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The Pakanic languages constitute a branch of two Austroasiatic languages, Bolyu and Bugan. They are spoken in Guangxi and Yunnan provinces of southern China. Mang was formerly included, but is now considered by Paul Sidwell to form its own separate branch within Austroasiatic.

Classification

Jenny & Sidwell (2015) consider Pakanic to be an independent branch of Austroasiatic.

Various classifications had previously been proposed for individual Pakanic languages. In 1990, Paul K. Benedict argued that Bolyu constitutes a separate Mon-Khmer branch. Edmondson & Gregerson (1996) listed many phonological and lexical similarities shared by Bolyu and Vietic languages. However, Gérard Diffloth later suggested that Pakanic (i.e., Bolyu and Bugan) shares an affinity with Palaungic languages and was part of a wider Northern Mon-Khmer group.

Mangic proposal

Mangic, a proposed language grouping that includes Mang as a sister to Pakanic within a unified subgroup of Austroasiatic, is recognized by Ilia Peiros (2004) and Sidwell's earlier classifications. Nguyen Van Loi also classified Mang within the Samtau group of Waic with Palaungic, although he later classified Mang as a sister of Waic (Sidwell 2009:133).

Reconstruction

Proto-Pakanic, the proto-language ancestral to Bolyu and Bugan but not Mang, was reconstructed by Andrew Hsiu (2016). Hsiu (2017), citing Li Xulian (1999), notes that Pakanic languages were formerly spoken further up north in Guizhou and were in close contact with Gelao. Hsiu (2017) also notes that Pakanic languages display loanword influence from Kra languages, and have also influenced Kra languages.

See also

• Mang language, formerly considered to be closely related

References

1. Sidwell, Paul. (2021). Austroasiatic Dispersal: the AA "Water-World" Extended. SEALS 2021. (Video)
2. Jenny, Mathias; Sidwell, Paul, eds. (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
3. Edmondson, Jerold A.; Gregerson, Kenneth J. (1996). "Bolyu Tone in Vietic Perspective" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 26: 117–133.
4. Hsiu, Andrew (2016). "A Preliminary Reconstruction of Proto-Pakanic" (Final term paper for a Payap University graduate course). doi:10.5281/zenodo.1127812 – via Zenodo.
5. Hsiu, Andrew (2017). "Hezhang Buyi: A Highly Endangered Northern Tai Language With a Kra Substratum". doi:10.5281/zenodo.1249176 – via Zenodo.

• Li, Yunbing 李云兵 (2005). Bùgēngyǔ yánjiū 布赓语研究 [A Study of Bugeng ] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.

Further reading

• Sidwell, Paul; Hsiu, Andrew (2019). Pakanic Tonogenesis in Areal and Etymological Perspective. Paper presented at ICSTLL 52, University of Sydney, June 24–26, 2019.
• Sidwell, Paul (2009). Classifying the Austroasiatic Languages: History and State of the Art. München: Lincom Europa.
• Edmondson, Jerold A. (1995). "English–Bolyu Glossary" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 24: 133–159.
• Edmondson, Jerold A.; Gregerson, Kenneth J. (1996). "Bolyu Tone in Vietic Perspective" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 26: 117–133.
• Sidwell, Paul (1995). "Bolyu is a Mon–Khmer Language: Even if Benedict Says So!". La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics. 8. hdl:1959.9/538289.
• Li, Jinfang (1996). "Bugan — A New Mon–Khmer Language of Yunnan Province, China" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 26: 135–160.
• Tan, Sijie; Yang, Minhui; Yu, Haijing; Dong, Yongli; Shou, Weihua; Zou, Ju; Tang, Wenru; Guo, Yue; Xiao, Chunjie (2007). "Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms Define the Origin of the Mang, an Isolated Population in China". Annals of Human Biology. 34 (5): 573–581. doi:10.1080/03014460701492237.

Chinese

• Li, Xulian 李旭练 (1999). Láiyǔ yánjiū 倈语硏究 [A Study of Bolyu] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.
• Liang, Min 梁敏 (1984). "Láiyǔ gàikuàng" 俫语概况 [A Sketch of Bolyu]. Mínzú yǔwén (in Chinese). 1984 (4): 64–79.
• Li, Jinfang 李錦芳 (1996). "Bùgànyǔ gàikuàng" 布干语概况 [A Sketch of Bugan]. Mínzú yǔwén (in Chinese). 1996 (6): 68–77.
• Gao, Yongqi 高永奇 (2001). "Mǎngyǔ gàikuàng" 莽语概况 [A Sketch of Mang]. Mínzú yǔwén (in Chinese). 2001 (4): 72–80.
• Gao, Yongqi 高永奇 (2003). Mǎngyǔ yánjiū 莽语硏究 [A Study of Mang] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.

External links

• Mang vocabulary from SEAlang
• Bolyu vocabulary from SEAlang
• RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
• Pakanic languages in RWAAI Digital Archive

• Mangic languages
• Pakanic languages