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(Redirected from M S Swaminathan) Indian agronomist (1925–2023)

M. S. SwaminathanBharat Ratna
Swaminathan in 2013

Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
In office 2007–2013
Constituency	Nominated
Principal Secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation
In office 1979–1980

Personal details
Born	Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (1925-08-07)7 August 1925 Kumbakonam, Tanjore District, Madras Presidency, British India (present-day Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	28 September 2023(2023-09-28) (aged 98) Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Alma mater	University of Kerala (BSc) University of Madras (MSc) University of Cambridge (PhD)

Spouse	Mina Swaminathan (m. 1955; died 2022)
Children	3, including Soumya
Awards	Padma Shri (1967) Ramon Magsaysay Award (1971) Padma Bhushan (1972) World Food Prize (1987) Padma Vibhushan (1989) Bharat Ratna (2024)
Scientific career
Fields	Botany plant genetics genetics cytogenetics ecological economics plant breeding ecotechnology
Institutions	Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI; as teacher, researcher and research administrator, 1954–1972) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR; as Director General, 1972–1980) International Rice Research Institute (IRRI; as Director General, 1982–1988)
Thesis	Species Differentiation, and the Nature of Polyploidy in certain species of the genus Solanum–section Tuberarium (1952)
Doctoral advisor	H. W. Howard

Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (7 August 1925 – 28 September 2023) was an Indian agronomist, geneticist, administrator and humanitarian. Swaminathan was a global leader of the green revolution. He has been called the main architect of the green revolution in India for his leadership and role in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice.

Swaminathan's collaborative scientific efforts with Norman Borlaug, spearheading a mass movement with farmers and other scientists and backed by public policies, saved India and Pakistan from certain famine-like conditions in the 1960s. His leadership as director general of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines was instrumental in his being awarded the first World Food Prize in 1987, recognized as one of the highest honours in the field of agriculture. The United Nations Environment Programme has called him "the Father of Economic Ecology". He was recently conferred the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award of the Republic of India, in 2024.

Swaminathan contributed basic research related to potato, wheat, and rice, in areas such as cytogenetics, ionizing radiation, and radiosensitivity. He was a president of the Pugwash Conferences and the International Union for Conservation of Nature. In 1999, he was one of three Indians, along with Gandhi and Tagore, on Time's list of the 20 most influential Asian people of the 20th century. Swaminathan received numerous awards and honours, including the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award, the Ramon Magsaysay Award, and the Albert Einstein World Science Award. Swaminathan chaired the National Commission on Farmers in 2004, which recommended far-reaching ways to improve India's farming system. He was the founder of an eponymous research foundation. He coined the term "Evergreen Revolution" in 1990 to describe his vision of "productivity in perpetuity without associated ecological harm". He was nominated to the Parliament of India for one term between 2007 and 2013. During his tenure he put forward a bill for the recognition of women farmers in India.

Life

Early life and education

Swaminathan was born in a Tamil family in Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency, on 7 August 1925. He was the second son of general surgeon M. K. Sambasivan and Parvati Thangammal Sambasivan. At age 11, after his father's death, Swaminathan was looked after by his father's brother. Swaminathan’s parents were second-generation descendants of migrants from Thanjavur, and were natives of Mankombu, Alappuzha, Kerala. This was the reason he was carrying Mankombu in his name.

Swaminathan was educated at a local high school and later at the Catholic Little Flower High School in Kumbakonam, from which he matriculated at age 15. From childhood, he interacted with farming and farmers; his extended family grew rice, mangoes, and coconut, and later expanded into other areas such as coffee. He saw the impact that fluctuations in the price of crops had on his family, including the devastation that weather and pests could cause to crops as well as incomes.

His parents wanted him to study medicine. With that in mind, he started off his higher education with zoology. But when he witnessed the impacts of the Bengal famine of 1943 during the Second World War and shortages of rice throughout the sub-continent, he decided to devote his life to ensuring India had enough food. Despite his family background, and belonging to an era where medicine and engineering were considered much more prestigious, he chose agriculture.

He went on to finish his undergraduate degree in zoology at Maharaja's College in Trivandrum, Kerala (now known as University College, Thiruvananthapuram at the University of Kerala). He then studied at University of Madras (Madras Agricultural College, now the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University) from 1940 to 1944 and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Agricultural Science. During this time he was also taught by Cotah Ramaswami, a professor of agronomy.

In 1947 he moved to the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi to study genetics and plant breeding. He obtained a post-graduate degree with high distinction in cytogenetics in 1949. His research focused on the genus Solanum, with specific attention to the potato. Social pressures resulted in him competing in the examinations for civil services, through which he was selected to the Indian Police Service. At the same time, an opportunity for him arose in the agriculture field in the form of a UNESCO fellowship in genetics in the Netherlands. He chose genetics.

Netherlands and Europe

Swaminathan was a UNESCO fellow at the Wageningen Agricultural University's Institute of Genetics in the Netherlands for eight months. The demand for potatoes during the Second World War resulted in deviations in age-old crop rotations. This caused golden nematode infestations in certain areas such as reclaimed agricultural lands. Swaminathan worked on adapting genes to provide resilience against such parasites, as well as cold weather. To this effect, the research succeeded. Ideologically the university influenced his later scientific pursuits in India with respect to food production. During this time he also made a visit to the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in war-torn Germany; this would later influence him deeply as during his next visit, a decade later, he saw that the Germans had transformed Germany, both infrastructurally and energetically.

United Kingdom

In 1950, he moved to study at the Plant Breeding Institute of the University of Cambridge School of Agriculture. He earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1952 for his thesis "Species Differentiation, and the Nature of Polyploidy in certain species of the genus Solanum – section Tuberarium". The following December he stayed for a week with F.L. Brayne, a former Indian Civil Service officer, whose experiences with rural India influenced Swaminathan in his later years.

United States of America

Swaminathan then spent 15 months in the United States. He accepted a post-doctoral research associateship at the University of Wisconsin's Laboratory of Genetics to help set up a USDA potato research station. The laboratory at the time had Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg on its faculty. His associateship ended in December 1953. Swaminathan turned down a faculty position in order to continue to make a difference back home in India.

India

Swaminathan returned to India in early 1954. There were no jobs in his specialisation and it was only three months later that he received an opportunity through a former professor to work temporarily as an assistant botanist at Central Rice Research Institute in Cuttack. At Cuttack, he was under an indica-japonica rice hybridisation program started by Krishnaswami Ramiah. This stint would go on to influence his future work with wheat. Half a year later he joined Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi in October 1954 as an assistant cytogeneticist. Swaminathan was critical of India importing food grains when seventy percent of India was dependent on agriculture. Further drought and famine-like situations were developing in the country.

Swaminathan and Norman Borlaug collaborated, with Borlaug touring India and sending supplies for a range of Mexican dwarf varieties of wheat, which were to be bred with Japanese varieties. Initial testing in an experimental plot showed good results. The crop was high-yield, good quality, and disease free. There was hesitation by farmers to adopt the new variety whose high yields were unnerving. In 1964, following repeated requests by Swaminathan to demonstrate the new variety, he was given funding to plant small demonstration plots. A total of 150 demonstration plots on 1 hectare were planted. The results were promising and the anxieties of the farmers were reduced. More modifications were made to the grain in the laboratory to better suit Indian conditions. The new wheat varieties were sown and in 1968 production went to 17 million tonnes, 5 million tonnes more than the last harvest.

Just before receiving his Nobel Prize in 1970, Norman Borlaug wrote to Swaminathan:

The Green Revolution has been a team effort and much of the credit for its spectacular development must go to the Indian officials, organizations, scientists, and farmers. However, to you, Dr. Swaminathan, a great deal of the credit must go for first recognizing the potential value of the Mexican dwarfs. Had this not occurred, it is quite possible that there would not have been a Green Revolution in Asia.

Notable contributions were made by Indian agronomists and geneticists such as Gurdev Khush and Dilbagh Singh Athwal. The Government of India declared India self-sufficient in food production in 1971. India and Swaminathan could now deal with other serious issues of access to food, hunger, and nutrition. He was with IARI between 1954 and 1972.

Administrator and educator

In 1972, Swaminathan was appointed as the director-general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and a secretary to the Government of India. In 1979, in a rare move for a scientist, he was made a principal secretary, a senior position in the Government of India. The next year he was shifted to the Planning Commission. As director-general of ICAR, he pushed for technical literacy, setting up centres all over India for this. Droughts during this period led him to form groups to watch weather and crop patterns, with the ultimate aim of protecting the poor from malnutrition. His shift to the Planning Commission for two years resulted in the introduction of women and environment with respect to development in India's five year plans for the first time.

In 1982, he was made the first Asian director general of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines. He was there until 1988. One of the contributions he made during his tenure here was conducting an international conference "Women in Rice Farming Systems". For this, the United States–based Association for Women in Development gave Swaminathan their first award for "outstanding contributions to the integration of women in development". As director general, he spread awareness among rice-growing families of making the value of each part of the rice crop. His leadership at IRRI was instrumental in the first World Food Prize being awarded to him. In 1984 he became the president and vice-president of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and World Wildlife Fund respectively.

In 1987 he was awarded the first World Food Prize. The prize money was used to set up the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation. Accepting the award, Swaminathan spoke of the growing hunger despite the increase in food production. He spoke of the fear of sharing "power and resources", and that the goal of a world without hunger remains unfinished. In their commendation letters, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Frank Press, President Ronald Reagan, and others recognized his efforts.

Swaminathan would go on to chair the World Food Prize Selection Committee following Borlaug. In ICAR, from the late 1950s onwards, he taught cytogenetics, radiation genetics, and mutation breeding. Swaminathan mentored numerous Borlaug‐Ruan interns, part of the Borlaug‐Ruan International Internship.

Institution builder

Swaminathan established the Nuclear Research Laboratory at the IARI. He played a role in and promoting the setting up of the International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in India; the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (now known as Bioversity International) in Italy and the International Council for Research in Agro-Forestry in Kenya. He helped to build and develop a number of institutions and provided research support in China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Iran, and Cambodia.

Later years

Swaminathan co-chaired the United Nations Millennium Project on hunger from 2002 to 2005 and was head of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs between 2002 and 2007. In 2005 Bruce Alberts, President of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences said of Swaminathan: "At 80, M.S. retains all the energy and idealism of his youth, and he continues to inspire good behaviour and more idealism from millions of his fellow human beings on this Earth. For that, we can all be thankful". Swaminathan had the aim of a hunger-free India by 2007.

Swaminathan was the chair of the National Commission on Farmers constituted in 2004. In 2007, President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam nominated Swaminathan to the Rajya Sabha. Swaminathan introduced one bill during his tenure, The Women Farmers' Entitlements Bill 2011, which lapsed. One of the aims it proposed was recognising women farmers.

A term coined by Swaminathan, 'Evergreen Revolution', based on the enduring influence of the green revolution, aims to address the continuous increase in sustainable productivity that mankind requires. He has described it as "productivity with perpetuity".

In his later years, he had also been part of initiatives related to bridging the digital divide, and bringing research to decision-makers in the field of hunger and nutrition.

Personal life and death

He was married to Mina Swaminathan, whom he met in 1951 while they were both studying at Cambridge. They lived in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Their three daughters are Soumya Swaminathan (a paediatrician), Madhura Swaminathan (an economist), and Nitya Swaminathan (gender and rural development).

Gandhi and Ramana Maharshi influenced his life. Of the 2000 acres owned by their family, they donated one-third to Vinoba Bhave's cause. In an interview in 2011, he said that when he was young, he followed Swami Vivekananda.

Swaminathan died at home in Chennai on 28 September 2023, at age 98.

Scientific career

Potato

In the 1950s, Swaminathan's explanation and analysis of the origin and evolutionary processes of potato was a major contribution. He elucidated its origin as an autotetraploid and its cell division behaviour. His findings related to polyploids were also significant. Swaminathan's thesis in 1952 was based on his basic research related to "species differentiation and the nature of polyploidy in certain species of the genus Solanum, section Tuberarium". The impact was the greater ability to transfer genes from a wild species to the cultivated potato.

What made his research on potatoes valuable was its real-world application in the development of new potato varieties. During his post-doctoral at Wisconsin University, he helped develop a frost-resistant potato. His genetic analysis of potatoes, including the genetic traits that govern yield and growth, important factors in increasing productivity, was pivotal. His multi-disciplinary systems approach perspective brought together many different genetic facets.

Wheat

In the 1950s and 1960s Swaminathan did basic research into the cytogenetics of hexaploid wheat. The varieties of wheat and rice developed by Swaminathan and Borlaug were foundational to the green revolution.

Rice

Efforts towards growing rice with C₄ carbon fixation capabilities, which would allow a better photosynthesis and water usage, were started at IRRI under Swaminathan. Swaminathan also played a role in the development of the world's first high-yielding basmati.

Radiation botany

The Genetics Division of the IARI under Swaminathan was globally renowned for its research on mutagens. He set up a 'Cobalt-60 Gamma Garden' to study radiation mutation. Swaminathan's association with Homi J. Bhabha, Vikram Sarabhai, Raja Ramana, M. R. Srinivasan and other Indian nuclear scientists allowed agricultural scientists to access facilities at the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (which would later become the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre). Swaminathan's first PhD student, A. T. Natarajan, would go on to write his thesis in this direction. One of the aims of such research was to increase plant responsiveness to fertilisers and demonstrate real-world application of crop mutations. Swaminathan's early basic research on the effects of radiation on cells and organisms partly formed the base of future redox biology.

Rudy Rabbinge [nl] calls Swaminathan's paper on neutron radiation in agriculture in 1966 presented at an International Atomic Energy Agency conference in the United States as "epoch-making". The work of Swaminathan and his colleagues was relevant to food irradiation.

Public recognition

Awards and honours

Swaminathan received the Mendel Memorial Medal from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in 1965. Following this he received numerous international awards and honours, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1971), the Albert Einstein World Science Award (1986), the first World Food Prize (1987), the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement (1991), the Four Freedoms Award (2000), and the Planet and Humanity Medal of the International Geographical Union (2000). When accepting the Ramon Magsaysay Award, Swaminathan quoted Seneca: "A hungry person listens neither to reason, nor to religion, nor is bent by any prayer."

He was conferred with the Order of the Golden Heart of the Philippines, the Order of Agricultural Merit of France, the Order of the Golden Ark of Netherlands, and the Royal Order of Sahametrei of Cambodia. China awarded him with the "Award for International Co-operation on Environment and Development". In the 'Dr Norman E. Borlaug Hall of Laureates' at Des Moines, Iowa, United States, there is an artwork of Swaminathan made up of 250,000 pieces of glass. The IRRI has named a building and a scholarship fund after him.

One of the first national awards he received was the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in 1961. Following this he was conferred Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan awards, as well as the H K Firodia award, the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award, and the Indira Gandhi Prize. As of 2016, he had received 33 national and 32 international awards. In 2004, an agricultural think-tank in India named an annual award after Swaminathan, the eponymously named 'Dr. M.S. Swaminathan Award for Leadership in Agriculture'.

On 9 February 2024, he was conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously, the highest civilian award of the Republic of India. On that occasion, then PM of India, Narendra Modi wrote:

It is a matter of immense joy that the Government of India is conferring the Bharat Ratna on Dr. MS Swaminathan Ji, in recognition of his monumental contributions to our nation in agriculture and farmers’ welfare. He played a pivotal role in helping India achieve self-reliance in agriculture during challenging times and made outstanding efforts towards modernizing Indian agriculture. We also recognise his invaluable work as an innovator and mentor and encouraging learning and research among several students. Dr. Swaminathan’s visionary leadership has not only transformed Indian agriculture but also ensured the nation’s food security and prosperity. He was someone I knew closely and l always valued his insights and inputs.

Honorary doctorates and fellowships

Swaminathan was the recipient of 84 honorary doctorates and was a guide for numerous Ph.D. scholars. Sardar Patel University conferred him with an honorary degree in 1970; Delhi University, Banaras Hindu University and others would follow. Internationally, Technische Universität Berlin (1981) and the Asian Institute of Technology (1985) honoured him. The University of Wisconsin honoured Swaminathan with an honorary doctorate in 1983. When the University of Massachusetts, Boston, honoured him with a science doctorate, they commented on the "magnificent inclusiveness of concerns, by nation, socioeconomic group, gender, inter-generational, and including both human and natural environments". Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, from where he received his PhD in botany, made him an honorary fellow in 2014.

Swaminathan had been elected a fellow of a number of science academies in India. Internationally he had been recognised as a fellow by 30 academies of science and societies across the world including the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, Sweden, Italy, China, Bangladesh, as well as the European Academy of Arts, Science and Humanities. He was a founder fellow of The World Academy of Sciences. The National Agrarian University in Peru conferred him with an honorary professorship.

Publications

Prime Minister of India M. Singh with From Green to Evergreen Revolution

Prime Minister of India N. Modi with a two-part book series on Swaminathan

Swaminathan published 46 single-author papers between 1950 and 1980. In total he had 254 papers to his credit, 155 of which he was the single or first author. His scientific papers are in the fields of crop improvement (95), cytogenetics and genetics (87) and phylogenetics (72). His most frequent publishers were Indian Journal of Genetics (46), Current Science (36), Nature (12) and Radiation Botany (12). Selected publications include:

Swaminathan, M.S. (1951). "Notes on induced polyploids in the tuber-bearing Solanum species and their crossability with Solanum tuberosum". American Potato Journal. 28: 472–489. doi:10.1007/BF02854980. S2CID 38717901.
Howard, H. W.; Swaminathan, M. S. (1953). "The cytology of haploid plants of Solanum demissum". Genetica. 26 (1): 381–391. doi:10.1007/BF01690622. ISSN 0016-6707. PMID 13142313. S2CID 39650946.
Swaminathan, M. S.; Hougas, R. W. (1954). "Cytogenetic Studies in Solanum verrucosum Variety Spectabilis". American Journal of Botany. 41 (8): 645–651. doi:10.2307/2438291. ISSN 0002-9122. JSTOR 2438291.
Swaminathan, M. S. (1 January 1954). "Nature of Polyploidy in Some 48-Chromosome Species of the Genus Solanum, Section Tuberarium". Genetics. 39 (1): 59–76. doi:10.1093/genetics/39.1.59. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1209637. PMID 17247468.
Swaminathan, M. S. (November 1955). "Overcoming Cross-Incompatibility among some Mexican Diploid Species of Solanum". Nature. 176 (4488): 887–888. Bibcode:1955Natur.176..887S. doi:10.1038/176887b0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4266064.
Swaminathan, M. S. (September 1956). "Disomic and Tetrasomic Inheritance in a Solanum Hybrid". Nature. 178 (4533): 599–600. Bibcode:1956Natur.178..599S. doi:10.1038/178599b0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4298507.
Swaminathan, M. S.; Murty, B. R. (1 November 1959). "Aspects of Asynapsis in Plants. I. Random and Non Random Chromosome Associations". Genetics. 44 (6): 1271–1280. doi:10.1093/genetics/44.6.1271. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1224432. PMID 17247892.

In addition he has written a few books on the general theme of his life's work, biodiversity and sustainable agriculture for alleviation of hunger. Swaminathan's books, papers, dialogues and speeches include:

Swaminathan, M. S.; Kochhar, S. L. (2019). Major Flowering Trees of Tropical Gardens. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48195-3.
Swaminathan, M. S. (2017). 50 Years of Green Revolution: An Anthology of Research Papers. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-320-007-4.
Swaminathan, M. S. (2014). "EDITORIAL: Zero hunger". Science. 345 (6196): 491. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..491S. doi:10.1126/science.1258820. JSTOR 24745192. PMID 25082671. S2CID 206560890.
Swaminathan, M. S. (2011). In Search Of Biohappiness: Biodiversity And Food, Health And Livelihood Security. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4462-56-3.
Swaminathan, M. S. (2010). Science and Sustainable Food Security: Selected Papers of M S Swaminathan. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4282-11-6.
Swaminathan, M. S. (September 2006). "An Evergreen Revolution". Crop Science. 46 (5): 2293–2303. doi:10.2135/cropsci2006.9999.
Swaminathan, M. S.; Ikeda, Daisaku (2005). Revolutions to Green the Environment, to Grow the Human Heart: A Dialogue Between M.S. Swaminathan, Leader of the Ever-green Revolution and Daisaku Ikeda, Proponent of the Human Revolution. East West Books (Madras). ISBN 978-81-88661-34-3.
Halving Hunger: It Can Be Done. United Nations Millennium Project Hunger Task Force. 2005. Bibcode:2005hhcb.book.....U.
Swaminthan, M. S., ed. (1998). Gender Dimensions in Biodiversity Management. Papers presented at a workshop held at MSSRF in June 1997. Konark Publishers. ISBN 978-81-220-0531-8.
Swaminathan, M. S. (1997). "Implementing the benefit-sharing provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Challenges and opportunities". Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter (No. 112). pp. 19–27. Retrieved 26 November 2021 – via ecolex.org.
Swaminathan, M.S., ed. (1993). Wheat Revolution—A dialogue. Macmillan India.

Controversies

In the 1970s, a scientific paper in which Swaminathan and his team claimed to have produced a mutant breed of wheat by gamma irradiation of a Mexican variety (Sonora 64) resulting in Sharbati Sonora, claimed to have a very high lysine content, led to a major controversy. The case was claimed to be an error made by the laboratory assistant. The episode was also compounded by the suicide of an agricultural scientist. It has been studied as part of a systemic problem in Indian agriculture research.

A paper published in the 25 November 2018 edition of Current Science titled 'Modern Technologies for Sustainable Food and Nutrition Security' listed Swaminathan as a co-author. The article was criticised by a number of scientific experts, including K. VijayRaghavan, the principal scientific adviser to the Government of India, who commented that it was "deeply flawed and full of errors". Swaminathan claimed that his role in the paper was "extremely limited" and that he shouldn't have been named as the co-author.

Explanatory footnotes

A number of people have been recognized for their efforts during India's Green Revolution. Chidambaram Subramaniam, the food and agriculture minister at the time, a Bharat Ratna, has been called the Political Father of the Green Revolution. Dilbagh Singh Athwal is called the Father of Green Revolution.

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National Alliance for Mission 2007: Every Village a Knowledge Centre: Mobilising the power of partnership. International Development Research Centre (Report). M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation. 2004. hdl:10625/33827.
"Leadership Council". Compact2025. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Leadership Council members (as of November 2015).
Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 84.
Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 84, 86.
Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 88.
Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 89.
Yadugiri 2011, p. 1002.
Ramakrishnan, T. (28 September 2023). "M.S. Swaminathan, eminent agricultural scientist, passes away". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
^ "1987 General Foods World Food Prize. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan" (PDF). worldfoodprize.org. 1987.
^ Rabbinge, Rudy (10 February 2018). "Book Review- M. S. Swaminathan: Legend in Science and Beyond. P. C. Kesavan. World Scientific". Current Science. 114 (3): 686–689. doi:10.18520/cs/v114/i03/686-687.
^ Kesavan & Iyer 2014, p. 2039.
^ Kesavan & Iyer 2014, p. 2041.
^ Kesavan & Iyer 2014, p. 2036.
^ Rabbinge 2015, p. 440.
Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 51-52.
Kesavan & Iyer 2014, p. 2042.
^ Biotech Express (2016), p. 9.
Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 124.
Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 125.
Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 95.
Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 122.
Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 126.
Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 127.
Quinn 2015, p. 417.
^ "Prof. Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan". National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, India. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
Biotech Express (2016), p. 8-9.
"Dr. M.S. Swaminathan Award for Leadership in Agriculture". Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021.
https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/dr-ms-swaminathan-to-be-awarded-bharat-ratna-pm/ Dr. MS Swaminathan to be awarded Bharat Ratna: PM]. Prime Minister's Office.
^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 1-2.
Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 39-40.
Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 81.
"Professor M S Swaminathan is new Honorary Fellow". Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
Biotech Express (2016), p. 12.
Kalyane, V. L.; Kalyane, S. V. (1994). "Scientometric portrait of M. S. Swaminathan". Library Science. 31 (1): 31–46.
Kohn, Alexander (1997). False Prophets. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 978-0-7607-0407-3.
Hanlon, Joseph (7 November 1974). "Top food scientist published false data". New Scientist. 64 (922): 436–437 – via Google Books.
Anderson, Robert S. (1983). "Cultivating Science as Cultural Policy: A Contrast of Agricultural and Nuclear Science in India". Pacific Affairs. 56 (1): 38–50. doi:10.2307/2758769. JSTOR 2758769.
Borlaug, Norman E.; Anderson, R. Glenn (30 January 1975). "Letters. Defence of Swaminathan". New Scientist. 65 (934). Joseph Hanlon: 280–281 – via Google Books.
Silow, R. A.; Kumar, Anand (6 February 1975). "Letters. Swaminathan controversy". New Scientist. 65 (935): 339 – via Google Books.
Seshachar, B. R.; Fischer, D. A. V. (26 December 1974). "Letters. Swaminathan controversy". New Scientist. 64 (929): 948 – via Google Books.
Raina, Rajeswari Sarala (December 1999). "Professionalization and evaluation: The case of Indian agricultural research". Knowledge, Technology & Policy. 11 (4): 69–96. doi:10.1007/s12130-999-1004-6.
^ Vembu, Venky (24 December 2018). "Storm in a scientific teacup". The Hindu BusinessLine. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Ramesh, Sandhya (19 December 2018). "How MS Swaminathan, father of India's Green Revolution, got GM crops 'all wrong'". ThePrint. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Nandi, Jayashree (21 December 2018). "Prof MS Swaminathan distances himself from his anti-GM write-up". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Ramesh, Sandhya (20 December 2018). "Shouldn't have been named author of anti-GM paper: MS Swaminathan". ThePrint. Retrieved 30 November 2021.

Cited and general references and further reading

Hariharan, G. N.; Kesavan, P. C. (2015). "Birth and growth of M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai". Current Science. 109 (3): 502–512. JSTOR 24906104.
Denning, Glenn (2015). "Fostering international collaboration for food security and sustainable development: a personal perspective of M. S. Swaminathan's vision, impact and legacy for humanity". Current Science. 109 (3): 447–455. JSTOR 24906099.
Rabbinge, Rudy (2015). "M. S. Swaminathan: his contributions to science and public policy". Current Science. 109 (3): 439–446. JSTOR 24906098.
Yadugiri, V. T. (2011). "M. S. Swaminathan". Current Science. 101 (8): 996–1002. JSTOR 24079264.
Singh, Kamal (January 2016). "M S Swaminathan "Father of Indian Green Revolution". Interview" (PDF). Biotech Express. Vol. 3, no. 30. pp. 6–17. ISSN 2454-6968.
Kalyane, V.L. (July–September 1992). "Dr M.S. Swaminathan – Biologist Par Excellence" (PDF). Biology Education: 246–248 – via CORE, Open University.
Kesavan, P. C.; Iyer, R. D. (25 December 2014). "M. S. Swaminathan: a journey from the frontiers of life sciences to the state of a 'Zero Hunger' world". Current Science. 107 (12): 2036–2051.

Biographies

Books

Gopalkrishnan, G (2002). M.S. Swaminathan: One Man's Quest for a Hunger-free World. Education Development Centre. OCLC 643489739.
Iyer, R. D. (2002). Scientist and Humanist: M.S. Swaminathan. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. ISBN 978-81-7276-260-5.
— Iyer, R. D., An extract from Scientist and Humanist: M. S. Swaminathan., harmonyindia.org, archived from the original on 27 September 2007
Kesavan, P. C. (2017). M.S. Swaminathan: Legend In Science And Beyond. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-320-011-1.
Parasuraman (13 August 2020). Perasiriyar Maa Saa Swaminathan Vazhum Panium (Thesis). hdl:10603/294255.
Erdélyi, András (2002). The Man who Harvests Sunshine: The Modern Gandhi: M.S. Swaminathan. Tertia. ISBN 978-963-9387-08-9.
Dil, Anwar S; Swaminathan, Monkombu Sambasivan (2005). Life and work of M. S. Swaminathan toward a hunger-free world. East West Books (Madras). ISBN 978-81-88661-33-6. OCLC 1068850456.
Deulgaonkar, Atul (2000). स्वामीनाथन: भूकमुक्तीचा ध्यास [Swaminathan: Bhukmukticha Dhyas (Liberator from hunger)]. Sadhana Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-86273-19-2.

Short biographies

Quinn, Kenneth M. (1 August 2015). "M. S. Swaminathan-Scientist, Hunger Fighter, World Food Prize Laureate". Current Science. 109 (3): 417–429. doi:10.18520/cs/v109/i3/417-429 (inactive 1 November 2024). EBSCOhost 108871418. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
Gopalan, Shanti. Scientists of International Repute. Sura Books. pp. 39–44. ISBN 978-81-7478-628-9.

External links

Scholia has a profile for M. S. Swaminathan (Q982109).

Links to related articles

Ramon Magsaysay Award winners of India

List of Ramon Magsaysay Award winners

v t e Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates
1980s	Ricardo Bressani (1984) Werner Stumm (1985) Monokombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (1986) Hugh Huxley (1987) Margaret Burbidge (1988) Martin Kamen (1989)
1990s	Gustav Nossal (1990) Albrecht Fleckenstein (1991) Raymond U. Lemieux (1992) Ali Javan (1993) Sherwood Rowland (1994) Herbert H. Jasper (1995) Alec Jeffreys (1996) Jean-Marie Ghuysen (1997) Charles R. Goldman (1998) Robert Weinberg (1999)
2000s	Frank Fenner (2000) Niels Birbaumer (2001) Daniel H. Janzen (2002) Martin Rees (2003) Ralph J. Cicerone (2004) John Hopfield (2005) Ahmed Zewail (2006) Fraser Stoddart (2007) Ada Yonath (2008) John T. Houghton (2009)
2010s	Julio Montaner (2010) Geoffrey Ozin (2011) Michael Grätzel (2012) Paul Nurse (2013) Philip Cohen (2014) Ewine van Dishoeck (2015) Edward Witten (2016) Omar M. Yaghi (2017) Jean-Pierre Changeux (2018) Zhong Lin Wang (2019)

v t e Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu
Biological Sciences	Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan M. S. Swaminathan C. V. Subramanian T. C. Anand Kumar M. K. Chandrashekaran Ramamirtha Jayaraman Govindarajan Padmanaban Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam Jayaraman Gowrishankar Narayanaswamy Srinivasan Rajan Sankaranarayanan
Chemical Sciences	T. R. Govindachari Kuppuswamy Nagarajan Dorairajan Balasubramanian Paramasivam Natarajan Srinivasan Chandrasekaran Narayanasami Sathyamurthy Thirumalachari Ramasami Mariappan Periasamy Narayanan Chandrakumar Murali Sastry Narayanaswamy Jayaraman Govindasamy Mugesh
Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences	Kunchithapadam Gopalan Rengaswamy Ramesh
Engineering Sciences	Tanjore Ramachandra Anantharaman Vaidyeswaran Rajaraman Paul Ratnasamy Ramarathnam Narasimhan Viswanathan Kumaran B. S. Murty G. K. Ananthasuresh Shanthi Pavan
Mathematical Sciences	C. S. Seshadri Kalyanapuram Rangachari Parthasarathy E. M. V. Krishnamurthy Sundararaman Ramanan Srinivasacharya Raghavan Ramaiyengar Sridharan Rajagopalan Parthasarathy Thiruvenkatachari Parthasarathy Raman Parimala Ramachandran Balasubramanian Annamalai Ramanathan Vaikalathur Shankar Sunder Trivandrum Ramakrishnan Ramadas Subhashis Nag Sundaram Thangavelu Vikraman Balaji
Medical Sciences	Subramanian Kalyanaraman Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath
Physical Sciences	Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan G. N. Ramachandran Sivaraj Ramaseshan Ramanuja Vijayaraghavan E. S. Raja Gopal N. S. Satya Murthy Ramanujan Srinivasan Tiruppattur Venkatachalamurti Ramakrishnan Muthusamy Lakshmanan Ganapathy Baskaran Rajiah Simon E. V. Sampathkumaran Vijay Balakrishna Shenoy
(*)By birth - (#)By ethnicity - (!)By domicile

v t e Recipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Biological Science
1960s	Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan (1960) M. S. Swaminathan (1961) Bimal Kumar Bachhawat (1962) Jagannath Ganguly (1963} Dilbagh Singh Athwal (1964) Chirayathumadom Venkatachalier Subramanian (1965) Hari Krishan Jain (1966) Neelamraju Ganga Prasada Rao (1966) Arun Kumar Sharma (1967) Tathamangalam Ananthanarayanan Venkitasubramanian (1968)
1970s	Madhu Sudan Kanungo (1971) Narayana Balakrishnan Nair (1971) Birendra Bijoy Biswas (1972) Satish Chandra Maheshwari (1972) Bhyravabhotla Radhakrishna Murty (1973) Sardul Singh Guraya (1973) John Barnabas (1974) Obaid Siddiqi (1975) Archana Sharma (1975) Guru Prakash Dutta (1976) Kishan Singh (1976) Trichnopoly Chelvaraj Anand Kumar (1977) V. Sasisekharan (1978) Amar Nath Bhaduri (1979) M. K. Chandrashekaran (1979)
1980s	Asis Datta (1980) Jamuna Sharan Singh (1980) Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane (1981) Sushil Kumar (1981) Sunil Kumar Podder (1982) Ramamirtha Jayaraman (1982) Govindarajan Padmanabhan (1983) Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian (1984) K. R. K. Easwaran (1984) Chhitar Mal Gupta (1985) M. Vijayan (1985) Madhav Gadgil (1986) Avadhesha Surolia Sudhir Kumar Sopory Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya (1988) M. R. S. Rao (1988) Subhash Chandra Lakhotia (1989) Manju Ray (1989)
1990s	Samir K. Brahmachari (1990) Virendra Nath Pandey (1991) Srinivas Kishanrao (1991) Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam (1992) Dipankar Chatterji (1992) Raghavendra Gadagkar (1993) M. R. N. Murthy (1993) Ramakrishnan Nagaraj (1994) Alok Bhattacharya (1994) Seyed E. Hasnain (1995) Kalappa Muniyappa (1995) Ghanshyam Swarup (1996) Vishweshwaraiah Prakash (1996) Jayaraman Gowrishankar (1997) Kanury Venkata Subba Rao (1997) K. VijayRaghavan (1998) Debi Prasad Sarkar (1998) Siddhartha Roy (1999) Valakunja Nagaraja (1999)
2000s	Dinakar Mashnu Salunke (2000) Jayant B. Udgaonkar (2000) Umesh Varshney (2001) Raghavan Varadarajan (2002) Amitabha Mukhopadhyay (2002) Satyajit Mayor (2003) Gopal Chandra Kundu (2004) Ramesh Venkata Sonti (2004) Tapas Kumar Kundu (2005) Shekhar C. Mande (2005) Vinod Bhakuni (2006) Rajesh Sudhir Gokhale (2006) Upinder Singh Bhalla (2007) Narayanaswamy Srinivasan (2007) Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava (2008) L. S. Shashidhara (2008) Amitabh Joshi (2009) Bhaskar Saha (2009)
2010s	Sanjeev Galande (2010) Shubha Tole (2010) Amit Prakash Sharma (2011) Rajan Sankaranarayanan (2011) Shantanu Chowdhury (2012) Suman Kumar Dhar (2012) Sathees Chukkurumbal Raghavan (2013) Roop Mallik (2014) Balasubramanian Gopal (2015) Rajeev Kumar Varshney (2015) Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya (2016) Rishikesh Narayanan (2016) Deepak T. Nair (2017) Sanjeev Das (2017) Ganesh Nagaraju (2018) Thomas J. Pucadyil (2018) Kayarat Saikrishnan (2019)
2020s	Subhadeep Chatterjee (2020) Vatsala Thirumalai (2020) Amit Singh (2021) Arun Kumar Shukla (2021) Ashwani Kumar (2022) Maddika Subba Reddy (2022)

v t e Recipients of Bharat Ratna Award
1954–1960	C. Rajagopalachari, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and C. V. Raman (1954) Bhagwan Das, M. Visvesvaraya, and Jawaharlal Nehru (1955) Govind Ballabh Pant (1957) Dhondo Keshav Karve (1958)
1961–1980	Bidhan Chandra Roy, and Purushottam Das Tandon (1961) Rajendra Prasad (1962) Zakir Husain, and Pandurang Vaman Kane (1963) Lal Bahadur Shastri (1966) Indira Gandhi (1971) V. V. Giri (1975) K. Kamaraj (1976) Mother Teresa (1980)
1981–2000	Vinoba Bhave (1983) Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987) M. G. Ramachandran (1988) B. R. Ambedkar, and Nelson Mandela (1990) Rajiv Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Morarji Desai (1991) Abul Kalam Azad, J. R. D. Tata and Satyajit Ray (1992) Gulzarilal Nanda, Aruna Asaf Ali, and A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1997) M. S. Subbulakshmi, and C. Subramaniam (1998) Jayaprakash Narayan, Amartya Sen, Gopinath Bordoloi, and Ravi Shankar (1999)
2001–2020	Lata Mangeshkar, and Bismillah Khan (2001) Bhimsen Joshi (2008) C. N. R. Rao, and Sachin Tendulkar (2014) Atal Bihari Vajpayee, and Madan Mohan Malaviya (2015) Nanaji Deshmukh, Bhupen Hazarika, and Pranab Mukherjee (2019)
2021–2040	Karpoori Thakur, Lal Krishna Advani, Charan Singh, P. V. Narasimha Rao, and M. S. Swaminathan (2024)

v t e Recipients of Padma Vibhushan
Arts	Ebrahim Alkazi Kishori Amonkar Prabha Atre Amitabh Bachchan Teejan Bai M. Balamuralikrishna T. Balasaraswati S. P. Balasubrahmanyam Asha Bhosle Nandalal Bose Hariprasad Chaurasia Chiranjeevi Girija Devi Kumar Gandharva Adoor Gopalakrishnan Satish Gujral Gangubai Hangal Bhupen Hazarika M. F. Husain Zakir Hussain Ilaiyaraaja Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Bhimsen Joshi Ali Akbar Khan Amjad Ali Khan Allauddin Khan Bismillah Khan Ghulam Mustafa Khan Yamini Krishnamurthy Dilip Kumar R. K. Laxman Birju Maharaj Kishan Maharaj Lata Mangeshkar Sonal Mansingh Mallikarjun Mansur Zubin Mehta Mario Miranda Chhannulal Mishra Kelucharan Mohapatra Raghunath Mohapatra Jasraj Motiram Benode Behari Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Rajinikanth Ram Narayan D. K. Pattammal K. Shankar Pillai Balwant Moreshwar Purandare Akkineni Nageswara Rao Kaloji Narayana Rao Satyajit Ray S. H. Raza Zohra Sehgal Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar V. Shantaram Shivkumar Sharma Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman M. S. Subbulakshmi K. G. Subramanyan Kapila Vatsyayan Homai Vyarawalla K. J. Yesudas
Civil service	Bimala Prasad Chaliha Naresh Chandra T. N. Chaturvedi Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Suranjan Das Rajeshwar Dayal Basanti Devi P. N. Dhar Jyotindra Nath Dixit M. S. Gill Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim H. V. R. Iyengar Bhola Nath Jha Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Ajudhiya Nath Khosla Rai Krishnadasa V. Krishnamurthy P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Pratap Chandra Lal K. B. Lall Sam Manekshaw Om Prakash Mehra Mohan Sinha Mehta M. G. K. Menon Brajesh Mishra Sumati Morarjee A. Ramasamy Mudaliar Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan Braj Kumar Nehru Bhairab Dutt Pande Ghananand Pande Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit T. V. Rajeswar C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao V. K. R. V. Rao Bipin Rawat Khusro Faramurz Rustamji Harish Chandra Sarin Binay Ranjan Sen Homi Sethna Arjan Singh Harbaksh Singh Kirpal Singh Manmohan Singh Tarlok Singh Lallan Prasad Singh Balaram Sivaraman Chandrika Prasad Srivastava T. Swaminathan Arun Shridhar Vaidya Dharma Vira Narinder Nath Vohra
Literature and education	V. S. R. Arunachalam Jagdish Bhagwati Satyendra Nath Bose Tara Chand Suniti Kumar Chatterji D. P. Chattopadhyaya Bhabatosh Datta Avinash Dixit Mahasweta Devi John Kenneth Galbraith Sarvepalli Gopal Lakshman Shastri Joshi Kaka Kalelkar Dhondo Keshav Karve Gopinath Kaviraj Radheshyam Khemka Kuvempu O. N. V. Kurup Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Sitakant Mahapatra John Mathai Kotha Satchidananda Murthy Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri Bal Ram Nanda R. K. Narayan P. Parameswaran Amrita Pritam K. N. Raj C. Rangarajan Raja Rao Ramoji Rao Hormasji Maneckji Seervai Rajaram Shastri Kalu Lal Shrimali Govindbhai Shroff Khushwant Singh Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey Mahadevi Varma Bashir Hussain Zaidi
Medicine	Jasbir Singh Bajaj B. K. Goyal Purshotam Lal A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar S. I. Padmavati Autar Singh Paintal Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti Balu Sankaran V. Shanta Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar Prakash Narain Tandon Brihaspati Dev Triguna M. S. Valiathan Dilip Mahalanabis
Other	Sunderlal Bahuguna B. K. S. Iyengar Rambhadracharya Ravi Shankar Vishwesha Teertha Jaggi Vasudev B. V. Doshi
Public affairs	L. K. Advani Montek Singh Ahluwalia Aruna Asaf Ali Fazal Ali Adarsh Sein Anand Madhav Shrihari Aney Parkash Singh Badal Sikander Bakht Milon K. Banerji Mirza Hameedullah Beg P. N. Bhagwati Raja Chelliah Chandra Kisan Daphtary Niren De C. D. Deshmukh Anthony Lancelot Dias Uma Shankar Dikshit Kazi Lhendup Dorjee George Fernandes P. B. Gajendragadkar Benjamin Gilman Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Zakir Husain V. R. Krishna Iyer Jagmohan Lakshmi Chand Jain Arun Jaitley Aditya Nath Jha Murli Manohar Joshi Anerood Jugnauth Mehdi Nawaz Jung Ali Yavar Jung Vijay Kelkar Hans Raj Khanna V. N. Khare Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Jivraj Narayan Mehta V. K. Krishna Menon Hirendranath Mukherjee Ajoy Mukherjee Pranab Mukherjee Padmaja Naidu Venkaiah Naidu Gulzarilal Nanda Govind Narain Fali Sam Nariman Hosei Norota Nanabhoy Palkhivala K. Parasaran Hari Vinayak Pataskar Sunder Lal Patwa Sharad Pawar Naryana Raghvan Pillai Sri Prakasa N. G. Ranga Ravi Narayana Reddy Y. Venugopal Reddy Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq Lakshmi Sahgal P. A. Sangma M. C. Setalvad Kalyan Singh Karan Singh Nagendra Singh Swaran Singh Walter Sisulu Soli Sorabjee Kalyan Sundaram Sushma Swaraj Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Atal Bihari Vajpayee M. N. Venkatachaliah Kottayan Katankot Venugopal Jigme Dorji Wangchuck S. M. Krishna Mulayam Singh Yadav
Science and engineering	V. K. Aatre Salim Ali Norman Borlaug Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Rajagopala Chidambaram Charles Correa Satish Dhawan Anil Kakodkar A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan Har Gobind Khorana Daulat Singh Kothari Verghese Kurien Raghunath Anant Mashelkar G. Madhavan Nair Roddam Narasimha Jayant Narlikar Rajendra K. Pachauri Benjamin Peary Pal Yash Pal I. G. Patel Venkatraman Ramakrishnan K. R. Ramanathan Raja Ramanna C. R. Rao C. N. R. Rao Palle Rama Rao Udupi Ramachandra Rao Vikram Sarabhai Man Mohan Sharma Obaid Siddiqi E. Sreedharan M. R. Srinivasan George Sudarshan M. S. Swaminathan Narinder Singh Kapany S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
Social work	Baba Amte Pandurang Shastri Athavale Janaki Devi Bajaj Mirabehn Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay Durgabai Deshmukh Nanaji Deshmukh Nirmala Deshpande Mohan Dharia U. N. Dhebar Valerian Gracias Veerendra Heggade Mary Clubwala Jadhav Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta Usha Mehta Sister Nirmala Nellie Sengupta
Sports	Viswanathan Anand Edmund Hillary Mary Kom Sachin Tendulkar
Trade and industry	Dhirubhai Ambani Ghanshyam Das Birla Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan Lakshmi Mittal Anil Manibhai Naik N. R. Narayana Murthy M. Narasimham Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi Azim Premji Prathap C. Reddy J. R. D. Tata Ratan Tata
Portal Category WikiProject

v t e Padma Bhushan award recipients (1970–1979)
1970	Ramkinkar Baij Hirabai Barodekar Buddhadeb Bosu Amiya Chakravarty T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar Lala Hansraj Gupta Ratan Lal Joshi Gurram Jashuva Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar Kumari Kamala P. K. Kelkar M. S. Krishnan Syed Abdul Latif Bhagwantrao Mandloi Mahesh Prasad Mehray Sombhu Mitra Vivekananda Mukhopadhyaya Krishnaswami Ramiah Anant alias Annasaheb Sahasrabuddhe Surrendar Saini Viswanatha Satyanarayana Ahmed Jan Thirakwa N. M. Wagle Prem Nath Wahi Yashpal
1971	N. Ramaswami Ayyar Suraj Bhan Gokulbhai Bhatt Jaishankar Bhojak Kandathil Mammen Cherian Ramrao Deshmukh Satish Dhawan Abasaheb Garware Gangubai Hangal Musiri Subramania Iyer Palghat Mani Iyer Mungtu Ram Jaipuria Veni Shankar Jha Jainendra Kumar Raj Kapoor Dhananjay Keer Amir Khan Nisar Hussain Khan Guru Kunchu Kurup R. K. Laxman Shantilal Jamnadas Mehta Ved Rattan Mohan Bishnupada Mukhopadhyaya Kalindi Charan Panigrahi Manibhai J. Patel D. K. Pattammal Krishnarao Phulambrikar Venkatarama Ramalingam Pillai Vulimiri Ramalingaswami Suresh Chandra Roy Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme Pichu Sambamoorthi Bhagwati Charan Verma Parmeshwari Lal Verma
1972	Jagjit Singh Aurora Madhavrao Bagal Gopal Gurunath Bewoor Gulestan Rustom Billimoria Kunhiraman Palat Candeth Ram Narayan Chakravarti Yashodhara Dasappa Hari Chand Dewan Minoo Merwan Engineer Inderjit Singh Gill Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani L. A. Krishna Iyer Sourendra Nath Kohli Jai Krishna Nilakanta Krishnan Ashwini Kumar Pran Nath Luthra N. G. Krishna Murti T. A. Pai Vinayakrao Patwardhan Dattatraya Yeshwant Phadke Bhalchandra Nilkanth Purandare Tapishwar Narain Raina Bharat Ram Mohinder Singh Randhawa Adya Rangacharya M. B. Ramachandra Rao A. S. Rao Sujoy Bhushan Roy Khusro Faramurz Rustamji Shantilal C. Sheth Baldev Singh Khem Karan Singh Sartaj Singh Sagat Singh Birendranath Sircar Papanasam Sivan Chandrika Prasad Srivastava M. S. Swaminathan K. Swaminathan Bal Dattatreya Tilak Syed Husain Zaheer
1973	Om P. Bahl Chembai Harindranath Chattopadhyay Banarsidas Chaturvedi M. A. Muthiah Chettiar M. F. Husain Pothan Joseph N. R. Malkani Vinoo Mankad R. M. Muzumdar Krishnarao Shankar Pandit Pitambar Pant Vennelakanti Raghavayya Raja Ramanna K. Sukumaran
1974	Alice Boner Camille Bulcke Ram Kumar Caroli Dhirendra Nath Ganguly D. V. Gundappa V. S. Huzurbazar Chintamoni Kar Mogubai Kurdikar Jayant Pandurang Naik Habib Rahman B. N. Reddy John Richardson Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan Sukhlal Sanghvi Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia Jaideva Singh Khushwant Singh Arunachala Sreenivasan Raman Viswanathan
1975	Begum Akhtar Dilbagh Singh Athwal Asima Chatterjee Madhav Sadashiv Gore Pratul Chandra Gupta P. K. Iyengar Darab Jehangir Jussawala Pancheti Koteswaram Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay Kirpal Singh Narang Ronald Carlton Vivian Piadade Noronha Ratan Shastri
1976	Malcolm Adiseshiah Harivansh Rai Bachchan Nabakanta Barua Laxmanshastri Balaji Joshi Naoroji Pirojsha Godrej Zehra Ali Yavar Jung Mallikarjun Mansur Yash Pal Bhogilal Pandya Udupi Ramachandra Rao Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi Devulapalli Krishnasastri C. Sivaramamurti E. C. George Sudarshan
1977	Gopinath Aman Prithvi Singh Azad Harish-Chandra Kumar Gandharva Phulrenu Guha Jagmohan Kailas Nath Kaul Yusuf Husain K. S. Narayanaswamy Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi Perugu Siva Reddy Annapurna Devi Yudhvir Singh M. N. Srinivas Thenpattinam Ponnusamy Meenakshi Sundaran
# Posthumous conferral 1954–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–2029

v t e Recipients of Padma Shri in Science & Engineering
1950s	Kshitish Ranjan Chakravorty (1954) Habib Rahman (1955) Laxman Mahadeo Chitale (1957) Ram Prakash Gehlote (1957) Krishnaswami Ramiah (1957) Bal Raj Nijhawan (1958) Benjamin Peary Pal (1958) Navalpakkam Parthasarthy (1958) Surendranath Kar (1959) Om Prakash Mathur (1959) Homi Sethna (1959)
1960s	Anil Kumar Das (1960) A. S. Rao (1960) M. G. K. Menon (1961) Brahm Prakash (1961) Man Mohan Suri (1961) Paramananda Acharya (1964) Vishnu Madav Ghatage (1965) Satish Dhawan (1966) Maganbhai Ramchhodbhai Patel (1967) Hermenegild Santapau (1967) M. S. Swaminathan (1967) Guduru Venkatachalam (1967) Raja Ramanna (1968) Nautam Bhatt (1969) Amrik Singh Cheema (1969) T. V. Mahalingam (1969)
1970s	P. R. Pisharoty (1970) Moti Lal Dhar (1971) Zafar Futehally (1971) Devendra Lal (1971) Charles Correa (1972) N. Kesava Panikkar (1973) Govind Swarup (1973) Achyut Kanvinde (1974) Suchitra Mitra (1974) C. N. R. Rao (1974) Sitaram Rao Valluri (1974) Rajagopala Chidambaram (1975) Shambhu Dayal Sinvhal (1976) B. R. Deodhar (1976) B. V. Doshi (1976) Atmaram Bhairav Joshi (1976) Janaki Ammal (1977) Jugal Kishore Choudhury (1977) Prafulla Kumar Jena (1977) Vishwa Gopal Jhingran (1977) Sibte Hasan Zaidi (1977)
1980s	Hari Krishan Jain (1981) Gurcharan Singh Kalkat (1981) Dinkar Gangadhar Kelkar (1981) Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan (1982) Satya Prakash (1982) V. Narayana Rao (1982) Saroj Raj Choudhury (1983) Hassan Nasiem Siddiquie (1983) María Renée Cura (1984) Vasant Gowarikar (1984) Pramod Kale (1984) Nilamber Pant (1984) Myneni Hariprasada Rao (1984) M. R. Srinivasan (1984) Predhiman Krishan Kaw (1985) P. V. S. Rao (1987) Ramadas P. Shenoy (1987) Saroj Ghose (1989) Palle Rama Rao (1989)
1990s	Ram Narain Agarwal (1990) Laurie Baker (1990) M. R. Kurup (1990) Rakesh Bakshi (1991) B. L. Deekshatulu (1991) Narinder Kumar Gupta (1991) Shri Krishna Joshi (1991) Raghunath Anant Mashelkar (1991) Govindarajan Padmanaban (1991) Bangalore Puttaiya Radhakrishna (1991) A. V. Rama Rao (1991) Ganeshan Venkataraman (1991) Madhava Ashish (1992) G. S. Venkataraman (1992) Kailash Sankhala (1992) Vinod Prakash Sharma (1992) Joseph Allen Stein (1992) Manmohan Attavar (1998) Priyambada Mohanty Hejmadi (1998) Anil Kakodkar (1998) Aditya Narayan Purohit (1998) V. K. Saraswat (1998) Asis Datta (1999) Indira Nath (1999) M. S. Ramakumar (1999) M. V. Rao (1999) S. K. Sikka (1999)
2000s	Vijay P. Bhatkar (2000) D. D. Bhawalkar (2000) Gurdev Khush (2000) Parasu Ram Mishra (2000) Sandip Kumar Basu (2001) Bisweswar Bhattacharjee (2001) V. K. Chaturvedi (2001) Ketayun Ardeshir Dinshaw (2001) Prem Shanker Goel (2001) Goverdhan Mehta (2001) C. G. Krishnadas Nair (2001) M. S. Raghunathan (2001) Sanjaya Rajaram (2001) T. V. Ramakrishnan (2001) Thirumalachari Ramasami (2001) Dasika Durga Prasada Rao (2001) Paul Ratnasamy (2001) Ashoke Sen (2001) Bikash Sinha (2001) Suhas Pandurang Sukhatme (2001) A. S. Arya (2002) Narayanaswamy Balakrishnan (2002) Padmanabhan Balaram (2002) Dorairajan Balasubramanian (2002) Ramanath Cowsik (2002) Chaitanyamoy Ganguly (2002) Kota Harinarayana (2002) Ashok Jhunjhunwala (2002) Amitav Malik (2002) Katuru Narayana (2002) A. Sivathanu Pillai (2002) I. V. Subba Rao (2002) B. N. Suresh (2002) Asok Kumar Barua (2003) Shivram Bhoje (2003) Jai Bhagwan Chaudhary (2003) Sarvagya Singh Katiyar (2003) Gyan Chandra Mishra (2003) Jai Pal Mittal (2003) Sundaram Ramakrishnan (2003) Baburao Govindrao Shirke (2003) Mahendra Singh Sodha (2003) Nagarajan Vedachalam (2003) Satish Kumar Kaura (2004) Nalini Ranjan Mohanty (2004) T. S. Prahlad (2004) Vishweshwaraiah Prakash (2004) K. N. Shankara (2004) Lalji Singh (2004) Rajpal Singh Sirohi (2004) M. Vijayan (2004) Dipankar Banerjee (2005) Srikumar Banerjee (2005) Banwari Lal Chouksey (2005) Bhagavatula Dattaguru (2005) Vasudevan Gnana Gandhi (2005) Madhu Sudan Kanungo (2005) M. Mahadevappa (2005) Ramachandran Balasubramanian (2006) Harsh Gupta (2006) Seyed E. Hasnain (2006) Narendra Kumar (2006) B. V. Nimbkar (2006) Swaminathan Sivaram (2006) Thekkethil Kochandy Alex (2007) Rabi Narayan Bastia (2007) Dilip K. Biswas (2007) Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty (2007) Kiran Karnik (2007) Thanu Padmanabhan (2007) Baldev Raj (2007) Sudhir Kumar Sopory (2007) Khadg Singh Valdiya (2007) Kasturi Lal Chopra (2008) Joseph H. Hulse (2008) Bhavarlal Jain (2008) Kaleem Ullah Khan (2008) Sant Singh Virmani (2008) Pramod Tandon (2009) Goriparthi Narasimha Raju Yadav (2009)
2010s	Vijay Prasad Dimri (2010) Pucadyil Ittoop John (2010) Palpu Pushpangadan (2010) M. R. S. Rao (2010) Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath (2010) Ponisseril Somasundaran (2010) M. Annamalai (2011) Moni Lal Bhoumik (2011) Coimbatore Narayana Rao Raghavendran (2011) Suman Sahai (2011) G. Shankar (2011) E. A. Siddiq (2011) Subra Suresh (2011) V. Adimurthy (2012) Rameshwar Nath Koul Bamezai (2012) Krishna Lal Chadha (2012) Virander Singh Chauhan (2012) Y. S. Rajan (2012) Jagadish Shukla (2012) Vijaypal Singh (2012) Lokesh Kumar Singhal (2012) Manindra Agrawal (2013) Mustansir Barma (2013) Avinash Chander (2013) Sanjay Govind Dhande (2013) Jayaraman Gowrishankar (2013) Sharad P. Kale (2013) Sankar Kumar Pal (2013) Deepak B. Phatak (2013) Mudundi Ramakrishna Raju (2013) Ajay K. Sood (2013) K. VijayRaghavan (2013) Sekhar Basu (2014) Madhavan Chandradathan (2014) Jayanta Kumar Ghosh (2014) Ravi Grover (2014) Ramakrishna V. Hosur (2014) E. D. Jemmis (2014) A. S. Kiran Kumar (2014) Ajay Kumar Parida (2014) M. Y. S. Prasad (2014) Brahma Singh (2014) Vinod K. Singh (2014) Govindan Sundararajan (2014) Subbiah Arunan (2015) Jacques Blamont (2015) N. Prabhakar (2015) Prahlada (2015) S. K. Shivakumar (2015) Mylswamy Annadurai (2016) Dipankar Chatterji (2016) Satish Kumar (2016) Onkar Nath Srivastava (2016) Veena Tandon (2016) G. D. Yadav (2016) Jitendra Nath Goswami (2017) Chintakindi Mallesham (2017) Amitava Roy (2018) Vikram Chandra Thakur (2018) Rajagopalan Vasudevan (2018) Manas Bihari Verma (2018) Uddhab Bharali (2019) Baldev Singh Dhillon (2019) Rohini Godbole (2019) Subhash Kak (2019)
2020s	Raman Gangakhedkar (2020) Sujoy K. Guha (2020) K. S. Manilal (2020) Vashishtha Narayan Singh (2020) Thalappil Pradeep (2020) H. C. Verma (2020) Sudhir K. Jain (2020) Rattan Lal (2021) Subbanna Ayyappan (2022) Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (2022) Aditya Prasad Dash (2022) Moti Lal Madan (2022) Anil K. Rajvanshi (2022) Ajay Kumar Sonkar (2022) Jyantkumar Maganlal Vyas (2022) Khadar Valli Dudekula (2023) Modadugu Vijay Gupta (2023) Ganesh Nagappa Krishnarajanagara (2023) Arvind Kumar (2023) Mahendra Pal (2023) Bakshi Ram (2023) Sujatha Ramdorai (2023) Abbareddy Nageswara Rao (2023)

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