Numerous massacres are recorded against the minority Nizari Ismaili Shia Muslims, particularly during the Alamut Period.
In many cases, the victims include non-Nizaris; such as supporters of the Nizaris, and people who are falsely accused and killed due to personal enmity.
The Nizari response was often the assassination of the leader behind the massacre.
List
Date | Location | Perpetrator(s) | Deaths | Notable victims | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1010–1025 | Multan and al-Mansura, Sindh | Ghaznavids | Multiple massacres of Ismailis. | ||
1093 | Isfahan's city square, Seljuk Empire | local Sunni Muslims | All suspected Ismailis in the town were burned alive in the city center. | ||
1101- | Seljuk Empire | Sultan Barkiyaruq | Muhammad ibn Dushmanziyar ibn Ala' al-Dawla (محمد بن دشمنزیار بن علاءالدوله), governor of Yazd; son of Kayqubad, commandant of Tikrit | As listed below. | |
1101 | Isfahan's city square, Seljuk Empire | local Sunni Muslims, allowed by Barkiyaruq | |||
1101- | Baghdad and elsewhere in Iraq | ordered by Abbasid caliph al-Mustazhir | Abu Ibrahim Asadabadi (relative of Bahram al-Da'i) | Widespread massacres. | |
1113 | Aleppo | Sa'id ibn Badi', ra'is of Aleppo and militia commander, approved by Alp Arslan al-Akhras during Muhammad I Tapar's anti-Nizari campaign | ~200 massacred or imprisoned and their properties were confiscated | da'i Abu Tahir al-Sa'igh, da'i Isma'il, and a brother of da'i al-Hakim al-Munajjim | |
1124 | Amid, southern Armenia | ~700 | |||
1125 | Aleppo | Ibn al-Khashshab | |||
September 1129 | Damascus, Emirate of Damascus | Atabeg Taj al-Muluk Buri, the militia (al-ahdath) and the mob | 6,000-10,000 | Shadhili al-Kadim | |
1138 | Isfahan, Seljuk Empire | After the assassination of the Abbasid caliph al-Rashid Billah. | |||
1140s | Seljuk Empire | Abbas (governor of Rayy) | After the assassination of Sultan Da'ud | ||
1204 | Lower Iraq | ||||
May 1256 | Tun (modern Ferdows), Nizari Ismaili state | Kitbuqa and Köke Ilgei | almost all inhabitants | ||
1257 | Mongol Empire | Mongke Khan | ~100,000 | Multiple massacres, as listed below | |
1257 | Toungat, Mongol Empire | Khurshah's Mongol guard (ordered by Mongke Khan) | Rukn al-Din Khurshah and his companions | ||
1257 | between Qazvin and Abhar, Mongol Empire | Qaraqai Bitikchi (ordered by Mongke Khan) | Khurshah's relatives | ||
1257 | Quhistan, Mongol Empire | Ötegü-China (ordered by Mongke Khan) | 12,000 | ||
1257? | Mongol Empire | Bulghan Khatun or Bulghan or Qara-Bulghan, the child of the assassinated Mongol commander Chagatai the Elder | 200 or 300 | ||
15 December 1270 | Gerdkuh, Ilkhanate | Ilkhanate forces (during Abaqa Khan's reign) | the garrison of Gerdkuh | ||
1809 | Eyalet of Acre, Ottoman Empire (present-day Syria) | Nusayris | |||
1392 | Tabaristan, Timurid Empire | Timur's troops | |||
May 1393 | Anjudan, Timurid Empire | Timur's troops | |||
1416 | Daylam | Sayyid Radi Kiya of the Karkiya dynasty | Many Isma'ili leaders, including some descendants of the Imam Khudawand Ala al-Din Muhammad |
See also
References
- ^ B. Hourcade, “ALAMŪT,” Encyclopædia Iranica, I/8, pp. 797-801; an updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alamut-valley-alborz-northeast-of-qazvin- (accessed on 17 May 2014).
- Kassam, Tazim R. (1995). Songs of Wisdom and Circles of Dance: Hymns of the Satpanth Isma'ili Muslim Saint, Pir Shams. SUNY Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7914-2591-6.
- Daftary, Farhad (2007). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-139-46578-6.
- واحددرآبادی, رقیه; برومند, صفورا. "اتهام به الحاد و مصادیق آن در دوران سلجوقیان" (PDF). پژوهش نامه تاریخ اجتماعی و اقتصادی (in Persian). 4 (1): 83–102. ISSN 2383-1278.
- Peacock, A. C. S. (2015). Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7486-9807-3.
- ^ Wasserman, James (2001). The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven. Simon and Schuster. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-59477-873-5.
- Daftary, Farhad (2007). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. pp. 334–335. ISBN 978-1-139-46578-6.
- Wasserman, James (2001). The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven. Simon and Schuster. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-59477-873-5.
- Mirza, Nasseh Ahmad (1997). Syrian Ismailism: The Ever Living Line of the Imamate, AD 1100-1260. Psychology Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7007-0505-4.
- Lewis, Bernard (2011). The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam. Orion. pp. 54–. ISBN 978-0-297-86333-5.
- Wasserman, James (2001). The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven. Simon and Schuster. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-59477-873-5.
- Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 423. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0.
- Daftary, Farhad. "The Mediaeval Ismailis of the Iranian Lands | The Institute of Ismaili Studies". www.iis.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- Willey, Peter (2005). Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 75–85. ISBN 978-1-85043-464-1.
- Willey, Peter. Eagle's Nest - Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2005), 83
- Juvaini, Ata-Malik; Qazvini, Mirza Muhammad (1997). Genghis Khan: The History of the World Conqueror. Manchester University Press. p. 609, note 9. ISBN 978-0-7190-5145-6.
- Ohsson, Constantin Mouradgea d' (1834). Histoire des Mongols (in French). p. 201.
- The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal. American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 310, note 4.
- ^ Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 429. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0.
- ^ Virani, Shafique N. (2003). "The Eagle Returns: Evidence of Continued Isma?ili Activity at Alamut and in the South Caspian Region Following the Mongol Conquests". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (2): 351–370. doi:10.2307/3217688. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 3217688.
- Boyle, John Andrew (1977). The Mongol World Empire, 1206-1370. Variorum Reprints. ISBN 978-0-86078-002-1.
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2020) |
- 12th-century conflicts
- Nizari Ismaili–Seljuk conflicts
- Massacres in Iran
- Massacres in Syria
- Syria history-related lists
- 11th century-related lists
- 12th century-related lists
- 13th century-related lists
- 11th-century deaths
- 12th-century deaths
- 13th-century deaths
- Isma'ilism-related lists
- Lists of massacres
- Massacres committed by former countries
- Religious massacres