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The Marienwerder Region (German: Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder) was a government region (Regierungsbezirk) of Prussia from 1815 until 1920 and again 1939-1945. It was a part of the Province of West Prussia from 1815 to 1829, and again 1878–1920, belonging to the Province of Prussia in the intervening years, and to the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia in the years 1939-1945. The regional capital was Marienwerder in West Prussia (now Kwidzyn).
History
Most of Polish Royal Prussia was annexed by King Frederick the Great of Prussia in the 1772 First Partition of Poland. The town of Marienwerder, previously in Ducal Prussia, became an administrative capital of the newly acquired territory, which became the Province of West Prussia on 31 January 1773.
West Prussia was divided into the regions of Danzig and Marienwerder in 1815, following the Napoleonic Wars. While the governor and provincial authorities were based in Danzig (Gdańsk), the provincial supreme court of Marienwerder [de] (1772-1943) was in the homonymous town.
From 1815 to 1818, West Prussia was reorganised into districts (or Kreise), within each government region. The Marienwerder Region included the rural districts (Kreise) of Culm [de] (1818-1920), Briesen [de] (1887-1920), Deutsch-Krone [de] (1772-1945), Flatow (1818-1945), Graudenz-Land [de] (1818-1920), Konitz [de] (1772-1920), Löbau in West Prussia [de] (1818-1920), Marienwerder (1752-1945), Rosenberg in West Prussia [de] (1818-1945), Schlochau (1818-1945), Schwetz [de] (1818-1920), Strasburg in West Prussia [de] (1818-1920), Stuhm [de] (1818-1945), Thorn-Land [de] (1818-1920), and Tuchel [de] (1875-1920).
Up until 1920, the Marienwerder Region comprised the urban districts (Stadtkreise) of Graudenz (Grudziądz) and Thorn (Toruń), both established on 1 January 1900.
The Marienwerder Region was placed under an inter-Allied commission from 1920 to 1922 and was eventually divided, with the western districts included within the newly established Polish Republic as part of the so-called Polish Corridor. The eastern part of Marienwerder that voted to be incorporated within the Weimar Republic was named the Region of West Prussia (Regierungsbezirk Westpreußen) while it was joined to the Province of East Prussia from 1922 to 1939, after which the original Marienwerder Region was restored until its dissolution in 1945.
Demographics
Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder had a majority German population, with a large Polish minority.
| District (Kreis) | Polish name | Population | German | % | Polish / Kashubian / Bilingual | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Briesen | Wąbrzeźno | 49,506 | 24,007 | 48.5% | 25,487 | 51.5% |
| Culm | Chełmno | 50,069 | 23,345 | 46.6% | 26,709 | 53.3% |
| Deutsch Krone | Wałcz | 62,182 | 61,143 | 98.3% | 1,022 | 1.6% |
| Flatow | Złotów | 69,186 | 50,648 | 73.2% | 18,531 | 26.8% |
| Landkreis Graudenz | Grudziądz | 48,818 | 28,755 | 58.9% | 20,046 | 41.1% |
| Stadtkreis Graudenz | Grudziądz | 40,325 | 34,193 | 84.8% | 6,076 | 15.1% |
| Konitz | Chojnice | 63,723 | 28,032 | 44.0% | 35,670 | 56.0% |
| Löbau | Lubawa | 59,037 | 12,119 | 20.5% | 46,911 | 79.5% |
| Marienwerder | Kwidzyn | 68,426 | 42,465 | 62.1% | 25,944 | 37.9% |
| Rosenberg | Susz | 54,550 | 50,194 | 92.0% | 4,321 | 7.9% |
| Schlochau | Człuchów | 67,157 | 56,648 | 84.4% | 10,488 | 15.6% |
| Schwetz | Świecie | 89,712 | 42,233 | 47.1% | 47,465 | 52.9% |
| Strasburg | Brodnica | 62,142 | 21,097 | 33.9% | 41,026 | 66.0% |
| Stuhm | Sztum | 36,527 | 20,923 | 57.3% | 15,583 | 42.7% |
| Landkreis Thorn | Toruń | 59,317 | 27,751 | 46.8% | 31,493 | 53.1% |
| Stadtkreis Thorn | Toruń | 46,227 | 30,505 | 66.0% | 15,576 | 33.7% |
| Tuchel | Tuchola | 33,951 | 11,265 | 33.2% | 22,656 | 66.7% |
| Total | - | 960,855 | 565,323 | 58.8% | 395,004 | 41.1% |
Districts 1818 to 1920
Urban districts
- Thorn (1900-1920; 1939-1945), disentangled from Thorn District
- Graudenz (1900-1920; 1939-1945), disentangled from Graudenz District
Rural districts
- Culm [de] (1818-1920; 1939-1945), based in Culm upon Vistula
- Briesen [de] (1887-1920; 1939-1945), based in Briesen in West Prussia
- Deutsch-Krone [de] (1772-1945), based in Deutsch-Krone
- Flatow (1818-1945), based in Flatow
- Graudenz [de] (1818-1920), based in Graudenz
- Konitz [de] (1772-1920; 1939-1945), based in Konitz
- Löbau (1818-1920; 1939-1945), based in Löbau in West Prussia
- Marienwerder (1752-1945), based in Marienwerder in West Prussia
- Rosenberg (1818-1945), based in Rosenberg in West Prussia
- Schlochau (1818-1945), based in Schlochau
- Schwetz [de] (1818-1920), based in Schwetz
- Strasburg in West Prussia [de] (1818-1920; 1939-1945), based in Strasburg in West Prussia
- Stuhm (1818-1945), based in Stuhm
- Thorn [de] (1818-1920; 1939-1945), based in Thorn
- Tuchel [de] (1875-1920; 1939-1945), based in Tuchel
Regional presidents
Each of the nineteen Regierungsbezirke featured a non-legislative governing body called a Regierungspräsidium or Bezirksregierung (regional government) headed by a Regierungspräsident (regional president), concerned mostly with applying state law to administrative decisions on municipalities within their jurisdiction and their umbrella organisations (the districts).
- 1814–1823 : Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel the Younger (1775–1843)
- 1823–1825 : Johann Carl Rothe (1771–1853)
- 1825–1830 : Eduard von Flottwell (1786–1865)
- 1830–1850 : Jakob von Nordenflycht [de] (1785–1854)
- 1850–1875 : Botho Heinrich zu Eulenburg (1804–1879)
- 1875–1881 : Adalbert von Flottwell [fr] (1829–1909)
- 1881–1891 : Christian Julius von Massenbach [de] (1832–1904)
- 1891–1901 : Karl Heinrich Ludwig von Horn [de] (1833–1911)
- 1901–1905 : Ernst Ludwig von Jagow [pl] (1853–1930)
- 1905–1920 : Karl Schilling [de] (1858–1931)
- 1939–1945 : Otto von Keudell [de]
Literature
- (in German) Michael Rademacher: Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Preußen, Provinz Westpreußen Archived 20 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine (2006)
- (in German) E. Jacobson: Topographisch-statistisches Handbuch für den Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder, Danzig 1868 (Online, Google).
References
- ^ Belzyt, Leszek (1998). Sprachliche Minderheiten im preußischen Staat: 1815-1914. Die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar. Marburg: Herder-Inst. ISBN 978-3-87969-267-5.
- The city of Culm is known as Chełmno between 1466-1772, and since 1920.
- The city of Deutsch-Krone is known as Wałcz between 1466-1772 and since 1945.
- The city of Flatow is known as Złotów between 1370-1722 and since 1945, most of the original district area was part of Poland since 1920, and the rest remaining with Germany became Polish in 1945.
- The city of Graudenz is known as Grudziądz between 1466-1772 and since 1920.
- The city of Konitz is known as Chojnice between 1370-1722 and since 1920
- The city of Löbau in West Prussia is known as Lubawa between 1466-1772, 1807–1815, and since 1920.
- The city of Marienwerder in West Prussia is known as Kwidzyn today.
- The city of Rosenberg in West Prussia is known as Susz today.
- The city of Schlochau is known as Człuchów between 1466-1772 and since 1945.
- The city of Schwetz is known as Świecie between 1466-1772 and since 1920.
- The city of Strasburg in West Prussia is known as Brodnica before 1772 and since 1920.
- The city of Stuhm is known as Sztum between 1466-1772 and since 1945.
- The city of Thorn is known as Toruń today.
- Regional Governments in France, Germany, Poland and The Netherlands (HTML version of PowerPoint presentation) – Cachet, A (coordinator), Erasmus University, Rotterdam
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