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List of people considered a founder in a humanities field

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Those known as the father, mother, or considered a founder in a humanities field are those who have made important contributions to that field. In some fields several people are considered the founders, while in others the title of being the "father" is debatable.

Arts

Subject Father / mother Reason
Abstract art Hilma af Klint For " an abstract vocabulary blending biomorphic and geometric forms," that predates Wassily Kandisky.
Animation Lotte Reiniger

Margaret J. Winkler

Reiniger: For making The Adventures of Prince Achmed, "he first full-length animation movie of film history."

Winkler: For being "one of the earliest female producers of animation, with international hits like the cartoon, Felix the Cat."

Anime Ōten Shimokawa
Jun'ichi Kōuchi
Seitaro Kitayama
Australian studio pottery William Merric Boyd
Cinematography Alice Guy-Blaché For being the first female film director and "among the first to employ techniques like close-ups, hand-tinted color, and synchronized sound. "
Dadaism Beatrice Wood For her involvement in the movement, which stemmed from her enjoyment of, upon her own admission, "being subversive."
Danish painting Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard
Fashion Coco Chanel

Jeanne Lanvin

Vivienne Westwood

Chanel: For "revolutionizing how dress, she helped form a new ideal of what a fashion brand could be."

Lanvin: for founding "one of the oldest French fashion houses in operation today," through which she popularized the robe de style dress.

Westwood: For " the customised Teddy Boy threads that developed into punk... the way people looked... a new language of clothes."

Modern fashion photography Norman Parkinson For taking his models and photoshoots beyond the confines of the studio.
Modern French cooking Eugénie Brazier For her Lyonnaise-style of cooking, becoming the first woman to ever hold three Michelin stars and at age 38, the first individual to hold six simultaneously, a record that lasted for 65 years until 1998, which led Curnonsky to deem her as "the greatest chef in the world."
French New Wave cinema Agnès Varda For "directing celebrated films including Cléo from 5 to 7, Happiness and The Creatures."
Gothic architecture Abbot Suger Built the first Gothic church at the Abbey of St Dennis
Harlem Renaissance (sculpture) Augusta Savage For being "a talented sculptor in her own right, the first African American womn to open her own art gallery, the ‘Salon of Contemporary Negro Art’."
Manga Osamu Tezuka
Oil painting Jan van Eyck For experimenting with the medium to remarkable effect
Photojournalism Mathew Brady
Pop art Richard Hamilton
New Puerto Rican cuisine Alfredo Ayala "or being the manager of a new local gastronomic movement in times of ‘nouvelle cuisine’, which sought to exalt the richness of Puerto Rican cuisine to position it in haute cuisine,"..." the best ambassador of the island."
Scottish country dancing Francis Peacock
Spanish cuisine Penelope Casas

María Mestayer [es]

Casas: For "demonstrating the breadth of regional Spanish cuisine."

Mestayer: For being " woman ahead of her time who had to fight against the social prejudices of a classist Spain and faced a civil war from the kitchens."

Stop-motion clay animation Art Clokey
Surrealism André Breton

Dorothea Tanning

Communication

Subject Father / mother Reason
Spam Gary Thuerk Penned the first message that advertised the availability of a new model of Digital Equipment Corporation computers to 393 recipients on ARPANET in 1978.

Education

Subject Father / mother Life span Reason
Afghan education Sakena Yacoobi (born 1949 or 1950) For her work through the Afghan Institute of Learning, which "works...to empower women and bring education and health services to poor women and girls in rural and urban areas, serving hundreds of thousands of women and children a year."
American education Mary McLeod Bethune

Horace Mann

(1875–1955)

(1796–1859)

Bethune: For her "high standards and... of what educated African Americans could do," through her school, which later became Bethune–Cookman University.

Mann: Advocated for common schools and nonsectarian education.

American Catholic education Mary Elizabeth Lange (c. 1789–1882) For founding the first Catholic school in the United States for children of color as well as the first religious community of women of African-American descent.
Argentinian education Domingo Faustino Sarmiento

Juana Paula Manso

(1811–1888)

(1819–1875)

Sarmiento: For improving the country's education system.

Manso: For educating women and advocating for their equal education.

Costa Rican education Carmen Lyra (1888–1949) For founding the Escuela Maternal ('maternal school'), the first Montessori school in Costa Rica in 1925.
Dominican education Salomé Ureña (1850–1898) For founding "the Instituto de Señoritas ('young ladies' institute'), which became the first center devoted exclusively to the training of teachers," in the Dominican Republic and called as such by Chiqui Vicioso.
Japanese language education in Romania Angela Hondru Still living "or her role in saving Japanese studies from extinction in her country in the 1970s and for her more than 30 years of dedication to the field since then."
Namibian education Ottilie Abrahams (1937–2018) For " the Namibian National Nationhood Programme, a consortium of NGOs working in the areas of education and agro-ecology."
Nicaraguan education Josefa Toledo de Aguerri (1866–1962) "or her work as a teacher of

generations," educating Pinolero children as the "future citizens... tomorrow who will integrate the collectivity of the nation.”

Paraguayan education Rosa Peña Guanes (1843–1899) For founding twenty-four girls' schools and the National Asylum in Paraguay.
Early education in Peru Emilia Barcia Boniffatti (1904–1986) For founding the first preschool in the Peruvian Amazonia.
Puerto Rican education Jaime Benítez Rexach

Celestina Cordero
Rafael Cordero

(1908–2001)

(1787–1862)

(1790–1868)

Benítez: Called as such by Herman Badillo for "there no man in this country who has done more to bring up the level of educational opportunities to poor people than ."

Celestina: For founding the first school for girls in Puerto Rico.

Rafael: For providing free schooling to the children, regardless of race or social standing.

Saudi Arabian education Iffat bint Mohammad Al Thunayan (1916– 2000) For founding "the Taif model school and the first girl's college in Saudi Arabia."
Tampa education Electa Lee (1808–1870) For " what is believed to be the first local school," in Tampa.
Washington D. C. education Myrtilla Miner (1815–1864) For "providing a quality education for all children in the District of Columbia regardless of race, creed or class," through her Normal School for Colored Girls, which later became the University of the District of Columbia.
Western Cape education Helen Zille (born 1951) For her "hands-on approach" tenure as Western Cape MEC for Education.

History

Subject Father / mother Reason
African-American history Arturo Alfonso Schomburg For his " awareness of the great contributions that Afro-Latin Americans and African Americans have made to society,... an important intellectual figure in the Harlem Renaissance the years, literature, art, slave narratives, and other materials of African history, which were purchased to become the basis of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, named in his honor, at the New York Public Library (NYPL) branch in Harlem.
Black history Carter G. Woodson A founder of The Journal of Negro History in 1916.
Ecclesiastical history Eusebius of Caesarea Because of his work in recording the history of the early Christian church
French history André Duchesne
Historiography Ibn Khaldun Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) (1377)
History Herodotus
Thucydides 		The Histories
History of the Peloponnesian War
History of science George Sarton Founded Isis (1912) and wrote Introduction to the History of Science (1927)
Modern history Leonardo Bruni
Philosophy of history Ibn Khaldun Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) (1377)
Public administration Woodrow Wilson "The Study of Administration" in Political Science Quarterly, June 1887.
Puerto Rican history Salvador Brau

Alejandro Tapia y Rivera

Justice

Subject Father / mother Reason
Criminal identification Alphonse Bertillon Created a database for criminals
Fingerprinting Juan Vucetic

Language and literature

Subject Father / mother Reason
Modern African literature Flora Nwapa For " the stage for the emergence of female writers in Nigeria and other African countries," by being "the first African woman to publish a book in English."
American folklore Richard Dorson
American literature Mark Twain

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Mark Twain is often attributed to being one of the first authors to write in American vernacular and address major issues such as race and slavery, particularly through the wilted of southern Americans. Ralph Waldo Emerson is credited with beginning the nation's literary renaissance and original philosophical ideas with Transcendentalism.
American novel Susanna Rowson For writing one of the "best-selling novels of the time...Charlotte, A Tale of Truth."
Canadian Indigenous literature E. Pauline Johnson For "her impact of Indigenous writers" due in part to " a critique of the treatment of First Nations women in her article: "A Strong Race Opinion: the Indian Girl in Modern Fiction," in which she protested the obvious racism in the novels about First Nations women."
Canadian literature Margaret Atwood

Margaret Laurence

Atwood: For " capable of embracing and exposing the truth of the darkness that lurks in the shadows of our worldhe and her work are as relevant as ever."

Laurence: For "having given eloquent voice to the Manitoba prairie in her “Manawaka” series, for the tribes of all humankind—women, the old, and the oppressed everywhere."

Canadian poetry Isabella Valancy Crawford For being the first to attempt the "arduous intellectual journey," that "her verse distance to be traversed from the servile copy to the work which, though it may originate in a fertile hint of method or suggestion of thought in some foreign source, is still the authentic utterance of a single mind."
Costa Rican poetry Eunice Odio For being "the country’s most significant international literary presence."
English literature Geoffrey Chaucer

Frances Burney

Chaucer: For writing The Canterbury Tales.

Burney: For being considered as such by Virginia Woolf, in part "for advancing the popularity of the courtship novel and the possibility of women being considered as novelists of worth."

English poetry Geoffrey Chaucer
Epic poetry Homer
American film criticism Pauline Kael For being "probably the most qualified critic in the world," per Jerry Lewis.
Finnish written language Mikael Agricola
German literature Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
Grammar Pāṇini Wrote the Ashtadhyayi
Greek tragedy Aeschylus
Harlem renaissance Alta Douglas (née Sawyer)

Jessie Redmon Fauset

Zora Neale Hurston

Douglas: For her "death had a special meaning… Alta and Aaron Douglas had formed the warm human center of a group of gifted black young men and women who had come together for the first time in New York… her passing marked definitely 'the closing of the ring' on the Harlem Renaissance," as considered by Arnold Rampersad.

Fuaset: For being "a teacher, the Literary Editor of The Crisis, and the author the celebrated There is Confusion, Fauset showed serious promise as a leading and impactful voice," as well as "selecting the works of...Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Arna Bontemps, Claude McKay, Georgia Douglas Johnson, Mary Effie Lee and Jean Toomer for publication."

Modern Hebrew language Eliezer Ben Yehuda
Horror Mary Shelley Wrote Frankenstein
Italian language Dante Alighieri
Italian literature Dante Alighieri
Indology Al-Biruni
Letters (messages) Francis I of France
Linguistics (early) Pāṇini Wrote the Ashtadhyayi
Linguistics (modern)

Ferdinand de Saussure
Noam Chomsky

Modern fantasy literature J. R. R. Tolkien
Modernist literature Gertrude Stein For the " stream-of-consciousness and experimental narrative techniques," into her work.
Novel Homer
Nuyorican literature Esmeralda Santiago For writing When I Was Puerto Rican, considered by Oprah's Book Club as "one of the “Best Memoirs of a Generation”."
Puerto Rican literature Concha Meléndez

Alejandro Tapia y Rivera

Science fiction Octavia E. Butler

Ursula K. Le Guin

Mary Shelley

Lucian of Samosata

Jules Verne

H. G. Wells

Science fiction magazine Hugo Gernsback
Spanish language Antonio de Nebrija
Spanish literature Carmen Balcells

Miguel de Cervantes

Balcells: For being the literary agent of Spanish-language authors from Spain and Latin America, including six Nobel Prize–winning authors and one of the main promoters of the Latin American Boom.

Cervantes: For writing Don Quixote.

Spanish travel literature Egeria For writing Itinerarium Egeriae ("Travels of Egeria"), the first record of a Christian pilgrimage in the 4th century.
Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq
Venezuelan literature José Antonio Ramos Sucre
Venezuelan poetry José Antonio Ramos Sucre

Law

Subject Father / mother Reason
Civil law Justinian I
Legal writing education Marjorie D. Rombauer For " the first legal writing textbook, Legal Problem Solving: Analysis, Research, and Writing in 1970," and through her " at the University of Washington School of Law for over thirty years the first non-librarian, tenured female faculty member," her "works on legal problem solving, research, writing, and analysis informed generations of law students."
European patent law Kurt Haertel
International law Alberico Gentili
Francisco de Vitoria
Hugo Grotius 		For speculating on human rights and the proper relations that ought to exist between nations
Russian jurisprudence Semyon Efimovich Desnitsky Russian social and political theorist (18th century)
United States Constitution James Madison He played a large role in its drafting and ratification. One of the authors of The Federalist. Also drafter of the Bill of Rights.

Music

See also: Honorific nicknames in popular music
Subject Father / mother Reason
American music Stephen Foster Recognized internationally for his compositions which are still being performed in various venues. His most notable works include Oh Susanna, Camptown Races and Old Folks at Home.
American piano manufacture Jonas Chickering
Blues Ma Rainey
Bluegrass music Bill Monroe
Chicago blues / electric blues Muddy Waters
Contemporary a cappella Deke Sharon
Country music Jimmie Rodgers
Death metal Chuck Schuldiner
Disco Mel Cheren (Godfather)
Giorgio Moroder
English cathedral music Thomas Tallis
Funk George Clinton ("Godfather")
Gospel music Thomas A. Dorsey
Gothic rock Peter Murphy ("Godfather")
G-Funk Dr. Dre
Greek music Terpander
Grunge Neil Young
Heavy metal Ozzy Osbourne/Tony Iommi Both are also known as "godfathers of heavy metal".
Italo disco Alexander Robotnick (Godfather)
Punk rock Patti Smith (godmother)
Jazz Buddy Bolden
Jelly Roll Morton
Theodore August Metz
Modern jazz piano Earl "Fatha" Hines
Puerto Rican music Manuel Gregorio Tavárez
Reggae Frederick "Toots" Hibbert
Rock and roll Chuck Berry Ike Turner
Rock music in China Cui Jian
Soul music James Brown (godfather)
Symphony and string quartet Joseph Haydn
Thrash metal James Hetfield
Venezuelan music Simón Díaz

Antonio Lauro

Vicente Emilio Sojo

Performance art

Subject Father / mother Reason
Kabuki Izumo no Okuni
Vogue Willi Ninja Godfather

Philosophy and religion

See also: List of founders of religious traditions and Church Fathers
Subject Father / mother Reason
Alt-right Paul Gottfried[d]

Michelle Malkin

Richard B. Spencer

Anarchism Mikhail Bakunin

Emma Goldman

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

Antifeminism Phyllis Schlafly
Christian asceticism Syncletica of Alexandria
Authoritarianism Indira Gandhi For her declaration of The Emergency.
Behaviorism John B. Watson
Chinese democracy Wei Jingsheng
Comparative religion Max Müller
Conservatism Edmund Burke
Cynicism (school of thought) Diogenes of Sinope
Epicureanism Epicurus
Epistemology Xenophanes
Existentialism Simone de Beauvoir

Søren Kierkegaard

Fascism Benito Mussolini

Margherita Sarfatti

For being "Benito Mussolini's mistress, his ideological companion, the 'March on Rome' with him, articles in his name, the Fascist Party organ and his first official biography."
Faith missions Anthony Norris Groves
Feminism Mary Wollstonecraft
Humanism Petrarch
Islamic logic Al-Farabi
Liberalism John Locke

Baruch Spinoza

American libertarianism Rose Wilder Lane

Isabel Paterson

Ayn Rand

Lane: For "reigniting a passion for liberal ideas in her numerous columns alongside her masterwork, The Discovery of Freedom."

Paterson: For " most of the New Deal programs being instituted by Franklin D. Roosevelt for less government involvement in social and fiscal issues on to write "The God of the Machine," a defense of individualism as the source of social and political progress. Rand: For claiming the "libertarians as "plagiarists of ideas.""

Logical positivism Moritz Schlick
Methodism John Wesley
Moral philosophy Thomas Aquinas
Objectivism Ayn Rand
Positivism Clotilde de Vaux
Protestantism (Lutheranism) Martin LutherKatharina Zell Zell: For her "prolific work as some of the Reformation period’s exemplary writings."
Religious tolerance Anne Hutchinson
Scholasticism John Scotus Eriugena

Lanfranc of Canterbury
Anselm of Canterbury
Peter Abelard

Book: Sic et Non

Scholasticism (Protestant) Hugo Grotius
Socialism Karl Marx
Robert OwenChrista Wolf
Thomism Thomas Aquinas
Transcendentalism Mary Moody Emerson

Ralph Waldo Emerson Margaret Fuller Anne Hutchinson Henry David Thoreau

Moody Emerson: for instilling in her nephew to "look within, reflect, but do it with much reading, study."

Fuller: For living "her entire life courageous and intellectually brilliant forays into finding better answers, answers tempered by both triumphs and travails." Hutchinson: For being "a healer and a preacher of a gentle, optimistic religion of the heart... culminated in a cultural revolt."

Zionism Theodor Herzl

Notes

  1. Referred to as the "Godmother".
  2. Referred to as the "Queen Mother".
  3. Referred to as the "Queen Mother".
  4. Described as the "godfather" of the alt-right
  5. Referred to as the "Den Mother".
  6. Referred to as the "Jewish Mother".
  7. Referred to "as a kind of "supermother"."

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