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Foreign relations of Malawi

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Malawi's former President Bakili Muluzi continued the pro-Western foreign policy established by his predecessor, Hastings Banda. It maintains excellent diplomatic relations with principal Western countries. Malawi's close relations with South Africa throughout the apartheid era strained its relations with other African nations. Following the collapse of apartheid in 1994, Malawi developed, and currently maintains, strong diplomatic relations with all African countries.

Bilateral donors

Important bilateral donors include Canada, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Iceland, Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Republic of China (Taiwan), the United Kingdom, and the United States. Multilateral donors include the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the European Union, the African Development Bank, and the United Nations organizations.

SADC

Malawi assumed the chair of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) in 2001. Muluzi took an active role in SADC on issues such as the global coalition against terrorism and land reform in Zimbabwe.

ACP

Malawi has been a member of the ACP group since Lomé I and is also a party to the Cotonou Agreement, the partnership agreement between the European Community/European Union and 77 states from Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific.

Memberships in international organizations

Malawi is a member of the following international organizations: the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations and some of its specialized and related agencies (i.e. UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO), IMF, World Bank, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Berne Convention, Universal Copyright Convention, Organization of African Unity (OAU), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Lomé Convention, African Development Bank (AFDB), Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Non-Aligned Movement, G-77, and the World Health Organization (WHO).

Malawi is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Malawi maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  United Kingdom 6 July 1964
2  France 6 July 1964
3  Germany 6 July 1964
4  United States 6 July 1964
5  Ghana 8 July 1964
6  Israel 15 July 1964
7  Ethiopia 30 July 1964
8  India 19 October 1964
9  Egypt 25 November 1964
10  Norway 9 March 1965
11  South Korea 9 March 1965
12  Portugal 27 May 1965
13  Kenya 28 September 1965
14  Austria 2 December 1965
15  Netherlands 16 December 1965
16  Pakistan 1965
17  Sweden 1965
18  Belgium 28 January 1966
—  Holy See 5 February 1966
19  Denmark 22 February 1966
20   Switzerland 19 May 1966
21  Japan 17 June 1966
22  Italy 20 September 1966
23  Botswana 1 July 1967
24  South Africa 10 September 1967
25  Turkey 4 August 1969
26  Nigeria 29 November 1969
27  Greece 30 April 1970
28  Zambia 15 September 1970
29  Spain 27 October 1972
30  Canada 12 February 1974
31  Cameroon 10 September 1974
32  Lesotho 4 September 1976
33  Luxembourg 28 October 1980
34  Democratic Republic of the Congo November 1980
35  Algeria 19 June 1981
36  Mozambique 1 July 1981
37  Zimbabwe 17 July 1981
38  Uganda 1981
39  North Korea 25 June 1982
40  Australia 1 July 1983
41  Tanzania 16 May 1985
42  Albania 11 July 1985
43  Romania 15 July 1985
44  Finland 1 May 1986
45  Thailand 1 June 1987
46  Namibia 21 March 1990
47  Brazil 23 August 1990
48  Chile 30 November 1990
49  Hungary 26 December 1990
50  Czech Republic 20 March 1991
51  Malaysia 6 November 1991
52  Poland 10 July 1992
53  Russia 2 November 1993
54  Angola 9 November 1993
55  Slovakia 30 December 1993
56  Bulgaria 23 November 1994
57  Kuwait 19 June 1995
58  Iran 18 February 1996
59  United Arab Emirates 12 June 1996
60  Cuba 10 December 1997
61  Serbia 13 February 1998
62  Turkmenistan 20 February 1998
63  Colombia 30 March 1998
64  Trinidad and Tobago 21 April 1998
65  Bahrain 9 June 1998
66  Iceland 14 August 1998
67  Singapore 24 August 1998
68  Latvia 10 September 1998
—  State of Palestine 23 October 1998
69  Croatia 13 November 1998
70  Mexico 10 December 1998
71  Ukraine 22 December 1998
72  Libya 1998
73  Argentina 11 March 1999
74  Jordan 23 June 1999
75  Saudi Arabia 15 August 1999
76  North Macedonia 27 September 1999
77  Jamaica 30 September 1999
78  Sudan 12 April 2000
79  Cyprus 22 June 2000
80  Brunei 11 October 2000
81  Morocco 31 January 2001
82  Mauritius 9 February 2001
83  Philippines 3 May 2001
84  Seychelles 22 May 2001
85  Rwanda 26 June 2001
86  Belarus 13 July 2001
—  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (cancelled) 24 March 2002
87  Ireland 2002
88  Azerbaijan 21 May 2004
89  Venezuela 31 January 2007
90  China 28 December 2007
91  Liberia 26 February 2009
92  Sri Lanka 9 June 2011
93  Fiji 25 June 2011
94  Estonia 19 July 2011
95  Cambodia 20 July 2011
96  Malta 21 July 2011
97  Slovenia 21 July 2011
98  Montenegro 16 September 2011
99  Georgia 19 September 2011
100  South Sudan 26 September 2011
101  Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 October 2011
102  Lithuania 18 November 2011
103  Mongolia 21 December 2011
104  Burkina Faso 2011
105  Armenia 20 January 2012
106  Myanmar 30 January 2012
107  Bangladesh 15 March 2012
108  Monaco 31 July 2012
109  Qatar 26 September 2012
110  New Zealand 20 March 2013
111  Indonesia 29 September 2014
112  Niger 8 March 2016
113  Sierra Leone 8 March 2016
114  Senegal 9 March 2016
—  Kosovo 20 July 2016
115  Oman 7 December 2016
116  Tunisia 3 May 2017
117  Eritrea 20 July 2017
118  Lebanon 18 October 2017
119  Benin 19 February 2019
120  Gambia 19 February 2019
121  Kyrgyzstan 22 September 2022
122  Maldives 24 September 2022
123  Nicaragua 25 September 2022
124  Republic of the Congo 18 October 2022
125  Mauritania 18 October 2022
126    Nepal 16 February 2023
127  Mali 2 August 2023
128  Dominican Republic 1 November 2023
129  San Marino 8 December 2023
130  Vietnam 23 September 2024
131  Bahamas 22 October 2024
132  Chad 26 November 2024
133  Burundi Unknown
134  Equatorial Guinea Unknown
135  Eswatini Unknown
136  Iraq Unknown
137  Madagascar Unknown

Bilateral Relations

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 1 July 1983
 Botswana 1 July 1967

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1967 when first High Commissioner of Botswana Mr. H. Mannathoko presented his credentials to President of Malawi.

Both countries are full members of the Southern African Development Community, Commonwealth of Nations and of the Non-Aligned Movement.

 Canada 12 February 1974
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1974
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
 China 28 December 2007

Hastings Banda recognized the Republic of China (Taiwan) in 1967. In January 2008, Malawi switched this recognition to the People's Republic of China. Archived 29 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine

Since 2008 there has been a significant shift by the Malawian government towards accepting investment from China. Potentially this may be part of a wider power struggle between the East and West in Africa.

 Greece 30 April 1970
  • Greece is represented in Malawi by its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.
  • Malawi is represented in Greece by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
 India 19 October 1964 See India–Malawi relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 1964 when has been accredited Acting High Commissioner of India to Malawi Mr. Dileep S. Kamtekar.

 Iran 5 April 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 April 1971. But diplomatic relations were severed on 11 February 1979 and re-established on 18 February 1996.
 Israel 15 July 1964 See Israel–Malawi relations
 Mexico 10 December 1998
  • Malawi is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Mexico is accredited to Malawi from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Mozambique 1 July 1981 See Malawi–Mozambique relations

Between 1985 and 1995, Malawi accommodated more than a million refugees from Mozambique. The refugee crisis placed a substantial strain on Malawi's economy but also drew significant inflows of international assistance. The accommodation and eventual repatriation of the Mozambicans is considered a major success by international organizations.

 Philippines 3 May 2001

Neither country has an embassy in each other's territories. The Philippines's embassy in Pretoria, South Africa, is accredited to Malawi; on the other hand, Malawi's embassy in Tokyo, Japan, is accredited to the Philippines.

As of 25 May 2018, the date of presentation of credentials of Philippine non-resident ambassador Uriel Norman Garibay to President Arthur Peter Mutharika, there are 41 Filipino nationals residing in Malawi, mainly in Blantyre and Lilongwe.

 Poland 10 July 1992 See Malawi–Poland relations
 Qatar 26 September 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2012 when Ambassador of Malawi to Qatar (resident in Kuwait City) Mr. Yunis Abdul Karim has presented his credentials.
 Rwanda 26 June 2001

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 2001 when accredited first Ambassador of Rwanda to Malawi (resident in Dar es Salaam) Mr. Zephyr Mutanguha

In 1996, Malawi received a number of Rwandan and Congolese refugees seeking asylum. The government did not turn away refugees, but it did invoke the principle of "first country of asylum." Under this principle, refugees who requested asylum in another country first, or who had the opportunity to do so would not subsequently be granted asylum in Malawi. There were no reports of the forcible repatriation of refugees.

 South Africa 10 September 1967 See Malawi–South Africa relations

The colonial structures of Malawian labour export to South African mines continued after Malawi achieved independence in 1964. Led by dictator Hastings Banda, Malawi was the only African country to maintain close relations with White-ruled South Africa until the 1994 election of Nelson Mandela. Malawians were viewed as important workers in the South African mines due to their "skills, work discipline and lack of militancy" From 1988 to 1992, around 13,000 Malawian migrant laborers were forcefully repatriated out of South Africa. Officially, this was because 200 Malawians had tested positive for HIV in the previous two years, but many believe that it was due to the need for retrenchment of laborers during a crisis in South Africa's mining industry.

Since South Africa and Malawi had their first democratic elections in 1994, Malawi and South Africa have enhanced relations. In 2008, the two governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding designed to enhance the relationship between the two countries through enhanced security cooperation.

 South Korea 9 March 1965

In 2011 Bilateral Trade between both nations totaled US$31 million.

 Turkey 4 August 1969
  • Embassy of Malawi in Berlin is accredited to Turkey.
  • Turkish Embassy in Lusaka is accredited to Malawi.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$21 million in 2019 (Malawi's exports/imports: 16.4/4.67 million USD).
 Ukraine 22 December 1998 See Malawi–Ukraine relations
 United Kingdom 6 July 1964 See Malawi–United Kingdom relations

Historical ties make the UK historically one of the more important donors and supporters of Malawi. However, the expulsion of the UK's High Commissioner in April 2011 may change this relationship. Since the expulsion the UK has suspended direct government aid, citing concerns over governance and human rights.

 United States 6 July 1964 See Malawi–United States relations See also: Cochrane-Dyet 2011 Cable Controversy

The transition from a one-party state to a multi-party democracy significantly strengthened the already cordial U.S. relationship with Malawi. Significant numbers of Malawians study in the United States. The United States has an active Peace Corps program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, and an Agency for International Development (USAID) mission in Malawi.

In July 2011, the United States suspended direct funding. The US government agency responsible, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, suspended aid because it was 'deeply upset' by the deaths of the 19 people during the July protests.

 Zimbabwe 17 July 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1981 when has been appointed first High Commissioner of Malawi to Zimbabwe Mr. M. A. Banda and open High Commission of Malawi in Harare.

Malawi and the Commonwealth of Nations

Malawi became a full member of the Commonwealth on independence from the United Kingdom in 1964. Queen Elizabeth II, Head of the Commonwealth, was Queen of Malawi, represented by the Governor-General of Malawi, until the country became a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations in 1966, when the then Prime Minister of Malawi, Hastings Banda, declared himself the first President of Malawi.

See also

References

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