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During the First World War, many hospital ships were attacked, sometimes deliberately and sometimes as a result of mistaken identity. They were sunk by either torpedo, mine or surface attack. They were easy targets, since they carried hundreds of wounded soldiers from the front lines.

Background

A hospital ship (HS) is designated for primary function as a medical treatment facility or hospital; most are operated by the military forces or navies of various countries around the world, as they are intended to be used in or near war zones. Hospital ships were covered under the Hague Convention X of 1907. Article four of the Hague Convention X outlined the restrictions for a hospital ship:

• The ship should give medical assistance to wounded personnel of all nationalities
• The ship must not be used for any military purpose
• Ships must not interfere or hamper enemy combatant vessels
• Belligerents as designated by the Hague Convention can search any hospital ship to investigate violations of the above restrictions.

If any of the restrictions were violated, the ship could be determined as an enemy combatant and be sunk. Investigators from neutral countries like Spain were allowed to inspect hospital ships to confirm that Article Four wasn't being violated.

The high command of Imperial German viewed Allied hospital ships as violating the Hague Convention and ordered its submarine forces to target them as part of their Unrestricted submarine warfare on Allied shipping. Even with the inspections from neutral countries the German High command alleged that hospital ships were violating Article Four by transporting able-bodied soldiers to the battleground. The biggest hospital ship sunk by either mine or torpedo in the First World War was Britannic, the sister of Olympic and the ill-fated Titanic. Britannic hit a mine on November 21, 1916; 30 people were killed, but the rest of the crew and passengers were able to escape. The largest loss of life caused by the sinking of a hospital ship would be Llandovery Castle. The ship was hit by a torpedo from the German U-boat U-86 on June 27, 1918. Shortly thereafter, the submarine surfaced and gunned down most of the survivors; only 24 were rescued. After the war, the captain of U-86, Lieutenant Helmut Patzig, and two of his lieutenants were charged with war crimes and arraigned at the Leipzig war crimes trials, but Patzig disappeared, and the two lieutenants both escaped after being convicted and sentenced to prison. The Allies weren't the only ones who had their ships attacked at the beginning of the war, the German hospital ship Ophelia was seized by British naval forces as a spy ship and near the close of the war the Austrian hospital ship Baron Call was unsuccessfully attacked by torpedo on October 29, 1918.

Hospital ships sunk

Name	Image	Nationality	Date	Location of wreck	Cause	Lives lost	Note
HMHS Anglia		UK	17 November 1915	One mile east of Folkestone Gate	Struck mine that had been laid by German U-boat UC-5	134
HMHS Asturias		UK	20 March 1917	6 miles off Start Point	Torpedoed by German U-boat UC-66	35
HMHS Huntley		UK	21 December 1915	.75 miles (1.21 km) off the Boulogne LV.	Torpedoed by German U-boat UB-10	2
HMHS Britannic		UK	21 November 1916	Aegean sea 37°42′05″N 24°17′02″E / 37.70139°N 24.28389°E / 37.70139; 24.28389	Struck a mine laid by a German U-boat U-73	30
HMHS Dover Castle		UK	26 May 1917	Mediterranean Sea 37°45′00″N 007°45′00″E / 37.75000°N 7.75000°E / 37.75000; 7.75000	Torpedoed by German U-boat UC-67	7
HMHS Donegal		UK	17 April 1917	19 miles south of the Dean lightship on passage Le Havre for Southampton 50°26′00″N 01°00′00″W / 50.43333°N 1.00000°W / 50.43333; -1.00000	Torpedoed by German U-boat UC-21	40
HS Elektra		Austria-Hungary	18 March 1916	Off Cape Planka	Torpedoed by French submarine Ampère. Out of service until early Sep 1916; returned to her owner 04 Dec 1916	2
HMHS Galeka		UK	28 October 1916	French coast, near Le Havre 49°34′01″N 000°05′05″E / 49.56694°N 0.08472°E / 49.56694; 0.08472	Struck a mine laid by UC-26	19
HMHS Glenart Castle		UK	26 February 1918	Bristol Channel 51°07′00″N 005°03′00″W / 51.11667°N 5.05000°W / 51.11667; -5.05000	Torpedoed by German U-boat UC-56	162
HMHS Gloucester Castle		UK	30 March 1917	en route from Le Havre to Southampton	Torpedoed by German U-boat U-32	3
HS Koningin Regentes		Netherlands	06 June 1918	21 miles East of Leman lightship	Torpedoed by German U-boat UB-107	7
HMHS Lanfranc		UK	17 April 1917	English Channel 50°09′00″N 000°10′04″W / 50.15000°N 0.16778°W / 50.15000; -0.16778	Torpedoed by German U-boat UB-40	40
HMHS Letitia		Canada	1 August 1917	Portuguese Cove, Halifax Harbour	Grounded out due to a pilot error in heavy fog	1
HMHS Llandovery Castle		Canada	27 June 1918	off southern Ireland 51°18′00″N 009°54′00″W / 51.30000°N 9.90000°W / 51.30000; -9.90000	Torpedoed by German U-boat U-86	234
HS Marechiaro		Italy	21 February 1916	Off Cape Laghi, Durazzo, Albania	Struck a mine laid by German U-boat UC-12	33
HS Oceania		Austria-Hungary	04 October 1918	Between Cape Rodoni and Durazzo	Mined and beached near Cape Rondoni, and on October 15, 1918 was blown up by the Austrians to avoid falling into Italian hands.	?
HS Portugal (Португаль)		Russia (French crew, Russian medical staff)	March 30 [O.S. March 17] 1916	Near Rize Province off the Turkish coast in the Black Sea	Torpedoed by German U-boat U-33	90
HMHS Rewa		UK	4 January 1918	13 miles off Hartland Point, UK50°55′00″N 004°49′00″W / 50.91667°N 4.81667°W / 50.91667; -4.81667	Torpedoed by German U-boat U-55	4
HMHS Rohilla		UK	30 October 1914	Saltwick Nab, one mile south of Whitby	Struck Whitby Rock	84
HMHS Salta		UK	10 April 1917	near Le Havre, France 49°32′08″N 00°02′18″W / 49.53556°N 0.03833°W / 49.53556; -0.03833	Struck a mine laid by German U-boat UC-26	130
HS Tabora		German Empire	26 March 1916	Dar es Salaam harbour, East Africa	Sunk by gunfire from the British warships HMS Vengeance and HMS Challenger	?
HS Tirol		Austria-Hungary	16 April 1916	Off Durazzo	Mined. Returned to service 07 Oct 1916	40
HS Vpered (Вперёд)		Imperial Russia	8 July 1916	In the Black Sea, between Batoum and the Rize Province off the Turkish coast	Torpedoed by German U-boat U-38	7
HMAT Warilda		Australia	3 August 1918	English Channel 50°12′08″N 000°16′4″W / 50.20222°N 0.26778°W / 50.20222; -0.26778	Torpedoed by German U-boat UC-49	123

See also

• List of hospital ships sunk in World War II

Notes

1. "Asturias" was beached near Bolt Head, but the damage was so extensive that she was declared a total loss. The government then bought and salvaged her, and she became a floating ammunition hulk at Plymouth for two years.
2. Formerly known as the German hospital ship Ophelia, seized by the British and changed to Huntley
3. Glenart Castle hit a mine between Harve & Southampton on January 3, 1917 but did not sink and was able to make it to port for repairs
4. Ship was raised, salvaged and returned to service in 1919; in the Second World War she was sunk by Michel in 1942
5. 1916 New York Times article claims that it was sunk by a Turkish sub
6. Also transcribed as Vperiode, Vperyod, or Vperiod, sometimes mistranscribed with an l instead of i
7. 1916 New York Times article claims that it was sunk by a Turkish sub

References

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2. "Convention for the adaptation to maritime war of the principles of the Geneva Convention". Yale University. October 18, 1907. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
3. R.H. Gibson, Maurice Prendergast (November 2002). The German Submarine War 1914-1918 (2002 ed.). Periscope Publishing Ltd. pp. 285, 438. ISBN 1-904381-08-1.
4. ^ Crispin Sadler and Wayne Abbott (2006). "Deep Wreck Mysteries - Red Cross Outrage". History Television. Archived from the original (TV Show) on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
5. ^ "Britannic". Public Broadcasting Service. 2009. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
6. ^ Marc Leroux (2008). "The sinking of the Canadian Hospital Ship". Canadian Great War Project. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
7. pg 312 - R.H. Gibson, Maurice Prendergast (November 2002). The German Submarine War 1914-1918 (2002 ed.). Periscope Publishing Ltd. p. 312. ISBN 1-904381-08-1.
8. "Hold German Hospital Ship" (PDF). The New York Times. May 22, 1915. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
9. John Beech (2004). "AH Navy". coventry.ac.uk. Archived from the original on April 28, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
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11. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Asturias". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
12. "31 ON HOSPITAL SHIP KILLED BY U-BOAT". The New York Times. Mar 27, 1917. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
13. "HMHS Asturias". roll-of-honour.com. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
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17. "HMHS Dover Castle (+1917)". wrecksite. 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
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20. "SS Donegal". clydesite.co.uk. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
21. "U-BOATS DESTROY 2 HOSPITAL SHIPS". The New York Times. April 22, 1917. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
22. ^ "AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN HOSPITAL SHIPS OF WORLD WAR I". jeffdonofrio.net. 2012. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
23. "TEUTON HOSPITAL SHIP SUNK IN THE ADRIATIC" (PDF). The New York Times. March 20, 1916. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
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25. "Hospital Ship Sunk by a U-Boat" (PDF). The New York Times. February 28, 1918. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
26. "Union Line and Castle Lines". merchantnavyofficers.com. 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
27. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Koningin Regentes". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
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30. "Booth Line's S.S. "Lanfranc" 2". bluestarline.org. September 25, 2005. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
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32. "SS Letitia". wrecksite. 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
33. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Marechiaro". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
34. "Ships used in Immigration". jeffdonofrio.net. 2012. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
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36. "War of the U-Boats" (PDF). The New York Times. July 28, 1918. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
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39. "HMHS Rohilla". roll-of-honour.com. 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
40. Leroux, Marc (2008). "HMS Salta". union-castle.net. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
41. Schnee 2018, p. 199
42. "Kaiserliche Marine 1916" (in German). deutsche-schutzgebiete.de. 2000. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
43. "SS Tabora (+1914)". wrecksite. 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
44. The war on hospital ships, with narratives of eyewitnesses, and British and German diplomatic correspondence (1918) (1918 ed.). New York and London : Harper & brothers. 1917. p. 11. - Call number: SRLF_UCSB:LAGE-315170
45. "Peace Movement Diverts Attention at Year's End from Battlefields to Chancelleries of Belligerents and Principal Neutral Capitals" (PDF). The New York Times. December 31, 1916. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
46. П.Г.Усенко (P.G.Usenko), IСТОРIЇ ВЕЛИКОЇ ВIЙНИ 1914–1917 рр. НА ЧОРНОМУ МОРI (From the history of the Great War of the 1914-1917 on the Black Sea). Page 80. (in Ukrainian)
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• Schnee, Heinrich (2018). Deutsch-Ostafrika Im Weltkriege (in German). WENTWORTH Press. ISBN 9780341468585. - Total pages: 546

• Hospital ships in World War I
• Attacks on hospitals during World War I
• Lists of World War I ships
• Lists of shipwrecks