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The Illyrians, Illyrioi; Latin: Illyrii) were a conglomeration of Indo-European peoples and tribes in the Balkan Peninsula, Southeastern Europe. They spoke the Illyrian language and practiced a multitude of common religious and cultural practices. Many of Illyrian groups formed a distinct tribal mode of social organisation, which survived much later in the form of the Albanian tribal system.

In late Iron Age and early classical antiquity, the first polities of the area would be created by tribal groupings, including the Taulantii and Dardani. The most powerful Illyrian states of the area, the Ardiaean kingdom, emerged in the 3rd century BC during the rule of Agron and Teuta. The Illyrians came into conflict with Roman Republic and were defeated in the Illyrian Wars, which were followed by many revolts. The largest and last of them was the Great Illyrian Revolt (6-9 BC). The beginning of the integration of the region of Illyria in the Roman world followed the revolt and saw many Illyrians rise through the ranks of the Roman society and the Roman army in particular which produced several emperors of Illyrian origin.

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Historical rulers

Enchelean - Taulantian rulers

• Galaurus: king of Taulantii. Unsuccessfully invaded Macedonia between 678 and 640 BC.
• Grabos I (5th century BC): attested on an Athenian inscription, he was very likely a person with great political responsibilities. He probably was the grandfather of Grabos II.
• Sirras (437–390 BC), ruler in Lyncestis.
• Grabos II (r. 358–356 BC): entered Athenian alliance to resist Philip's power in 356 BC.
• Pleuratus I (r. 356–335 BC): reigned near the Adriatic coast in southern Illyria. In a losing effort in 344 BC, tried to thwart Philip's advances in Illyria.
• Pleurias (r. c. 337/336 BC): Illyrian ruler who campaigned against Philip II about 337 BC. He is considered by some scholars as king of either the Autariatae, the Taulantii, or the Dardani. Some have suggested that he was the same as Pleuratus I; Pleurias is mentioned only in Diodorus (16.93.6), elsewhere unattested in ancient sources.
• Cleitus, son of Bardylis I (r. 335–295 BC): mastermind behind the Illyrian Revolt in Pelion of 335 BC against Alexander the Great.
• Glaucias: king of Taulantii. He aided Cleitus at the Battle of Pelion in 335 BC, raised Pyrrhus of Epirus and was involved in other events in southern Illyria in the late 4th century BC.
• Monunius I, (r. 290–270 BC): reigned during the Gallic invasions of 279 BC. He minted his own silver staters in Dyrrhachion.
• Mytilos, successor of Monunius I and probably his son (r. 270–?): waged war on Epirus in 270 BC. He minted his own bronze coins in Dyrrhachion.

Ardiaean-Labeatan rulers

• Pleuratus II: reigned in a time of peace and prosperity for the Illyrian kingdom., ruled BC 260 ~ BC 250
• Teuta (regent for Pinnes): forced to come to terms with the Romans in 227 BC.
• Demetrius of Pharos: surrenders to the Romans at Pharos in 218 BC and flees to Macedonia., ruled B.C 222~B.C 219
• Scerdilaidas: allied with Rome to defeat Macedonia in 208 BC., ruled B.C 218~B.C 206
• Pinnes: too young to become king; ruled under the regency of Teuta, Demetrius and Scerdilaidas., ruled B.C 230~B.C 217
• Pleuratus III: rewarded by the Romans in 196 BC, with lands annexed by the Macedonians., ruled B.C 205~B.C 181

• 

  Gentius: defeated by the Romans in 168 BC during the Third Illyrian War; Illyrian kingdom ceased to exist while the king was taken prisoner., ruled B.C 181~B.C 168

Dardanian rulers

• Longarus: invaded northern borders of the Illyrian kingdom in 229 BC while Teuta was dealing with campaigns in Epirus.
• Bato of Dardania fought alongside the Romans against Macedon during the Second Macedonian War. Bato is known for using advanced war tactics against Athenagoras.
• Monunius of Dardania: repelled the Bastarnae Invasion of Dardania in 175 BC.

Other rulers

Histria

• Epulon, ruler of Histria: thwarted Roman advances in the Istrian peninsula until his death in 177 BC.

Dalmatae

• Verzo, ruler of the Dalmatae: took the city of Promona from the Liburni in order to ambush Octavian in 34 BC.
• Testimos, ruler of the Dalmatae: defeated by the Romans in 33 BC; Dalmatia incorporated into Roman Republic.

Messapia

• Opis of Messapia: attacked by Taras in 460 BC at Hyria, in which he died.

Pannonia

• Pinnes of Pannonia: led Pannonians in the Great Illyrian Revolt from 6 AD.

Minor rulers

• Ionios: ruled over Issa and the surrounding region in the first half of the 4th century BC, probably after the fall of Dionysius of Syracuse in 367 BC.
• Caeria: Illyrian queen who ruled to 344/343BC.

See also

• List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes
• List of settlements in Illyria

References

1. Galaty 2002, pp. 109–121.
2. Villar 1996, p. 316.
3. Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, page 105.
4. The emergence of state identities in Italy in the first millennium BC, pg.51
5. Bilić 2020, p. 15.
6. Dyczek 2019, pp. 198, 200.
7. ^ Šašel Kos 2002, p. 113
8. Harding, Philip. From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus, 1985, p. 93, ISBN 0-521-29949-7. Grabos became the most powerful Illyrian king after the death of Bardylis in 358.
9. Plutarch, Pyrrhus 9.
10. D. Dzino, Illyricum in Roman Politics 229 BC - AD 68 (Cambridge 2010), pp. 149–153.
11. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 216, "Further east the formidable Daesitiates of central Bosnia retained their name. The great rebellion of All 6 had been led by their chief Bato, and their relatively low total of 103 decuriae likely reflects..."
12. The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 85, "The recorded names of Dardanian leader during the Macedonian and the Roman wars, Longarus, Bato..."
13. Patsch, Carl: Das Sandschak Berat in Albanie, Wien 1904, p. 119
14. Anamali, Skënder. (1976) Të dhënat mbishkrimore në disa qytete të Ilirisë së Jugut. Tiranë, 1976, fq. 119
15. Ceka, Neritan. (1987) Mbishkrime byline (Inscriptions bylliones). In: Iliria, vol. 17 n°2, 1987. pp. 49-121.
16. Croke & Marcellin 2001, p. 89.
17. ^ Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2002). Failure of empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D. University of California Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-520-23332-4. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
18. ^ Bond, Sarah; Darley, Rebecca (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), "Valens", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 10 January 2021
19. Μιμαλλόνες "imitators of men" Etym. Mag. (587.53) see Hesychius "mimelazein. mimeisthai" "mimelon. homoion"
20. Cabanes 2002, p. 51
21. Cambi, Nenad; Čače, Slobodan; Kirigin, Branko, eds. (2002). Greek influence along the East Adriatic Coast. Knjiga Mediterana. Vol. 26. ISBN 9531631549. Undoubtedly the word Illyrian had a distinct political (hence to some extent also ethnic) meaning, when applied to the Illyrian kingdom of Sirrhas or Bardylis I, at thend of the 5th or the beginning of the 4th century BC to the fall of Genthius in 168 BC, regardless of the unsolvable problem of how many dynasties alternately occupied the throne and what was the origin and the actual expanse of the kingdom of each of them
22. Katičić, Radoslav (2012). Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Walter de Gruyter. p. 155. ISBN 978-3111568874.
23. The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 121, 156, 167, 170-174, 190
24. Hammond, "The Kingdoms in Illyria circa 400-167 BC".
25. ^ Howe, Müller & Stoneman 2017, p. 98
26. Wilkes 1995, page 120
27. Neritan Ceka: Illlyrian to the Albanians, 2005, Migjeni
28. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 129, "No Illyrian production of coins is known before King Monunius struck his coins at Dyrrhachium (see figure 11), followed by Mytilus around ten years later..."
29. Fanula Papazoglu (1965), "Les origines et la destinée de l'état Illyrien," p. 143
30. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, p. 120, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 158, "Illyrian success continued when command passed to Agron's widow Teuta, who granted individual ships a licence to universal plunder. In 231 AC the fleet and army attacked Ells and Messenia..."
31. A History of Rome to A.D. 565 - p. 111 by Arthur Edward Romilly Boak, William Gurnee Sinnigen,"The island of Pharos and some adjacent territory in Illyria were given to a Greek adventurer, Demetrius of Pharos"
32. Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: mélanges offerts au professeur Pierre Cabanes by Danièle Berranger, Pierre Cabanes, Danièle Berranger-Auserve, page 137
33. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 162, "...revival of Illyrian power under Demetrius of Pharos, who had succeeded Teuta and married Triteuta, mother of the infant King Pinnes."
34. The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, pages 121, 156, 167, 170-174, 190
35. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 221, "Ardiaei from which intoxicated men were conveyed home by their women who had also participated to the overindulgence of their kings Agron and Gentius..."
36. The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 86, "...including the names of Dardanian rulers, Longarus, Bato, Monunius and Etuta, and those on later epitaphs, Epicadus, Scerviaedus, Tuta, Times and Cinna. Other Dardanian names are linked with..."
37. Polybius 23.10
38. Livy 41.11
39. ^ Aleksandar Stipčević: Iliri: povijest, život, kultura, p. 49.
40. Pausanias (10.10.6.)
41. The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott,1996,page 176: "... Daesitiates was soon matched by rebellion of the Breuci in Pannonia, headed by Pinnes and another Bato. ..."
42. Croatia: Aspects of Art, Architecture and Cultural Heritage. Frances Lincoln Adult. 2009-11-24. ISBN 9780711229211.

Bibliography

• Bilić, Tomislav (2020). "Greek-Illyrian coinage of the central Adriatic region: an overview". TEME (LATINA & GRAECA – NOVA SERIJA 38). ISSN 1820-7804.
• Cabanes, Pierre (2002) . Dinko Čutura; Bruna Kuntić-Makvić (eds.). Iliri od Bardileja do Gencia (IV. – II. stoljeće prije Krista) [The Illyrians from Bardylis to Gentius (4th – 2nd century BC)] (in Croatian). Translated by Vesna Lisičić. Svitava. ISBN 953-98832-0-2.
• Croke, Brian; Marcellin, Ammien (2001). Count Marcellinus and his chronicle. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198150016.
• Dyczek, Piotr (2019). "Illyrian King Ballaios, King Agron and Queen Teuta from ancient Rhizon". ANODOS Studies of the Ancient World (13/2013). Trnavská univerzita v Trnave, Filozofcká fakulta: 195–202. ISSN 1338-5410.
• Galaty, Michael L. (2002). "Modeling the Formation and Evolution of an Illyrian Tribal System: Ethnographic and Archaeological Analogs". In William A. Parkinson (ed.). The Archaeology of Tribal Societies. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1789201713.
• Howe, Timothy; Müller, Sabine; Stoneman, Richard (2017). Ancient Historiography On War and Empire. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1785703027.
• Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2002). "Pyrrhus and Illyrian Kingdom(s?)". Greek Influence Along the East Adriatic Coast. Knjiga Mediterana. 26: 101–119. ISBN 9531631549.
• Villar, Francisco (1996). Los indoeuropeos y los orígenes de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: Gredos. ISBN 84-249-1787-1.

• Illyrian people
• Illyria-related lists
• Lists of ancient people