mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus LC and:

Red River mudpuppy, Necturus (maculosus) louisianensis

Apalachicola waterdog, Necturus moleri

Escambia waterdog, Necturus mounti

Family: Ambystomatidae

Ringed salamander, Ambystoma annulatum LC

Streamside salamander, Ambystoma barbouri NT

Frosted flatwoods salamander, Ambystoma cingulatum VU T and:

Reticulated flatwoods salamander, Ambystoma bishopi VU E

California tiger salamander, Ambystoma californiense VU (Santa Barbara and Sonoma Counties E, central California T)

Northwestern salamander, Ambystoma gracile LC

Jefferson salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum LC

Blue-spotted salamander, Ambystoma laterale LC

Mabee's salamander, Ambystoma mabeei LC

Long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum LC (Santa Cruz long-toed salamander, A. m. croceum: E)

Spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum LC

Western tiger salamander, Ambystoma mavortium (Sonoran tiger salamander, A. m. stebbinsi: E)

Marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum LC

Mole salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum LC

Small-mouthed salamander, Ambystoma texanum LC

Eastern tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum LC

Family: Amphiumidae

Two-toed amphiuma, Amphiuma means LC

One-toed amphiuma, Amphiuma pholeter NT

Three-toed amphiuma, Amphiuma tridactylum LC

Family: Dicamptodontidae

Idaho giant salamander, Dicamptodon aterrimus LC

Cope's giant salamander, Dicamptodon copei LC

California giant salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus NT

Coastal giant salamander, Dicamptodon tenebrosus LC

Family: Rhyacotritonidae

Cascade torrent salamander, Rhyacotriton cascadae NT

Columbia torrent salamander, Rhyacotriton kezeri NT

Olympic torrent salamander, Rhyacotriton olympicus VU

Southern torrent salamander, Rhyacotriton variegatus LC

Suborder: Sirenoidea

Family: Sirenidae

Dwarf sirens

Southern dwarf siren, Pseudobranchus axanthus LC

Northern dwarf siren, Pseudobranchus striatus LC

Sirens

Lesser siren, Siren intermedia LC

Greater siren, Siren lacertina LC

Reticulated siren, Siren reticulata

Order: Anura

Suborder: Archaeobatrachia

Family: Ascaphidae

Rocky Mountain tailed frog, Ascaphus montanus LC

Coastal tailed frog, Ascaphus truei LC

Suborder: Mesobatrachia

Family: Pipidae

African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis * LC

Western clawed frog, Xenopus tropicalis * LC

Family: Rhinophrynidae

Burrowing toad, Rhinophrynus dorsalis LC

Family: Scaphiopodidae

North American spadefoot toads

Couch's spadefoot, Scaphiopus couchii LC

Eastern spadefoot, Scaphiopus holbrookii LC

Hurter's spadefoot, Scaphiopus hurterii LC

Western spadefoot toads

Plains spadefoot, Spea bombifrons LC

Western spadefoot, Spea hammondii NT

Great Basin spadefoot, Spea intermontana LC

Mexican spadefoot, Spea multiplicata LC

Suborder: Neobatrachia

Family: Bufonidae

American toad, Anaxyrus americanus LC

Wyoming toad, Anaxyrus baxteri EW

Western toad, Anaxyrus boreas LC and:

Amargosa toad, Anaxyrus nelsoni EN

Arroyo toad, Anaxyrus californicus EN E

Yosemite toad, Anaxyrus canorus EN

Great Plains toad, Anaxyrus cognatus LC

Chihuahuan green toad, Anaxyrus debilis LC

Black toad, Anaxyrus exsul VU

Fowler's toad, Anaxyrus fowleri LC

Canadian toad, Anaxyrus hemiophrys LC E

Houston toad, Anaxyrus houstonensis EN E

Arizona toad, Anaxyrus microscaphus LC

Hot Creek toad, Anaxyrus monfontanus

Railroad Valley toad, Anaxyrus nevadensis

Red-spotted toad, Anaxyrus punctatus LC

Oak toad, Anaxyrus quercicus LC

Sonoran green toad, Anaxyrus retiformis LC

Texas toad, Anaxyrus speciosus LC

Southern toad, Anaxyrus terrestris LC

Woodhouse's toad, Anaxyrus woodhousii LC

Dixie Valley toad, Anaxyrus williamsi

Colorado River toad, Incilius alvarius LC

Coastal plains toad, Incilius nebulifer LC (formerly in Incilius valliceps)

South American cane toad, Rhinella marina LC and:

Mesoamerican Cane toad, Rhinella horribilis

Family: Hylidae

Subfamily: Hylinae

Tree frogs

Pine Barrens tree frog, Hyla andersonii (Dryophytes andersonii) NT

Canyon tree frog, Hyla arenicolor (Dryophytes arenicolor) LC

Bird-voiced tree frog, Hyla avivoca (Dryophytes avivoca) LC

Cope's gray treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis (Dryophytes chrysoscelis) LC

American green tree frog, Hyla cinerea (Dryophytes cinereus) LC

Pine woods tree frog, Hyla femoralis (Dryophytes femoralis) LC

Barking tree frog, Hyla gratiosa (Dryophytes gratiosus) LC

Squirrel tree frog, Hyla squirella (Dryophytes squirellus) LC

Gray tree frog, Hyla versicolor (Dryophytes versicolor) LC

Arizona tree frog, Hyla wrightorum (Dryophytes wrightorum) LC (formerly in Hyla eximia)

Chorus frogs

Mountain chorus frog, Pseudacris brachyphona LC and:

Collinses' mountain chorus frog, Pseudacris collinsorum

Brimley's chorus frog, Pseudacris brimleyi LC

California tree frog, Pseudacris cadaverina LC

Spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarkii LC

Spring peeper, Pseudacris crucifer LC

Western chorus frog, Pseudacris triseriata LC and:

Upland chorus frog, Pseudacris feriarum LC and:

Cajun chorus frog, Pseudacris fouquettei LC

New Jersey chorus frog, Pseudacris kalmi LC

Pacific tree frog, Pseudacris regilla LC and:

Baja California tree frog, Pseudacris hypochondriaca

Sierran tree frog, Pseudacris sierra

Illinois chorus frog, Pseudacris illinoensis or Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis

Boreal chorus frog, Pseudacris maculata LC

Southern chorus frog, Pseudacris nigrita LC

Little grass frog, Pseudacris ocularis LC

Ornate chorus frog, Pseudacris ornata LC

Strecker's chorus frog, Pseudacris streckeri LC

Cricket frogs

Cricket frog, Acris crepitans LC and:

Blanchard's cricket frog, Acris (crepitans) blanchardi

Southern cricket frog, Acris gryllus LC

Other tree frogs

Cuban tree frog, Osteopilus septentrionalis * LC

Mexican tree frog, Smilisca baudinii LC

Lowland burrowing tree frog, Smilisca fodiens LC

Family: Pelodryadidae

(Australian treefrogs)

Australian green tree frog, Ranoidea caerulea * LC

Family: Ranidae

Typical frogs

Northern red-legged frog, Rana aurora LC and:

California red-legged frog, Rana draytonii VU T

Foothill yellow-legged frog, Rana boylii NT

Cascades frog, Rana cascadae NT

Columbia spotted frog, Rana luteiventris LC

Southern mountain yellow-legged frog, Rana muscosa EN E and:

Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog, Rana sierrae EN

Oregon spotted frog, Rana pretiosa VU

Water frogs

American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus LC

Gopher frog, Lithobates capito NT

Crawfish frog, Lithobates areolatus NT

Mississippi gopher frog or dusky gopher frog, Lithobates sevosus CR E

Rio Grande leopard frog, Lithobates berlandieri LC

Plains leopard frog, Lithobates blairi LC

Chiricahua leopard frog, Lithobates chiricahuensis VU T and:

Ramsey Canyon leopard frog, Lithobates subaquavocalis CR,

Green frog, Lithobates clamitans or Rana clamitans LC

Vegas Valley leopard frog, Lithobates fisheri EX

Pig frog, Lithobates grylio LC

River frog, Lithobates heckscheri LC

Florida bog frog, Lithobates okaloosae or Rana okaloosae VU

Relict leopard frog, Lithobates onca or Rana onca EN

Pickerel frog, Lithobates palustris LC

Northern leopard frog, Lithobates pipiens or Rana pipiens LC and:

Mid-Atlantic coast leopard frog, Lithobates kauffeldi

Mink frog, Lithobates septentrionalis LC

Southern leopard frog, Lithobates sphenocephalus LC

Wood frog, Lithobates sylvaticus LC

Tarahumara frog, Lithobates tarahumarae or Rana tarahumarae VU

Carpenter frog, Lithobates virgatipes LC

Lowland leopard frog, Lithobates yavapaiensis LC

Japanese wrinkled frog, Glandirana rugosa * LC (Hawaii only)

Family: Craugastoridae

Barking frog, Craugastor augusti LC

Family: Eleutherodactylidae

Subfamily: Eleutherodactylinae

Coquí, Eleutherodactylus coqui * LC (Puerto Rico only)

Rio Grande chirping frog, Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides LC, only:

Rio Grande chirping frog, Eleutherodactylus (cystignathoides) campi

Spotted chirping frog, Eleutherodactylus guttilatus LC

Antilles coqui, Eleutherodactylus johnstonei LC (Bermuda, introduced), and:

Montserrat whistling frog, Eleutherodactylus montserratae (Bermuda)

Cliff chirping frog, Eleutherodactylus marnockii LC

Greenhouse frog, Eleutherodactylus planirostris * LC

Family: Leptodactylidae

Subfamily: Leptodactylinae

Mexican white-lipped frog, Leptodactylus fragilis LC

Family: Microhylidae

Subfamily: Gastrophryninae

Sheep frog, Hypopachus variolosus LC

Subfamily: Microhylinae

North American narrow-mouthed frogs

Eastern narrow-mouthed toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis LC

Western narrow-mouthed toad, Gastrophryne olivacea LC and:

Sinaloan narrow-mouthed toad, Gastrophryne mazatlanensis

Family: Dendrobatidae

Subfamily: Dendrobatinae

Green-and-black poison dart frog, Dendrobates auratus * LC (Hawaii only)

Notes

^ Species not listed by SSAR
^ Species split from this species or considered as distinct species alternatively. All these taxa occur in the area of interest, including the one on the left.
^ Subspecies elevated to full species rank
^ Species not recognized by SSAR
^ Species not listed in the SSAR North American Species Names Database.
^ Subspecies elevated to full species rank
Subspecies elevated to full species rank

References

Brian I. Crother; et al. (Committee On Standard English And Scientific Names) (August 2012). Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Seventh edition. SSAR Herpetological circular No. 39 (PDF). Shoreview, MN: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR). pp. 1–92. ISBN 978-0-916984-85-4. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Brian I. Crother; et al. (Committee On Standard English And Scientific Names) (September 2008). Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. SSAR Herpetological circular No. 37 (PDF). Shoreview, MN: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR). pp. 1–84. ISBN 0-916984-74-5. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
^ Brian I. Crother; et al. (Committee On Standard English And Scientific Names) (September 2017). Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Eighth edition. SSAR Herpetological circular No. 43 (PDF). Shoreview, MN: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR). pp. 1–102. ISBN 978-1-946681-00-3. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
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"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
"Title 50: Wildlife and Fisheries, § 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife". US Government Printing Office. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
^ Frost, Darrel (2020). "Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference". American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
^ "AmphibiaWeb". University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
^ Frost, Darrel (2020). "Frost, Darrel R. 2023. Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 6.1. Electronic Database". New York, USA: American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
Pyron, R. Alexander; Beamer, David A. (2022-07-19). "Nomenclatural solutions for diagnosing 'cryptic' species using molecular and morphological data facilitate a taxonomic revision of the Black-bellied Salamanders (Urodela, Desmognathus 'quadramaculatus') from the southern Appalachian Mountains". Bionomina. 27: 1–43. doi:10.11646/bionomina.27.1.1. S2CID 250720529.
Anderson, Jennifer A.; Tilley, Stephen G. (1 August 2003). "Systematics of the Desmognathus ochrophaeus Complex in the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee". Herpetological Monographs. 17 (1): 75–110. doi:10.1655/0733-1347(2003)017[0075:SOTDOC]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1467013. S2CID 83847367.
Pyron, R. Alexander; Beamer, David A. (September 2022). "Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains". Zootaxa. 5190 (2): 207–240. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5190.2.3. PMID 37045172. S2CID 252573552.
Pierson, Todd W.; Miele, Alexander (30 April 2019). "Reproduction and life history of two-lined salamanders (Eurycea cf. aquatica) from tHe upper Tennessee river valley, USA" (PDF). Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 14 (1): 111–118. doi:10.1655/0018-0831-76.4.423. ISSN 1931-7603. S2CID 228096916. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
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^ Jockusch, Elizabeth; Martínez-Solano, Ínigo; Hansen, Robert W.; Wake, David B. (2012). "Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species". Zootaxa. 3190: 1–30. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3190.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. S2CID 46995147.
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"SSAR North American Species Names Database". Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR). Retrieved January 29, 2023.
^ Duellman, W.E.; Marion, A.B.; Hedges, S.B. (2016). "Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 4104 (1): 1–109. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4104.1.1. PMID 27394762. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Geoffrey Hammerson; Michael Sredl (2004). "Lithobates subaquavocalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T19180A8848570. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T19180A8848570.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.

External links

8th Edition of Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico published by the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR), available on the website of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
"SSAR North American Species Names Database". Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR).
Frost, Darrel (2017). "Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference". American Museum of Natural History.
AmphibiaWeb Database. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Checklist of Amphibian Species and an Online Identification Guide for the Identification of Amphibians in North America north of Mexico
Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America – Explained
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Endangered Species Program – US Fish & Wildlife Service
Species Search – US Fish & Wildlife Service
Endangered Species Act – National Marine Fisheries Service – NOAA

v t e List of amphibians of the Americas
Sovereign states	Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela
Dependencies and territories	Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saba Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands
North America Central America Caribbean South America

v t e List of amphibians of North America
Sovereign states	Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States
Dependencies and other territories	Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands

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