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Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:
- Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.
R
- François Rabelais (1493–1553)
- Eduardo Rabossi (1930–2005)
- Gustav Radbruch (1878–1949)
- Janet Radcliffe Richards (born 1944)
- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975)
- Assi Rahbani (1923–1986)
- Ramakrishna Paramhansa (1836–1886)
- Karl Rahner (1904–1984)
- Ramanuja (1017–1137)
- Frank P. Ramsey (1903–1930)
- Ian Thomas Ramsey (1915–1972)
- Paul Ramsey (1913–1988)
- Petrus Ramus (1515–1572)
- Jacques Rancière (born 1940)
- Ram Gopal Varma (born 1989)
- Ayn Rand (1905–1982)
- Hastings Rashdall (1858–1924)
- Felix Ravaisson-Mollien (1813–1900)
- John Rawls (1921–2002)
- John Ray (1627–1705)
- Daniel Raymond (1786–1849)
- Joseph Raz (1939–2022)
- Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi (or Rhazes), (865–925)
- Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209)
- Paul Ree (1849–1901)
- Pierre-Sylvain Regis (1632–1707)
- August Wilhelm Rehberg (1757–1836)
- Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957)
- Helmut Reichelt (born 1939)
- Hans Reichenbach (1891–1953)
- Thomas Reid (1710–1796)
- Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694–1768)
- Adolf Reinach (1883–1917)
- Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1757–1823)
- Karl Renner (1870–1950)
- Charles Bernard Renouvier (1815–1903)
- Nicholas Rescher (born 1928)
- Jean Reynaud (1806–1863)
- Rgyal tshab dar ma rin chen (or Gyeltsap darma rinchen) (1364–1432)
- Urbanus Rhegius (1489–1541)
- David Ricardo (1772–1823)
- Richard of Middleton (c. 1249–1306)
- Richard of St. Victor (died 1173)
- Richard Rufus of Cornwall (or Richardus Sophista) (1231–1259)
- David Riazanov (1870–1938)
- I. A. Richards (1893–1979)
- Radovan Richta (1924–1983)
- Heinrich Rickert (1863–1936)
- Paul Ricœur (1913–2005)
- Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866)
- Cedric Robinson (1940–2016)
- R.R. Rockingham Gill (born 1944)
- Jacques Rohault (1617–1672)
- Erwin Rohde (1845–1898)
- Francisco Romero (1891–1962)
- Avital Ronell (born 1952)
- Richard Rorty (1931–2007)
- Vasily Rozanov (1856–1919)
- Roscelin of Compiègne (c. 1050–c. 1120)
- Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz (1805–1879)
- Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy (1888–1973)
- Franz Rosenzweig (1886–1929)
- Antonio Rosmini-Serbati (1797–1855)
- Alf Niels Christian Ross (1899–1979)
- William David Ross (1877–1971)
- Carlo Rosselli (1899–1937)
- Gian-Carlo Rota (1932–1999)
- Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)
- Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825)
- Joseph Rovan (1918–2004)
- M.N.Roy (1887–1954)
- Josiah Royce (1865–1916)
- Pierre Paul Royer-Collard (1763–1845)
- Vasily Rozanov (1856–1919)
- Ruan Ji (210–263)
- Arnold Ruge (1802–1880)
- Otto Rühle (1874–1943)
- Michael Ruse (born 1940)
- Bertrand Russell (1872–1970)
- Jan van Ruysbroek (1293–1381)
- Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976)
S
- Saadia Gaon (892–942)
- Mulla Hadi Sabzevari (1797–1873)
- William S. Sahakian (1922–1986)
- Mark Sainsbury (born 1943)
- Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825)
- Kohei Saito (born 1987)
- Sakya Pandita (1182–1251)
- Syed Zafarul Hasan (1885–1949)
- Nathan Salmon (born 1951)
- Wesley Salmon (1925–2001)
- Francisco Sanches (1551–1623)
- Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez (1915–2011)
- Michael Sandel (born 1953)
- Śāntarakṣita (725–788)
- George Santayana (1863–1952)
- Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar (1921–1990)
- Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)
- Crispin Sartwell (born 1958)
- John Ralston Saul (born 1947)
- Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913)
- Fernando Savater (born 1947)
- Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1779–1861)
- Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz (1898–1959)
- Antonin Scalia (1936–2016)
- Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558)
- Thomas Scanlon (born 1940)
- Richard Schacht (born 1941)
- Max Scheler (1874–1928)
- Friedrich Schelling (1775–1852)
- F. C. S. Schiller (1864–1937)
- Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805)
- August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845)
- Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829)
- Hubert Schleichert (1935–2020)
- Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834)
- Moritz Schlick (1882–1936)
- Carl Schmitt (1888–1985)
- J.B. Schneewind (born 1930)
- Gershom Scholem (1897–1982)
- Heinrich Scholz (1884–1956)
- Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860)
- Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961)
- Gottlob Ernst Schulze (1761–1833)
- Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950)
- Anna Maria van Schurman (1607–1678)
- Alfred Schütz (1899–1959)
- Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965)
- Roger Scruton (1944–2020)
- Madeleine de Scudéry (1607–1701)
- John Searle (born 1932)
- Juan José Sebreli (born 1930)
- Charles Secrétan (1815–1895)
- Michal Sedziwój (1566–1636)
- John Selden (1584–1654)
- Roy Wood Sellars (1880–1973)
- Wilfrid Sellars (1912–1989)
- Amartya Sen (born 1933)
- Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC–AD 65)
- Sengzhao (384–414)
- Victor Serge (1890–1947)
- John Sergeant (1623–1704)
- Michel Serres (1930–2019)
- Sextus Empiricus (2nd/3rd century)
- Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713)
- Shah Wali Allah (or Qutb al-Din Ahmad al-Rahim or Waliullah) (1703–1762)
- Shang Yang (or Gongsun Yang) (died 338 BC)
- Adi Shankara (788–820)
- Shantideva (8th century)
- Shao Yung (1011–1077)
- Johannes Sharpe (c. 1360 – after 1415)
- Dariush Shayegan (1935–2018)
- Georgy Shchedrovitsky (1929–1994)
- Shen Buhai (died 337 BC)
- Shen Dao (or Shen Tzu) (c. 350 – 275 BC)
- Lady Mary Shepherd (1777–1847)
- Lev Shestov (1866–1938)
- Shinran (1173–1261)
- Sydney Shoemaker (born 1931)
- Gustav Gustavovich Shpet (1879–1937)
- Shriharsha (12th c.)
- Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900)
- Eli Siegel (1902–1978)
- Sigerus of Brabant (1240–1284)
- Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm Sigwart (1789–1844)
- Abu Sulayman Muhammad al-Sijistani (c. 932 – c. 1000)
- Ludovico Silva (1937–1988)
- Francesco Silvestri (or Francis Sylvester of Ferrara) (1474–1528)
- Georg Simmel (1858–1918)
- Simon of Faversham (c. 1260–1306)
- Simplicius of Cilicia (early 6th century)
- Kurt Singer (1886–1962)
- Peter Singer (born 1946)
- B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)
- Thoralf Skolem (1887–1963)
- Hryhori Skovoroda (1722–1794)
- Peter Sloterdijk (born 1947)
- J. J. C. Smart (1920–2012)
- Adam Smith (1723–1790)
- Barry Smith (born 1952)
- Huston Smith (1919–2016)
- Michael Smith (born 1954)
- Raymond Smullyan (1919–2017)
- Joseph D. Sneed (1938–2020)
- Jan Sniadecki (1756–1830)
- Scott Soames (born 1946)
- Elliott Sober (born 1948)
- Socrates (470–399 BC)
- Alfred Sohn-Rethel (1899–1990)
- Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger (1780–1890)
- Joseph Soloveitchik (1903–1993)
- Vladimir Solovyov (1853–1900)
- Sophie de Condorcet (1764–1822)
- Georges Sorel (1847–1922)
- William Ritchie Sorley (1855–1935)
- Abdolkarim Soroush (born 1945)
- Ernest Sosa (born 1940)
- Domingo de Soto (1494–1560)
- Othmar Spann (1878–1950)
- Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)
- Thomas Spencer Baynes (1823–1887)
- Oswald Spengler (1880–1936)
- Speusippus (410–339 BC)
- Herbert Spiegelberg (1904–1990)
- Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)
- Afrikan Spir (1837–1890)
- Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born 1942)
- Lysander Spooner (1808–1887)
- Timothy L.S. Sprigge (1932–2007)
- Walter Terence Stace (1886–1967)
- Edward Stachura (1937–1979)
- Anne Louise Germaine de Staël (1766–1817)
- James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount Stair (1619–1695)
- Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (1878–1953)
- Robert Stalnaker (born 1940)
- Henry Stanton (1805–1887)
- Olaf Stapledon (1886–1950)
- Stanisław Staszic (1755–1826)
- L. Susan Stebbing (1885–1943)
- Edith Stein (1891–1942)
- George Steiner (1929–2020)
- Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925)
- Leslie Stephen (1832–1904)
- Charles Leslie Stevenson (1908–1979)
- Dugald Stewart (1753–1828)
- Stephen Stich (born 1944)
- Stilpo (c. 360 – c. 280 BC)
- James Hutchison Stirling (1820–1909)
- Max Stirner (1806–1856)
- George Frederick Stout (1860–1944)
- David Stove (1927–1994)
- Strato of Lampsacus (c. 340 – c. 268 BC)
- David Friedrich Strauss (1808–1874)
- Leo Strauss (1899–1973)
- Galen Strawson (born 1952)
- P. F. Strawson (1919–2006)
- Barry Stroud (1935–2019)
- Carl Stumpf (1848–1936)
- Johann Sturm (1635–1703)
- Francisco Suárez (1548–1617)
- Gabrielle Suchon (1631–1703)
- Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi (1154–1191)
- Sun Tzu (c. 5th century BC)
- Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925)
- Kim Il Sung (1912–1994)
- Rudi Supek (1913–1993)
- Henry Suso (1300–1366)
- Ivan Sviták (1925–1994)
- Karen Swassjan (born 1948)
- Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772)
- Richard Swinburne (born 1934)
- Richard Sylvan (1935–1996)
- Syrianus (5th century)
- David Sztybel (born 1967)
T
- Allama Tabatabai (1903–1981)
- Javad Tabatabai (born 1945)
- Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905)
- Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941)
- Tai Chen (or Dai Zhen or Tai Tung-Yuan) (1724–1777)
- Hippolyte Taine (1828–1893)
- Gáspár Miklós Tamás (1948–2023)
- T'an Ssu-t'ung (1864–1898)
- Tanabe Hajime (1885–1962)
- T'ang Chun-i (1909–1978)
- Alfred Tarski (1901–1983)
- Władysław Tatarkiewicz (1886–1980)
- Johannes Tauler (c. 1300 – 1361)
- Nicolaus Taurellus (1547–1606)
- Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi (c. 930 – 1023)
- Charles Taylor (born 1931)
- Harriet Taylor Mill (1807–1858)
- Kenneth Allen Taylor (1954–2019)
- Richard Taylor (1919–2003)
- Gustav Teichmuller (1837–1888)
- Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955)
- Bernardino Telesio (1509–1588)
- Placide Tempels (1906–1977)
- William Temple (1881–1944)
- Frederick Robert Tennant (1866–1957)
- Teresa of Avila (1515–1582)
- Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 220)
- Johannes Nikolaus Tetens (1736–1807)
- Thales (c. 635 – 543 BC)
- Themistius (317–387)
- Theodoric of Freiberg ( c.1250 – c.1311)
- Theodorus of Cyrene (c. 465 – 398 BC)
- Theophrastus (372–287 BC)
- Helmut Thielicke (1908–1986)
- Peter Thielst (born 1951)
- Thierry of Chartres (fl. c. 1130–1150)
- Thomas à Kempis (1380–1471)
- Thomas of Erfurt (14th century)
- Thomas of York (13th century)
- Christian Thomasius (1655–1728)
- William Thompson (1775–1833)
- Judith Jarvis Thomson (1929–2020)
- Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)
- Thrasymachus (5th century BC)
- Thucydides (c. 460 – c. 400 BC)
- Paul Tillich (1886–1965)
- Timaeus of Locri (5th century BC)
- Timon of Phlius (c. 300 BC)
- Matthew Tindal (1657–1733)
- Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859)
- Tzvetan Todorov (1939–2017)
- John Toland (1670–1722)
- Francisco de Toledo (1515–1584)
- Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910)
- Tominaga Nakamoto (1715–1746)
- Alberto Toscano (born 1977)
- Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg (1802–1872)
- Ernst Troeltsch (1865–1923)
- Mario Tronti, (1931–2023)
- Leon Trotsky (1879–1940)
- Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus (1651–1708)
- Je Tsongkhapa (or Dzongkaba or Rinpoche) (1357–1419)
- Alyaksandr Tsvikievich (1888–1937)
- Abraham Tucker (1705–1774)
- Benjamin Tucker (1854–1939)
- Peter Tudvad (born 1966)
- Ernst Tugendhat (1930–2023)
- Raimo Tuomela (1940–2020)
- Alan Turing (1912–1954)
- George Turnball (1698–1748)
- Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274)
- Kazimierz Twardowski (1866–1938)
- Michael Tye (born 1950)
U
- Pietro Ubaldi (1886–1972)
- Udayana (11th century)
- Uddyotakara (6th century)
- Uisang (625–702)
- Ulrich of Strasbourg (1220–1277)
- Hermann Ulrici (1806–1884)
- Umar Khayyam (1048–1131)
- Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936)
- Peter Unger (born 1942)
- Dimitri Uznadze (1886–1950)
V
- Hans Vaihinger (1852–1933)
- György Mihály Vajda (born 1935)
- J. J. Valberg (born 1936)
- Valentinius (or Valentinus) (c. 100 – c. 153)
- Paul Valéry (1871–1945)
- Lorenzo Valla (1406–1457)
- Vallabhacharya (1479–1531)
- Bas C. van Fraassen (born 1941)
- Peter van Inwagen (born 1942)
- Giulio Cesare Vanini (1585–1619)
- Francisco Varela (1946–2001)
- Vasubandhu (4th century)
- Vatsyayana (5th century)
- Emerich de Vattel (1714–1767)
- Gianni Vattimo (born 1936)
- Vauvenargues (1715–1747)
- Gabriel Vazquez (1549–1604)
- John Venn (1834–1923)
- Henry Babcock Veatch (1911–1997)
- Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945)
- Nicoletto Vernia (1442–1499)
- Giambattista Vico (1668–1744)
- Milan Vidmar (1885–1962)
- Álvaro Vieira Pinto (1909–1987)
- Michel Villey (1914–1988)
- Vital Du Four (1260–1327)
- Francisco de Vitoria (1492–1546)
- Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902)
- Juan Luís Vives (1492–1540)
- Gregory Vlastos (1907–1991)
- Eric Voegelin (1901–1985)
- Carl Vogt (1817–1895)
- V. Volodarsky (1891–1918)
- Valentin Voloshinov (1895–1936)
- Voltaire (1694–1778)
- Georg Henrik von Wright (1916–2003)
- Aleksandr Voronsky (1884–1937)
- Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934)
- Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev (1877–1954)
W
- Jean Wahl (1888–1974)
- Friedrich Waismann (1896–1959)
- Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913)
- Michael Walzer (born 1935)
- Ernest Wamba dia Wamba (1942–2020)
- Wang Bi (226–249)
- Wang Ch'ung (27–97)
- Wang Fuzhi (or Wang Fu-Chih or Wang Chuanshan), (1619–1692)
- Hao Wang (1921–1995)
- Wang Yangming (1472–1529)
- James Ward (1843–1925)
- Geoffrey J. Warnock (1923–1996)
- Mary Warnock (1924–2019)
- John B. Watson (1878–1958)
- Watsuji Tetsuro (1889–1960)
- Alan Watts (1915–1973)
- Max Weber (1864–1920)
- Éric Weil (1904–1977)
- Simone Weil (1909–1943)
- Ota Weinberger (1919–2009)
- Otto Weininger (1880–1903)
- Adam weishaupt (1748–1830)
- Christian Hermann Weisse (1801–1866)
- Victoria, Lady Welby (1837–1912)
- Felix Weltsch (1884–1964)
- Cornel West (born 1953)
- Edvard Westermarck (1862–1939)
- Hermann Weyl (1885–1955)
- Frantisek Weyr (or Franz Weyr) (1879–1951)
- William Whewell (1794–1866)
- Benjamin Whichcote (1609–1683)
- Alan R. White (1922–1992)
- Thomas White (1593–1676)
- Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947)
- David Wiggins (born 1933)
- William of Alnwick (1270–1333)
- William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (1180–1249)
- William of Auxerre (died 1231)
- William of Champeaux (c. 1070 – 1121)
- William of Conches (c. 1080 – 1154)
- William of Moerbeke (c. 1215 – 1286)
- William of Ockham (c. 1285 – 1347)
- William of Shyreswood (or William of Sherwood) (1190–1249)
- Bernard Williams (1929–2003)
- Donald Cary Williams (1899–1983)
- Raymond Williams (1921–1988)
- Timothy Williamson (born 1955)
- Colin Wilson (1931–2013)
- John Cook Wilson (1849–1915)
- Peter Winch (1926–1997)
- Wilhelm Windelband (1848–1915)
- Kwasi Wiredu (1931–2022)
- John Wisdom (1904–1993)
- John Witherspoon (1723–1794)
- Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (1885–1939)
- Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951)
- Adam de Wodeham (1298–1358)
- Christian Wolff (1679–1754)
- William Wollaston (1659–1724)
- Richard Wollheim (1923–2003)
- Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797)
- Nicholas Wolterstorff (born 1932)
- Wonchuk (613–696)
- Wonhyo Daisa (617–686)
- Woo Tsin-hang (or Chih-hui) (1865–1953)
- Chauncey Wright (1830–1875)
- Crispin Wright (born 1942)
- Dorothy Maud Wrinch (1894–1976)
- Jerzy Wróblewski (1926–1990)
- Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)
- John Wyclif (c. 1330 – 1384)
X
- Xenocrates (396–314 BC)
- Xenophanes of Colophon, (570–480 BC)
- Xenophon (427–355 BC)
- Xun Zi (or Hsun Tzu), (c. 310–237 BC)
Y
- Yajnavalkya (c. 1800 BC)
- Yang Chu (370–319 BC)
- Yang Xiong (or Yang Hsiung) (53 BC–AD 18)
- Sofya Yanovskaya (1896–1966)
- Yen Yuan (1635–1704)
- Yi Hwang (or Toegye) (1501–1570)
- Yi I (or Yi Yulgok or Yi Yi) (1536–1584)
- Yi Kan (1677–1727)
- Paul Yorck von Wartenburg (1835–1897)
- Arthur M. Young (1905–1995)
- Iris Marion Young (1949–2006)
- Pavel Yudin (1899–1968)
Z
- Jacopo Zabarella (1533–1589)
- Edward N. Zalta (born 1952)
- Peter Wessel Zapffe (1899–1990)
- Zeami Motokiyo (c. 1363 – c. 1443)
- Eduard Zeller (1814–1908)
- Zeno of Citium (333–264 BC)
- Zeno of Elea (c. 495 – c. 430 BC)
- Zeno of Sidon (1st century BC)
- Zeno of Tarsus (fl. 200 BC)
- Dewi Zephaniah Phillips (1934–2006)
- Ernst Zermelo (1871–1953)
- Zhiyi (538–597)
- Zhou Guoping (born 1945)
- Zhu Xi (or Chu Hsi) (1130–1200)
- Zhuang Zi (or Chuang Tzu or Chuang Chou) (c. 300 BC)
- Alexander Zinoviev (1922–2006)
- Howard Zinn (1922–2010)
- Slavoj Žižek (born 1949)
- Florian Znaniecki (1882–1958)
- Zongmi (780–841)
- Zou Yan (3rd century BC)
- Xavier Zubiri (1889–1983)
Contents
- List of philosophers
- (A–C)
- (D–H)
- (I–Q)
- (R–Z)
Notes
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press; 1999. ISBN 0-521-63722-8
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Second Edition). Martin Gale; 2006. ISBN 0-02-865780-2
- The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press; 1995. ISBN 0-19-866132-0
- Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge; 1998. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. January 26, 2021