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Holocentrus rufus
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Beryciformes
Family:	Holocentridae
Genus:	Holocentrus
Species:	H. rufus
Binomial name
Holocentrus rufus (Walbaum, 1792)

The longspine squirrelfish (Holocentrus rufus) is a silvery red, sea fish with orange-gold body stripes. One of about 150 species of squirrelfish, their most distinguishing characteristics are their large eyes and the long third spine of the anal fin. It is often included in public aquarium displays. The length of the longspine squirrelfish is about 18 cm (7.8 inches). It lives in coral reefs in tropical and warm temperate seas and eats zoobenthos. It is territorial and uses sounds called "grunts" and "staccatos" to defend its crevice, warn of danger and, in groups, intimidate predators such as the moray eel. The longspine squirrelfish is edible and harvested on a small scale.

Identification

The body of the longspine squirrelfish is silvery red, with orange-gold body stripes. Its eyes are very large, which is characteristic of all squirrelfish. The rear dorsal fin is pronounced and sticks up. The anal fin has a strongly elongated third spine, from which this squirrelfish gets its name.

There are about 150 species of squirrelfish. Squirrelfish, belonging to the order of Beryciformes, are brightly colored, medium-sized fish that are active during the night. Squirrelfish live in rocky or coral reefs in tropical and warm-temperate seas. Their most distinguishing characteristics are their large eyes. To identify the longspine squirrelfish, in addition to recognizing the long third spine of the anal fin, it can be useful to pay attention to the specific anatomy of other fins:

Distribution

Longspine squirrelfish are marine fish that live in coral reefs. The length of the longspine squirrelfish is up to 18 cm (7.8 inches). They are found along the south eastern coast of the United States to Northern South America and Brazil, as well as in-between locations such as Bermuda and the West Indies. They hide in or near dark recesses. They are territorial and defend their crevices with visual and acoustic displays. They are rare on shallow reefs. They are more abundant with increasing depth and are most abundant between thirty and seventy meters.

The juveniles are thin, silvery pelagics and seldom seen.

Food

Most of the food longspine squirrelfish eat is zoobenthos, including crustaceans, mollusks, and gastropods. It tends to guard its territory during the day and feed more actively at night.

Sounds

Vocalization has been described in 30 families of fishes. Aggressive sounds tend to be middle-frequency (about one kHz). Distressed sounds can be a bit higher frequency (about 6 kHz). Longspine squirrelfish make two kinds of sounds, a single "grunt" and a short burst of sounds called a "staccato." The grunt sounds are used mostly to defend their territory. The staccato sound indicates alarm. Other longspine squirrelfish hearing the staccato sound will first retreat into their crevices, then come out to investigate the threat. Sometimes several of them make staccato sounds to scare away predators like the moray eel. This behavior is called "mobbing." Researchers have observed that the longspine squirrelfish makes sounds more frequently at dusk.

Importance to humans

Squirrelfish in general are of low commercial importance, but they are frequently taken on a small scale off of Brazil and Venezuela with traps, handlines, and gillnets. They show resilience through the ability to survive for days within traps and to survive in highly polluted waters. They are sometimes marketed fresh. They are commonly displayed in public aquarium facilities due to their beautiful red coloration and distinctively large eyes.

In a 1980 study, longspine squirrelfish were determined to be quite edible among 16 different species of finfish obtainable off of the South Carolina coast of the United States. A taste panel of thirteen individuals gave it high marks for firmness, average marks for flavor, and lower marks for flakiness compared with other species sampled. It was judged to be most similar to the short bigeye and the (much larger) red drum.

References

1. Moore, J.; Polanco Fernandez, A.; Russell, B.; McEachran, J.D. (2015). "Holocentrus rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T16442487A16509857. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T16442487A16509857.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
2. "Marine Species Identification Portal : Longspine squirrelfish - Neoniphon marianus".
3. FishBase.org page on longspine squirrelfish
4. FishBase.org page on longspine squirrelfish
5. Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 Alimentacion y relaciones tróficas. p. 263-284. In: Rodolfo Claro (ed.) Ecología de los Peces Marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo, Mexico.
6. Ladich, F. Agonistic behaviour and significance of sounds in vocalizing fish. Mar. Fresh. Behav. Physiol., Vol. 29, pp. 87-108
7. Ladich, F. Agonistic behaviour and significance of sounds in vocalizing fish. Mar. Fresh. Behav. Physiol., Vol. 29, pp. 87-108; Winn HE , Marshall JA , Hazlett B. Behavior, deil activities, and stimuli that elicit sound production and reactions to sounds in the longspine squirrelfish. Copeia 1964(2):413-425, 1964
8. Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History
9. Chapman S , Hale M , Ng L. A preliminary study of the edibility characteristics of southeastern finfish. Texas A&M university, 1980 read online Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine

External links

• Data related to Holocentrus rufus at Wikispecies
• Media related to Holocentrus rufus at Wikimedia Commons
• Photos of Longspine squirrelfish on Sealife Collection

• IUCN Red List least concern species
• Holocentridae
• Fish described in 1792
• Fish of the Atlantic Ocean