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Lufthansa Flight 2904

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1993 passenger plane crash in Warsaw, Poland

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Lufthansa Flight 2904
Wreckage of Flight 2904 on 15 September 1993
Accident
Date14 September 1993
SummaryOvershot runway due to pilot error
SiteWarsaw Chopin Airport, Warsaw, Poland
52°09′39″N 20°59′07″E / 52.16083°N 20.98528°E / 52.16083; 20.98528
Aircraft
Aircraft typeAirbus A320-211
Aircraft nameKulmbach
OperatorLufthansa
IATA flight No.LH2904
ICAO flight No.DLH2904
Call signLUFTHANSA 2904
RegistrationD-AIPN
Flight originFrankfurt Airport, Frankfurt, Germany
DestinationWarsaw Chopin Airport, Warsaw, Poland
Occupants70
Passengers64
Crew6
Fatalities2
Injuries56
Survivors68

Lufthansa Flight 2904 was an Airbus A320-200 flying from Frankfurt, Germany to Warsaw, Poland that overran the runway at Okęcie International Airport on 14 September 1993.

Incident description

Illustration of time elapsed between touchdown of the first main strut, the second and engagement of brakes.

Lufthansa Flight 2904 was cleared to land at Okęcie International Airport Runway 11 and was informed of the existence of wind shear on the approach. To compensate for the crosswind, the pilots attempted to touch down with the aircraft banked slightly to the right and with a speed of about 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) faster than usual. According to the manual, this was the correct procedure for the reported weather conditions, but the weather report was not up-to-date. At the moment of touchdown, the assumed crosswind turned out to be a tailwind of approximately 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph). With the resulting increased speed, the airplane hit the ground at approximately 170 knots (310 km/h; 200 mph) and far beyond the normal touchdown point; its right gear touched down 770 metres (2,530 ft) from the runway threshold. The left gear touched down nine seconds later, 1,525 metres (5,003 ft) from the threshold. Only when the left gear touched the runway did the ground spoilers and engine thrust reversers start to deploy, these systems depend on oleo strut (shock absorber) compression. The wheel brakes, triggered by wheel rotation being equal to or greater than 72 knots (133 km/h; 83 mph), began to operate about four seconds later.

The remaining length of the runway (left from the moment when braking systems had begun to work) was too short to enable the aircraft to stop. Seeing the approaching end of the runway and the obstacle behind it, the pilot steered the aircraft off the runway to the right. The aircraft departed the runway at a speed of 72 knots (133 km/h; 83 mph) and rolled 90 metres (300 ft) before it hit the embankment and an LLZ aerial with the left wing. A fire started in the left wing area and penetrated into the passenger cabin. Two of 70 occupants died, including the training captain (seated in the right seat) who died on impact and one passenger who was unable to escape because he lost consciousness from the smoke in the cabin.

Causes of the accident

The main cause of the accident was the incorrect decisions and actions of the flight crew. Some of these decisions were made based on wind shear information that was received by the crew. The wind shear was produced by the front passing over the airport, accompanied by an intensive variation of wind parameters, as well as heavy rain on the runway itself.

Contributing to the cause was the lack of current wind information at the tower. For that reason, no up-to-date wind information could be transmitted to the crew.

Additional causes involved certain design features of the aircraft. Computer logic prevented the activation of both ground spoilers and thrust reversers until a minimum compression load of at least 6.3 tons was sensed on each main landing gear strut, thus preventing the crew from achieving any braking action by the two systems before this condition was met.

D-AIPN, the aircraft seen in 1991

Aircraft systems

To ensure that the thrust-reverse system and the spoilers are only activated in a landing situation, the software has to be sure the aeroplane is on the ground even if the systems are selected mid-air. The spoilers are only activated if there is at least 6.3 tons on each main landing gear strut or if the wheels of the plane are turning faster than 72 knots (133 km/h; 83 mph).

The thrust reversers are only activated if the first condition is true. There is no way for the pilots to override the software decision and activate either system manually.

In the case of the Warsaw accident, neither condition was fulfilled, so the most effective braking system was not activated. Because the plane landed inclined (to counteract the anticipated crosswind), the required pressure of 12 combined tons on both landing gears necessary to trigger the sensor was not reached. The plane's wheels did not reach the minimum rotation speed because of a hydroplaning effect on the wet runway.

Only when the left landing gear touched the runway did the automatic aircraft systems allow the ground spoilers and engine thrust reversers to operate. Because of the braking distances in the heavy rain, the aircraft could not stop before the end of the runway. The computer did not actually recognize that the aircraft had landed until it was already 125 meters beyond the halfway point of Runway 11.

Illustration of distance relative to main strut touchdown. The striped line marks 1400 m, which divides the runway in half. Red indicates that the landing gear have not touched down, blue indicates hydroplaning and green indicates wheels on the ground.

Passengers and crew

As a result of the impact, a fire broke out and penetrated into the cabin, killing one of the passengers. The co-pilot also died as a result of the collision. A total of 51 people were seriously injured (including two crew members), and five were slightly injured.

See also

References

  1. ^ "A320-211 Warsaw Accident Report". www.rvs.uni-bielefeld.de. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  2. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A320-211 D-AIPN Warszawa-Okecie Airport (WAW)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 12 September 2019.

External links

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1993 (1993)
Jan 6 Lufthansa Cityline Flight 5634Feb 8 Tehran mid-air collisionFeb 11 Lufthansa Flight 592Mar 5 Palair Macedonian Airlines Flight 301Mar 31 Japan Air Lines Cargo Flight 46EApr 1 Alan Kulwicki Swearingen crashApr 6 China Eastern Airlines Flight 583Apr 14 American Airlines Flight 102Apr 18 Japan Air System Flight 451Apr 24 Indian Airlines Flight 427Apr 26 Indian Airlines Flight 491Apr 27 Zambia national football team plane crashMay 19 SAM Colombia Flight 501Jul 1 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 724Jul 23 China Northwest Airlines Flight 2119Jul 26 Asiana Airlines Flight 733Jul 31 Everest Air Dornier 228 crashAug 12 Llyn Padarn helicopter crashAug 18 American International Airways Flight 808Aug 26 Sakha Avia Flight 301Aug 28 Khorog Tajikistan Airlines Yakovlev Yak-40 crashSep 14 Lufthansa Flight 2904Sep 21 Sukhumi airliners attacksOct 26 China Eastern Airlines Flight 5398Oct 27 Widerøe Flight 744Nov 4 China Airlines Flight 605Nov 13 China Northern Airlines Flight 6901Nov 20 Avioimpex Flight 110Nov 26 Auckland mid-air collisionDec 1 Northwest Airlink Flight 5719Dec 26 Kuban Airlines Flight 5719
1992   ◄    ►   1994
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