This is a list of rivers in Bulgaria, organised geographically, taken clockwise from the westernmost tributaries of the Danube drainage. Tributaries are listed down the page in an downstream direction, i.e. the first tributary listed is closest to the source, and tributaries of tributaries are treated similarly. The main stem (or principal) river of a catchment is labelled as (MS), right-bank tributaries are indicated by (R), left-bank tributaries by (L). Note that in general usage, the 'right or left bank of a river' refers to the right or left hand bank, as seen when looking downstream. The list encompasses most of the main rivers of Bulgaria. It includes rivers shared with other countries. There is also a list of rivers over 50 km. The Bulgarian word for river, река (transliteration reka) is often a part of the river names in the country.
Overview
There are 540 rivers in Bulgaria. The longest river in Bulgaria is the Danube (2,888 km), which spans most of the country's northern border for a length of 470 km. The longest one to run through the country (and also the deepest) is the Maritsa (480 km), while the longest river that runs solely in Bulgaria is the Iskar (368 km).
The density of rivers is highest in the mountain areas and lowest in Dobrudzha, the Danubian Plain and the Upper Thracian Plain. There are two catchment basins: the Black Sea (57% of the territory and 42% of the rivers) and the Aegean Sea (43% of the territory and 58% of the rivers) basins. The territory of Bulgaria is 110,994 km, of which 63,270 km fall within the Black Sea catchment bason, divided between the Danube (49,950 km) and Black Sea Coast drainage (13,320 km), and 47,730 km fall within the Aegean Sea basin, divided between the Maritsa (34,166 km), Mesta (2,767 km) and Struma (10,797 km) drainage.
The Balkan Mountains divide Bulgaria into two nearly equal drainage systems. The larger system drains northward to the Black Sea, mainly by way of the Danube. This system includes the entire Danubian Plain and a stretch of land running 48–80 km inland from the coastline in the south. The Danube gets slightly more than 4% of its total volume from its Bulgarian tributaries. As it flows along the northern border, the Danube averages 1.6 to 2.4 km in width. The river's highest water levels usually occur during the May floods; it is frozen over an average of 40 days per year. The longest river located entirely in Bulgarian territory, the Iskar, with a length of 368 km and a catchment area of 8,640 km, is the only Bulgarian Danubian tributary that does not rise in the Balkan Mountains. Instead, the Iskar has its origin in the Rila Mountains. It passes through Sofia's eastern suburbs and crosses the Balkan Mountains through a spectacular 65 km–long gorge. Other important tributaries of the Danube include the rivers Lom, Ogosta, Vit, Osam and Yantra. The longest river flowing directly to the Black Sea is the Kamchiya (254 km), while other rivers include the Batova, Provadiya, Aheloy, Ropotamo, Veleka and Rezovo.
The Aegean Sea catchment basin drains the Thracian Plain and most of the higher lands to the south and southwest. Several major rivers flow directly to the Aegean Sea. Many of their tributaries fall swiftly from the mountains and have cut deep, scenic gorges. The 480 km–long Maritsa (of them 321 km in Bulgaria) and its tributaries drain all of the western Thracian Plain, all of Sredna Gora, the southern slopes of the Balkan Mountains, and the northern slopes of the eastern Rhodopes. After it leaves Bulgaria, the Maritsa forms most of the Greco-Turkish border. Maritsa's major tributaries are the Tundzha, Arda, Topolnitsa, Vacha, etc. The other Bulgarian rivers flowing directly to the Aegean are the Struma and the Mesta.
Black Sea Drainage
Danube Drainage
- Danube (MS)
- (outside Bulgaria) Great Morava (R)
- (outside Bulgaria) South Morava (L)
- Nišava (R)
- Gaberska reka (L)
- Erma (L)
- (outside Bulgaria) Temštica (R)
- Visochitsa (R)
- Nišava (R)
- (outside Bulgaria) South Morava (L)
- Timok (R)
- Topolovets (R)
- Rabrovska reka (L)
- Deleynska reka (L)
- Voynishka reka (R)
- Vidbol (R)
- Archar (R)
- Salashka reka (R)
- Skomlya (R)
- Lom (R)
- Stakevska reka (L)
- Chuprenska reka (R)
- Nechinska bara (L)
- Stakevska reka (L)
- Tsibritsa (R)
- Tsibar (L)
- Dushilnitsa (L)
- Ogosta (R)
- Iskar (R)
- Cherni Iskar (L)
- Beli Iskar (R)
- Musalenska Bistritsa (R)
- Palakaria (L)
- Shipochanitsa (R)
- Zheleznishka reka (L)
- Vitoshka Bistritsa (L)
- Perlovska (L)
- Boyanska reka (L)
- Vladaya (L)
- Lesnovska reka (R)
- Kakach (L)
- Blato (L)
- Batuliyska reka (R)
- Iskretska reka (L)
- Gabrovnitsa (R)
- Malki Iskar (R)
- Bebresh (L)
- Zlatna Panega (R)
- Gostilya (L)
- Vit (R)
- Cherni Vit (L)
- Beli Vit (R)
- Kalnik (R)
- Kamenitsa (R)
- Chernyalka (R)
- Tuchenitsa (R)
- Osam (R)
- Beli Osam (L)
- Cherni Osam (R)
- Komanska reka (L)
- Suha reka (L)
- Shavarna (L)
- Lomya (R)
- Barata (R)
- Yantra (R)
- Belitsa (R)
- Dryanovska reka (L)
- Stara reka (R)
- Golyama reka (R)
- Veselina (L)
- Zlatarishka reka (R)
- Rositsa (L)
- Eliyska reka (L)
- Studena (L)
- Belitsa (R)
- Rusenski Lom (R)
- Cherni Lom (L)
- Baniski Lom (L)
- Beli Lom (R)
- Hlebarovska reka (R)
- Malki Lom (R)
- Cherni Lom (L)
- Topchiyska reka (R)
- Tsaratsar (R)
- Senkovets (R)
- Kanagyol (R)
- Harsovska reka (R)
- Suha reka (R)
- Karamandere (L)
- Dobrichka reka (R)
- (outside Bulgaria) Great Morava (R)
Black Sea Coast
- Shablenska reka (Ms)
- Batova (Ms)
- Provadiya (Ms)
- Matnishka reka (R)
- Kriva reka (L)
- Devnya (L)
- Kamchiya (Ms)
- Golyama Kamchiya (L)
- Eleshnitsa (R)
- Vrana (L)
- Poroyna (L)
- Stara reka (L)
- Brestova reka (R)
- Luda Kamchiya (R)
- Kotlenska reka (L)
- Medvenska reka (L)
- Eleshnitsa (R)
- Golyama Kamchiya (L)
- Dvoynitsa (Ms)
- Hadzhiyska reka (Ms)
- Aheloy (Ms)
- Aytoska reka (Ms)
- Chukarska reka (Ms)
- Rusokastrenska reka (Ms)
- Sredetska reka (Ms)
- Fakiyska reka (Ms)
- Izvorska reka (Ms)
- Ropotamo (Ms)
- Dyavolska reka (Ms)
- Karaagach (Ms)
- Veleka (Ms)
- Mladezhka reka (L)
- Rezovo (Ms)
Aegean Sea Drainage
- Maritsa (Ms)
- Ibar (R)
- Yadenitsa (R)
- Chepinska reka (R)
- Matnitsa (R)
- Topolnitsa (L)
- Bunovska reka (R)
- Mativir (R)
- Luda Yana (L)
- Stara reka (R)
- Vacha (R)
- Shirokolashka (R)
- Devinska reka (L)
- Gashnya (L)
- Potoka (L)
- Parvenetska reka (R)
- Pyasachnik (L)
- Chepelare (R)
- Yugovska reka (R)
- Sushitsa (R)
- Yugovska reka (R)
- Stryama (R)
- Byala reka (L)
- Srebra (L)
- Cherkezitsa (R)
- Brezovska reka (L)
- Omurovska reka (L)
- Mechka (R)
- Tekirska reka (L)
- Kayaliyka (R)
- Starata reka (L)
- Banska (R)
- Merichlerska reka (L)
- Martinka (L)
- Arpadere (L)
- Sazliyka (L)
- Blatnitsa (L)
- Ovcharitsa (L)
- Sokolitsa (L)
- Harmanliyska reka (R)
- Haskovska reka (L)
- Biserska reka (R)
- Golyama reka (L)
- Levchenska reka (L)
- Arda (R)
- Cherna (L)
- Malka Arda (L)
- Borovitsa (L)
- Varbitsa (R)
- Perperek (L)
- Krumovitsa (R)
- Aterenska reka (R)
- Tundzha (L)
- Tazha (L)
- Maglizhka reka (L)
- Asenovska reka (L)
- Mochuritsa (L)
- Popovska reka (L)
- Krushevska reka (R)
- Arapliyska reka (L)
- Boyalashka reka (R)
- Sinapovska reka (R)
- Kalnitsa (L)
- Luda reka (R)
- Byala Reka (L)
- Mesta (Ms)
- Cherna Mesta (L)
- Byala Mesta (R)
- Iztok (R)
- Glazne (R)
- Banderitsa (L)
- Demyanitsa (R)
- Glazne (R)
- Disilitsa (R)
- Retizhe (R)
- Kanina (L)
- Vishteritsa (R)
- Chechka Bistritsa (L)
- Dospat (L)
- Struma (Ms)
- Konska reka (R)
- Arkata (L)
- Treklyanska reka (R)
- Dragovishtitsa (R)
- Sovolyanska Bistritsa (R)
- Eleshnitsa (R)
- Dzherman (L)
- Rilska River (L)
- Blagoevgradska Bistritsa (L)
- Gradevska reka (L)
- Vlahina reka (L)
- Lebnitsa (R)
- Sandanska Bistritsa (L)
- Strumeshnitsa (R)
- Melnishka reka (L)
- Pirinska Bistritsa (L)
List of rivers over 50 km
No. | Image | River | Length | Length in Bulgaria | Basin | Annual flow | Map |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Danube | 2,852 km (1,772 mi) | 470 km (290 mi) | 802,266 km (309,757 sq mi) | 6,500 m/s (230,000 cu ft/s) | ||
2 | Maritsa | 472 km (293 mi) | 322 km (200 mi) | 53,000 km (20,000 sq mi) | 234 m/s (8,300 cu ft/s) | ||
3 | Struma | 415 km (258 mi) | 290 km (180 mi) | 17,300 km (6,700 sq mi) | 76.2 m/s (2,690 cu ft/s) | ||
4 | Tundzha | 390 km (240 mi) | 350 km (220 mi) | 8,429 km (3,254 sq mi) | 39.7 m/s (1,400 cu ft/s) | ||
5 | Iskar | 368 km (229 mi) | 368 km (229 mi) | 8,646 km (3,338 sq mi) | 54.5 m/s (1,920 cu ft/s) | ||
6 | Osam | 314 km (195 mi) | 314 km (195 mi) | 2,824 km (1,090 sq mi) | 12.6 m/s (440 cu ft/s) | ||
7 | Yantra | 285 km (177 mi) | 285 km (177 mi) | 7,862 km (3,036 sq mi) | 18.1 m/s (640 cu ft/s) | ||
8 | Arda | 272 km (169 mi) | 241 km (150 mi) | 5,795 km (2,237 sq mi) | 77 m/s (2,700 cu ft/s) | ||
9 | Mesta | 246 km (153 mi) | 126 km (78 mi) | 3,447 km (1,331 sq mi) | 29.85 m/s (1,054 cu ft/s) | ||
10 | Kamchiya | 245 km (152 mi) | 245 km (152 mi) | 5,358 km (2,069 sq mi) | 27.7 m/s (980 cu ft/s) | ||
11 | Nišava | 218 km (135 mi) | 40 km (25 mi) | 3,950 km (1,530 sq mi) | 36 m/s (1,300 cu ft/s) | ||
12 | Timok | 202 km (126 mi) | 15 km (9.3 mi) | 4,630 km (1,790 sq mi) | 40 m/s (1,400 cu ft/s) | ||
13 | Luda Kamchiya | 202 km (126 mi) | 202 km (126 mi) | 1,612 km (622 sq mi) | 11.4 m/s (400 cu ft/s) | ||
14 | Vit | 189 km (117 mi) | 189 km (117 mi) | 3,225 km (1,245 sq mi) | 14 m/s (490 cu ft/s) | ||
15 | Rositsa | 164 km (102 mi) | 164 km (102 mi) | 2,260 km (870 sq mi) | 10.6 m/s (370 cu ft/s) | ||
16 | Topolnitsa | 155 km (96 mi) | 155 km (96 mi) | 1,789 km (691 sq mi) | 10 m/s (350 cu ft/s) | ||
17 | Beli Lom | 147 km (91 mi) | 147 km (91 mi) | 1,549 km (598 sq mi) | 2.09 m/s (74 cu ft/s) | ||
18 | Veleka | 147 km (91 mi) | 123 km (76 mi) | 995 km (384 sq mi) | 9.41 m/s (332 cu ft/s) | ||
19 | Sazliyka | 145 km (90 mi) | 145 km (90 mi) | 3,239 km (1,251 sq mi) | 18 m/s (640 cu ft/s) | ||
20 | Ogosta | 141 km (88 mi) | 141 km (88 mi) | 3,157 km (1,219 sq mi) | 25.4 m/s (900 cu ft/s) | ||
21 | Skat | 144 km (89 mi) | 144 km (89 mi) | 1,074 km (415 sq mi) | 1.7 m/s (60 cu ft/s) | ||
22 | Cherni Lom | 130 km (81 mi) | 130 km (81 mi) | 1,286 km (497 sq mi) | |||
23 | Suha reka | 126 km (78 mi) | 100 km (62 mi) | 2,404 km (928 sq mi) | 0.69 m/s (24 cu ft/s) | ||
24 | Provadiyska reka | 119 km (74 mi) | 119 km (74 mi) | 2,132 km (823 sq mi) | 2.4 m/s (85 cu ft/s) | ||
25 | Strumeshnitsa | 114 km (71 mi) | 33 km (21 mi) | 1,900 km (730 sq mi) | 12.5 m/s (440 cu ft/s) | ||
26 | Vacha | 112 km (70 mi) | 112 km (70 mi) | 1,645 km (635 sq mi) | 22 m/s (780 cu ft/s) | ||
27 | Rezovska reka | 112 km (70 mi) | 70 km (43 mi) | 738 km (285 sq mi) | |||
28 | Kanagyol | 110 km (68 mi) | 100 km (62 mi) | 1,745 km (674 sq mi) | 0.09 m/s (3.2 cu ft/s) | ||
29 | Stryama | 110 km (68 mi) | 110 km (68 mi) | 1,394 km (538 sq mi) | 8.56 m/s (302 cu ft/s) | ||
30 | Dospat | 110 km (68 mi) | 96 km (60 mi) | 634 km (245 sq mi) | 5.21 m/s (184 cu ft/s) | ||
31 | Tsaratsar | 110 km (68 mi) | 110 km (68 mi) | 1,062 km (410 sq mi) | 0.06 m/s (2.1 cu ft/s) | ||
32 | Luda reka | 100 km (62 mi) | 20 km (12 mi) | 1,618 km (625 sq mi) | |||
33 | Varbitsa | 98 km (61 mi) | 98 km (61 mi) | 1,203 km (464 sq mi) | 22.6 m/s (800 cu ft/s) | ||
34 | Lom | 93 km (58 mi) | 93 km (58 mi) | 1,240 km (480 sq mi) | 7.39 m/s (261 cu ft/s) | ||
35 | Stara reka | 92 km (57 mi) | 92 km (57 mi) | 2,458 km (949 sq mi) | 15.8 m/s (560 cu ft/s) | ||
36 | Harmanliyska reka | 92 km (57 mi) | 92 km (57 mi) | 956 km (369 sq mi) | 5.47 m/s (193 cu ft/s) | ||
37 | Harsovska reka | 91 km (57 mi) | 91 km (57 mi) | 1,096 km (423 sq mi) | |||
38 | Senkovets | 91 km (57 mi) | 91 km (57 mi) | 553 km (214 sq mi) | 1.7 m/s (60 cu ft/s) | ||
39 | Topchiyska reka | 89 km (55 mi) | 89 km (55 mi) | 660 km (250 sq mi) | |||
40 | Tsibritsa | 88 km (55 mi) | 88 km (55 mi) | 934 km (361 sq mi) | 2.5 m/s (88 cu ft/s) | ||
41 | Fakiyska reka | 87 km (54 mi) | 87 km (54 mi) | 641 km (247 sq mi) | 4.84 m/s (171 cu ft/s) | ||
42 | Mochuritsa | 86 km (53 mi) | 86 km (53 mi) | 1,278 km (493 sq mi) | 2.7 m/s (95 cu ft/s) | ||
43 | Chepelarska reka | 86 km (53 mi) | 86 km (53 mi) | 1,010 km (390 sq mi) | 12 m/s (420 cu ft/s) | ||
44 | Malki Iskar | 85 km (53 mi) | 85 km (53 mi) | 1,284 km (496 sq mi) | 9.1 m/s (320 cu ft/s) | ||
45 | Chepinska reka | 83 km (52 mi) | 83 km (52 mi) | 900 km (350 sq mi) | 7.93 m/s (280 cu ft/s) | ||
46 | Golyama reka | 74 km (46 mi) | 74 km (46 mi) | 864 km (334 sq mi) | |||
47 | Luda Yana | 74 km (46 mi) | 74 km (46 mi) | 674 km (260 sq mi) | 3.6 m/s (130 cu ft/s) | ||
48 | Erma | 74 km (46 mi) | 25 km (16 mi) | 2.4 m/s (85 cu ft/s) | |||
49 | Pyasachnik | 72 km (45 mi) | 72 km (45 mi) | 663 km (256 sq mi) | 2.3 m/s (81 cu ft/s) | ||
50 | Ovcharitsa | 72 km (45 mi) | 72 km (45 mi) | 636 km (246 sq mi) | |||
51 | Kalnitsa | 72 km (45 mi) | 72 km (45 mi) | 577 km (223 sq mi) | 1.65 m/s (58 cu ft/s) | ||
52 | Popovska reka | 72 km (45 mi) | 72 km (45 mi) | 0.9 km (0.35 sq mi) | 533 m/s (18,800 cu ft/s) | ||
53 | Visochitsa | 71 km (44 mi) | 17 km (11 mi) | 820 km (320 sq mi) | 0.15 km (0.058 sq mi) | ||
54 | Veselina | 70 km (43 mi) | 70 km (43 mi) | 882 km (341 sq mi) | 2.3 m/s (81 cu ft/s) | ||
55 | Dragovishtitsa | 70 km (43 mi) | 25 km (16 mi) | 867 km (335 sq mi) | 8.9 m/s (310 cu ft/s) | ||
56 | Byala reka | 70 km (43 mi) | 70 km (43 mi) | 594 km (229 sq mi) | 7.53 m/s (266 cu ft/s) | ||
57 | Gospodarevska reka | 70 km (43 mi) | 70 km (43 mi) | 422 km (163 sq mi) | |||
58 | Dobrichka reka | 70 km (43 mi) | 70 km (43 mi) | ||||
59 | Sredetska reka | 69 km (43 mi) | 69 km (43 mi) | 985 km (380 sq mi) | 2.8 m/s (99 cu ft/s) | ||
60 | Botunya | 69 km (43 mi) | 69 km (43 mi) | 732 km (283 sq mi) | 3.9 m/s (140 cu ft/s) | ||
61 | Vrana | 68 km (42 mi) | 68 km (42 mi) | 938 km (362 sq mi) | 2.74 m/s (97 cu ft/s) | ||
62 | Topolovets | 68 km (42 mi) | 68 km (42 mi) | 583 km (225 sq mi) | 1.23 m/s (43 cu ft/s) | ||
63 | Vidima | 68 km (42 mi) | 68 km (42 mi) | 554 km (214 sq mi) | 5.6 m/s (200 cu ft/s) | ||
64 | Karamandere | 66 km (41 mi) | 66 km (41 mi) | 629 km (243 sq mi) | |||
65 | Lesnovska reka | 65 km (40 mi) | 65 km (40 mi) | 1,096 km (423 sq mi) | 4.7 m/s (170 cu ft/s) | ||
66 | Rusokastrenska reka | 65 km (40 mi) | 65 km (40 mi) | 525 km (203 sq mi) | |||
67 | Vidbol | 62 km (39 mi) | 62 km (39 mi) | 330 km (130 sq mi) | 0.8 m/s (28 cu ft/s) | ||
68 | Mativir | 61 km (38 mi) | 61 km (38 mi) | 412 km (159 sq mi) | 1.5 m/s (53 cu ft/s) | ||
69 | Stara reka | 61 km (38 mi) | 61 km (38 mi) | 350 km (140 sq mi) | 2.74 m/s (97 cu ft/s) | ||
70 | Sokolitsa | 61 km (38 mi) | 61 km (38 mi) | 343 km (132 sq mi) | |||
71 | Archar | 59 km (37 mi) | 59 km (37 mi) | 365 km (141 sq mi) | 1.5 m/s (53 cu ft/s) | ||
72 | Eleshnitsa | 59 km (37 mi) | 59 km (37 mi) | 385 km (149 sq mi) | 3.77 m/s (133 cu ft/s) | ||
73 | Dryanovska reka | 59 km (37 mi) | 59 km (37 mi) | 336 km (130 sq mi) | 2.06 m/s (73 cu ft/s) | ||
74 | Krumovitsa | 58 km (36 mi) | 58 km (36 mi) | 671 km (259 sq mi) | 9.34 m/s (330 cu ft/s) | ||
75 | Omurovska reka | 58 km (36 mi) | 58 km (36 mi) | 305 km (118 sq mi) | 0.85 m/s (30 cu ft/s) | ||
76 | Belitsa | 57 km (35 mi) | 57 km (35 mi) | 740 km (290 sq mi) | 2.2 m/s (78 cu ft/s) | ||
77 | Baniski Lom | 57 km (35 mi) | 57 km (35 mi) | 581 km (224 sq mi) | 1.58 m/s (56 cu ft/s) | ||
78 | Devinska reka | 57 km (35 mi) | 57 km (35 mi) | 427 km (165 sq mi) | 5 m/s (180 cu ft/s) | ||
79 | Malki Lom | 57 km (35 mi) | 57 km (35 mi) | 338 km (131 sq mi) | |||
80 | Zlatarishka reka | 57 km (35 mi) | 57 km (35 mi) | 187 km (72 sq mi) | |||
81 | Potoka | 56 km (35 mi) | 56 km (35 mi) | 423 km (163 sq mi) | |||
82 | Martinka | 55 km (34 mi) | 55 km (34 mi) | 395 km (153 sq mi) | |||
83 | Hadzhiyska reka | 55 km (34 mi) | 55 km (34 mi) | 356 km (137 sq mi) | 0.64 m/s (23 cu ft/s) | ||
84 | Voynishka reka | 55 km (34 mi) | 55 km (34 mi) | 276 km (107 sq mi) | 0.91 m/s (32 cu ft/s) | ||
85 | Blatnitsa | 54 km (34 mi) | 54 km (34 mi) | 656 km (253 sq mi) | |||
86 | Pirinska Bistritsa | 53 km (33 mi) | 53 km (33 mi) | 507 km (196 sq mi) | 3.35 m/s (118 cu ft/s) | ||
87 | Brezovska reka | 53 km (33 mi) | 53 km (33 mi) | 237 km (92 sq mi) | |||
88 | Dvoynitsa | 52 km (32 mi) | 52 km (32 mi) | 479 km (185 sq mi) | 7 m/s (250 cu ft/s) | ||
89 | Rilska River | 51 km (32 mi) | 51 km (32 mi) | 393 km (152 sq mi) | 6.26 m/s (221 cu ft/s) | ||
90 | Sovolyanska Bistritsa | 51 km (32 mi) | 51 km (32 mi) | 300 km (120 sq mi) | 2.29 m/s (81 cu ft/s) | ||
91 | Treklyanska reka | 50 km (31 mi) | 50 km (31 mi) | ||||
92 | Rusenski Lom | 50 km (31 mi) | 50 km (31 mi) | 2,874 km (1,110 sq mi) | 5.6 m/s (200 cu ft/s) | ||
93 | Sinapovska reka | 50 km (31 mi) | 50 km (31 mi) | 871 km (336 sq mi) | 1.3 m/s (46 cu ft/s) | ||
94 | Zlatna Panega | 50 km (31 mi) | 50 km (31 mi) | 350 km (140 sq mi) | 4 m/s (140 cu ft/s) | ||
95 | Lebnitsa | 50 km (31 mi) | 42 km (26 mi) | 318 km (123 sq mi) | 2.64 m/s (93 cu ft/s) |
See also
Citations
- ^ Donchev & Karakashev 2004, p. 68
- Donchev & Karakashev 2004, pp. 68–70
- ^ "Hydrology of Bulgaria". Topics of Geography of Bulgaria. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Donchev & Karakashev 2004, p. 69
References
- Мичев (Michev), Николай (Nikolay); Михайлов (Mihaylov), Цветко (Tsvetko); Вапцаров (Vaptsarov), Иван (Ivan); Кираджиев (Kiradzhiev), Светлин (Svetlin) (1980). Географски речник на България [Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Наука и култура (Nauka i kultura).
- Дончев (Donchev), Дончо (Doncho); Каракашев (Karakashev), Христо (Hristo) (2004). Теми по физическа и социално-икономическа география на България (Topics on Physical and Social-Economic Geography of Bulgaria) (in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Ciela. ISBN 954-649-717-7.
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