Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that is widely used for tasks ranging from simple day-to-day counting to advanced science and business calculations.
Essence of arithmetic
History of arithmetic
Main article: History of arithmeticArithmetic operations and related concepts
See also: Operation (mathematics)- Order of operations
- Addition
- Summation – Answer after adding a sequence of numbers
- Additive inverse
- Subtraction – Taking away numbers
- Multiplication – Repeated addition
- Multiple – Product of multiplication
- Multiplicative inverse
- Division – Repeated subtraction
- Modulo – The remainder of division
- Quotient – Result of division
- Quotition and partition – How many parts are there, and what is the size of each part
- Fraction – A number that is not whole, often shown as a division equation
- Decimal fraction – Representation of a fraction in the form of a number
- Proper fraction – Fraction with a numerator that is less than the denominator
- Improper fraction – Fractions with a numerator that is any number
- Ratio – Showing how much one number can go into another
- Least common denominator – Least common multiple of two or more fractions' denominators
- Factoring – Breaking a number down into its products
- Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
- Prime number – Number divisible by only 1 or itself
- Composite number – Number made of two smaller integers
- Factor – A number that can be divided from its original number to get a whole number
- Greatest common factor – Greatest factor that is common between two numbers
- Euclid's algorithm for finding greatest common divisors
- Exponentiation (power) – Repeated multiplication
- Square root – Reversal of a power of 2 (exponent of 1/2)
- Cube root – Reversal of a power of 3 (exponent of 1/3)
- Properties of Operations
- Factorial – Multiplication of numbers from the current number to 0
Types of numbers
See also: List of types of numbers, List of numeral systems, and List of numbers- Real number
- Odd number
- Even number
- Positive number
- Negative number
- Prime number
- Highly composite number
- Perfect number
- Algebraic number
- Transcendental number
- Hypercomplex number
- Transfinite number
- Indefinite and fictitious numbers
Elementary statistics
Other basic concepts
Modern arithmetic
See also
External links
- MathWorld article about arithmetic
- The New Student's Reference Work/Arithmetic (historical)
- Maximus Planudes' the Great Calculation an early western work on arithmetic at Convergence
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