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The Qing dynasty developed a complicated system of ranks and titles. Princess's consort was granted a title of efu (Manchu:ᡝᡶᡠ; Chinese: 额驸; 額駙; éfù), meaning "imperial charioter". However, the title was not granted to the spouses of clanswoman (untitled princesses or daughters of low-ranking clansmen). An efu retained his title and privileges as long as the princess remained his primary spouse – even after her death. However, if an efu remarried or promoted another consort to be his primary spouse, he lost all rights obtained from his marriage to the princess.

The following alphabetical lists contains the efus recorded in the imperial genealogy. However, not all efus are mentioned because daughters of princes not adopted into the palace were not recorded in genealogy of the Aisin Gioro clan.

Ranks of efus

List of princes consorts by the direct emperor's daughters

The list is constructed according to the imperial princesses being daughters of emperors and clans of the princes consorts.

Daughters of Taksi

Daughters of Nurhaci

Biological daughters

Adopted daughters and granddaughters

Daughters of Hong Taiji

Biological daughters

Adopted daughters

Daughters of the Shunzhi Emperor

Biological daughter

Adopted daughters

Daughters of the Kangxi Emperor

Biological daughters

Adoptive daughters and granddaughters

Daughters of the Yongzheng Emperor

Biological daughters

Adopted daughters

Daughters of the Qianlong Emperor

Biological daughters

Adopted daughters

Daughters of the Jiaqing Emperor

Daughters of the Daoguang Emperor

Daughters of the Xianfeng Emperor

Biological daughters

Adoptive daughters

Lists of princes consorts by the imperial princes being the direct descendants of the emperors

The following list is created according to the imperial sons and their descendants. Please note, that not all princesses are included because of insufficient data in imperial records. The princesses adopted as emperor's daughters are not included.

Sons of Taksi

Descendants of Šurhaci

Sons of Nurhaci

Prince Guanglue of the Third Rank

Prince Li of the First Rank/Prince Xun of the First Rank/Prince Kang of the First Rank

Cadet lines

Prince An of the First Rank / Prince Raoyu of the First Rank

Prince Ying of the First Rank

Prince Yu of the First Rank

Sons of Hong Taiji

Prince Su

Descendants of Yebushu

Prince Zhuang

Sons of the Shunzhi Emperor

Sons of the Kangxi Emperor

Prince Zhi of the Second Rank

Prince Li of the First Rank, line of Yunreng

Prince Cheng of the Second Rank

Prince Heng of the First Rank

Prince Chun, line of Yunyou

Prince Lian of the First Rank

Line of Yuntang

Prince Dun of the Second Rank

Prince Lü of the First Rank

Prince Yi of the First Rank

Prince Xun of the Second Rank

Prince Yu of the Second Rank

Prince Jianjing of the Third Rank

Prince Zhi of the First Rank

Prince Gongqin of the Third Rank

Prince Cheng of the Third Rank

Prince Xian of the First Rank

Sons of the Qianlong Emperor

Prince Ding of the First Rank

Prince Xun of the Second Rank

Prince Rong of the First Rank

Prince Yi of the First Rank

Prince Cheng of the First Rank

Prince Qing of the First Rank

Sons of the Jiaqing Emperor

Prince Rui of the First Rank

Prince Hui of the First Rank

Sons of the Daoguang Emperor

Prince Chun of the First Rank

Prince Zhong of the Second Rank

Prince Fu of the Second Rank

See also

• Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty

References

1. Princess of the Second Rank was translation of Chinese term heshuo gongzhu. Princess of the Third Rank was translation of Chinese term junzhu or Manchu term heshuo gege (pinyin transcription).
2. Princess of the Fourth Rank (xianzhu) and Lady of the First Rank (junjun) were known as duoluo gege
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27. 《清实录·顺治朝实录·卷之一百七》.
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29. 《清史稿·公主表》.
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32. 《尚氏宗谱》.
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34. 《星源集庆》.
35. Du, Jiaji (2003). 《清朝满蒙联姻研究》/ "Qing dynasty marriages between Manchurians and Mongols". 中国人民大学出版社.
36. 《荣宪固伦公主圹志文》.
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39. 《内务府满文奏折》.
40. 《办理归化城事务兵部尚书通智等满文奏折》.
41. 《滿族佟氏史畧》/ "History of the Manchu Tong clan".
42. 《皇朝文典》.
43. ^ 《星源吉慶》.
44. ^ Zhao, Erxun (1928). 《清史稿·卷二百九十六·列传八十三》/ "Draft History of Qing. Vol. 296.
45. ^ Sun, Chengde (2009). "Chronicles of Mukden". Beijing Book Co. Inc.
46. "宮廷檔案".
47. 《昌瑞山万年统志》.
48. 《康熙朝满文朱批奏折全译》.
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50. Aisin Gioro, Hongxiao (1740). 《厄魯特扎薩克多羅郡王阿保病故請准其次子承襲本》/"Request to bestow a favour upon the second son of Abao, Olot Alxa jasagh - prince of the second rank".
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52. 《和硕怀恪公主碑文》/ "Inscriptions on the stella of Princess Huaike of the Second Rank". 1726.
53. 《清皇室四譜》.
54. "详细资料介绍_爱新觉罗宗谱网". www.axjlzp.com. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
55. 《光禄寺则例》/ "Plans of the Guanglu temple".
56. Chronicles of the Qianlong era. Vol. 284, 980.
57. Zhao, Erxun (1928). "Draft History of Qing". Vol. 301.
58. 《定边左副将军成衮扎布奏请恩准在京居住之姨娘探视公主折》. 1760.
59. 《乾隆朝满文上谕档》.
60. 《清會典》/"Great Code of the Qing ".
61. "Chronicles of the Qianlong era". 1782.
62. Aisin Gioro, Zhaolian (1802). "Continued records of the Roaring Pavilion".
63. "Calendarium of the 1740". 1741.
64. "详细资料介绍_爱新觉罗宗谱网". www.axjlzp.com. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
65. 《日記檔》.
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67. Gao, Wende. "Perpetual Mongolia". 中国社会科学出版社.
68. 《奏為本年壽臧和碩公主下嫁應用筵宴乞示》. 1842.
69. 《奏為壽臧和碩 公主 薨逝所有應辦事宜及在園日期是否循例辦理請欽定》. 1856.
70. 《奏為擇吉 壽恩固倫公主 下嫁吉期清單》.
71. 《奏為 壽恩固倫公主 薨逝應行一切事例恭呈御覽是否由官為辦理請旨》.
72. 《奏報侍衛德峰呈請將伊子阿克東阿繼與壽莊固倫公主為嗣》.
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75. Cui, Mingde (2005). Old Chinese colligations. 人民出版社. p. 689.
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78. Zhao, Erxun (1928). 《清列朝后妃傳稿》.
79. Du, Jiaji (2003). 《清朝满蒙联姻研究》. 中国人民大学出版社.
80. Daishan's adopted daughter, untitled
81. Primary princess consort was nominal mother of all prince's children, including adopted ones
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83. "清史稿". www.guoxue.com. Retrieved 2021-05-07.
84. A request to set up the annual allotment for the lady of the second rank, daughter of Prince Keqin of the Second Rank born to secondary princess consort and prince consort Lianhui. 1786.
85. Xu, Guangyuan (2005). "Eastern Qing tombs". 中国水利水电出版社.
86. "万方数据知识服务平台". d.wanfangdata.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
87. Liu, Wuji; Lo, Irving Yucheng (1975). Sunflower Splendor: Three Thousand Years of Chinese Poetry. Indiana University Press.
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89. 《清文宗实录·卷179》. Vol. 179.
90. Liu, Shoulin (1995). "Opening years of Republic". Zhonghua press.
91. Audrey, Yue (2010). Ann Hui's Song of the Exile. Hong Kong University Press.
92. "吳世寧：最後一位格格 破例談姊姊川島芳子 | 吳世寧 | 評台". 2016-05-27. Archived from the original on 2016-05-27. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
93. Uesaka, Dongko (2015). Victims of turbulent times. 八旗文化.
94. Aisin Gioro, Hongzhou (1735). 《八旗滿洲氏族通譜》. Vol. 56.
95. A decree to arrange the engagement of 5th daughter of Director of the Imperial Clan Court Prince Zhuang of the First Rank and 3 class taiji Wangqin Dorji. 1816.
96. A decree to organise the engagement of Yiren's second daughter and first class tabunang, jasagh of Kharchin Ayurjana of the Uliyahan clan. 1879.
97. A decree on the return of Lianghuan's daughter, wife of taiji Jilemote to the capital. 1820.
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99. A decree on promotion of Lianghuan's third daughter to princess of the third rank. 1802.
100. A request to set the date of the arrival of Prince Duleng of the Second Rank Seboke Dorji of Kharchin and Xiangduan's first daughter, Lady of the Second Rank. 1844.
101. A report on the arrangement of the marriage of Xiangduan's first daughter with prince of the second rank of Kharchin. 1839.
102. A request to decide whether first daughter of Xiangduan is born to primary princess consort. 1839.
103. A request to pass the arrangement of marriage of Hongfang's eight daughter and Toktanihu to Ministry of Revenue. 1795.
104. A request to handle the matter of the promotion of prince consort of Hongwei's third daughter by secondary princess consort to the first rank. 1760.
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107. "A decree to give Hongjing's daughter a title of xianjun". 1750.
108. Cui, Mingde (2005). Old Chinese colligations. 人民出版社. p. 691.
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110. Du, Jiaji (2003). 清朝满蒙联姻研究/Qing dynasty diplomatic marriages with Mongols. 中国人民大学出版社.
111. 《為抄送淳郡王長女縣君聘與吹吉扎爾成婚筵宴照例預備上用桌張一折事致內務府等》.
112. 《清实录·世宗实录·卷之二十一》. Vol. 21.
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114. A decree to grant Yilun's third daughter a title of lady of the first rank on the occasion of the marriage with prince consort, minister Elehun. 1829.
115. "A request to arrange a marriage of Hongxiao's fourth daughter, who reached the age of 16". 1768.
116. ^ Cui, Mingde. "中国古代和亲史"/"Old Chinese colligations". 人民出版社. p. 685.
117. 《胤禎奏為長女許嫁事謝恩折》/ "A memorial on thanksgiving for arragment of the marriage for Yinzhen's first daughter".
118. "A decree to grant fourth daughter of Prince Yu of the Second Rank Hongqing a title of Lady of the Second Rank".
119. Aisin Gioro, Zaishan (1880). "A request to use Mongolian documents for the marriage of Mianxiu's fourth daughter and fourth rank taiji of Alxa Salabuqi Abuli".
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121. 《為額駙納遜特古斯謀毒格格已被正法格格亦有罪著住俸交諴親王教養事》.
122. Cui, Mingde (2005). 中国古代和亲史. 人民出版社. p. 692.
123. 明清档案与蒙古史硏究. Vol. 2. 內蒙古人民出版社. 2002. p. 196.
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126. A decree to organise the marriage of the third daughter of Prince of the Fourth Rank Mianxun. 1883.
127. A decree to write down in red the name of Mianxun's third daughter born to second primary consort, lady Guwalgiya.
128. "A decree to grant titles to Prince of the Fourth Rank Yichun's daughter born to primary consort and her prince consort, baitangga Qinglin". 1804.
129. "A decree on organisation of the mariage of the first daughter of defender general Yuchang and son of Rulamanima Yizhanabulana". 1891.
130. A decree on the organisation of wedding of the fourth daughter of defender general Yuchang and jasagh of the Tumed league Prince of the Third Rank Kunbuzhab. 1893.
131. "A report on the organisation of marriage of the fifth daughter of defender general Yuchang and first class taiji Lhawang Balejid". 1906.
132. A report on organisation of the wedding of the sixth daughter of defender general Yuchang and taiji Qichengwu. 1905.
133. 《寿皇殿尊藏圣容黄册》.
134. "玉碟"/"Jade Tables".
135. A decree to grant a husband of princess Sula, Mianqin's 9th daughter a title of Prince Consort of the Fourth Rank. 1823.
136. A decree on the marriage of Kharchin Ulingga tabunang acting as jasagh Eqin'er and Zairui's 7th daughter.
137. Aisin Gioro, Zaiyi (1869). "A decree to grant the titles to fifth daughter of Prince Ruimin of the Second Rank Yizhi and her prince consort".
138. "Chronicles of the Admired Ancestor, Emperor Yi ". Vol. 184. p. 304.
139. Jia / 贾, Yinghua /英华 (2012). "Last Imperial Uncle Zaitao". 人民文学出版社出版.
140. "A decree to grant Mianyu's third daughter a title of Princess of the Third Rank". 1861.
141. 明淸人口婚姻家族史论: 陈捷先敎授, 冯尔康敎授古稀纪念论文集. 天津古籍出版社. 2002. p. 429.
142. "东华流韵". www.bjdclib.com. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
143. 马西巴图, Mashbat (2000). 阿拉善右旗志 — Records of Alashan Right Banner. hohhot: Inner Mongolia Education Press. p. 564.
144. "档案中的三件清朝册封诰命". 2012-05-14. Archived from the original on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2021-03-19.

• Imperial families of Qing dynasty
• Chinese royal titles