Mark 41 vertical launching system

Missile launching system

Mk 41 vertical launching system
A single 8-cell Mk 41 VLS module fitted to New Zealand frigate HMNZS Te Kaha
Type	Missile launching system
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1986–present
Used by	United States Navy Royal Navy
Wars	Cold War Tanker War Gulf War Kosovo War War on Terror Red Sea crisis
Production history
Designed	1970s
Manufacturer	Martin Marietta Lockheed Martin
Variants	Mk 57 Mk 70 Mod 1

The Mark 41 vertical launching system (Mk 41 VLS) is a shipborne missile canister launching system which provides a rapid-fire launch capability against hostile threats. The vertical launching system (VLS) concept was derived from work on the Aegis Combat System.

History

Refinement of the initial concept of Aegis system in the 1960s continued through the 1960s and 1970s, and the Mk 41 was conceived in 1976. Originally, the system was only intended to fire the RIM-66 Standard missile, but the height of the Mk 41 was increased to accommodate the larger Tomahawk missile. The prototype for the launcher was tested and evaluated on board USS Norton Sound. The first operational launcher was installed aboard USS Bunker Hill.

Combat history

On 12 October 2016, USS Mason (DDG-87) was targeted by missiles fired from Yemeni territory while operating in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait. Mason was not hit by the two missiles, which were fired from near the city of Al Hudaydah. While the Navy is not certain whether the first incoming missile was intercepted or it just fell into the sea, officials claim Mason successfully intercepted the second missile at a distance of about 8 miles (13 km), marking the first time in history a warship destroyed an inbound anti-ship missile with a SAM in actual self-defense and the first time the Mk41 VLS did so.

Specifications

Mark 41 (Mk 41)

The Mk 41 is capable of firing the following missiles:

Surface-to-air

Surface-to-surface

RGM-109 Tomahawk
Joint Strike Missile
RGM-179 JAGM
LRASM (BTV) with a Mk-114 booster rocket

Anti-submarine

RUM-139 VL-ASROC

The missiles are pre-loaded into "canisters", which are then loaded into the individual "cells" of the launcher. The ESSM is loaded in a quad-pack with 4 missiles in one Mk 25 canister, older types of 8 cell modules are not able to use ESSM. Lockheed Martin has developed the Host Extensible Launching System (ExLS), an adapter for Mark 41 and Mark 57 vertical launching systems that was designed to allow for easier integration of new or existing weapon systems such as Nulka, RAM Block 2, CAMM and CAMM-ER, and the Joint Air to Ground Missile (JAGM) in a quad-packed configuration. Some munitions under development such as CAMM-MR are planned to be dual-packed (likely with ExLS) with two missiles sharing a single canister enabling larger and longer range munitions to be carried in greater quantity.

Launcher cells are fitted to ships in 8 cell modules (2 rows of 4) that share a common uptake hatch (exhaust system) sited between the two rows. The Mk 41 VLS adopts modular design concept, which result in different versions that vary in size and weight due to different "canisters" in various modules. The height (determining missile length) of the launcher comes in three sizes: 209 inches (5.3 m) for the self-defense version, 266 in (6.8 m) for the tactical version, and 303 inches (7.7 m) for the strike version. The empty weight for an 8-cell module is 26,800 pounds (12.2 t) for the self-defense version, 29,800 pounds (13.5 t) for the tactical version, and 32,000 pounds (15 t) for the strike version. Ticonderoga cruisers and Arleigh Burke destroyers up to DDG-78 have a Strikedown module fore and aft, which consists of five cells and a collapsible crane for assisting with replenishment at sea. As replenishment of large missiles at sea was later seen as impractical and dangerous, Strikedown modules fell out of use on newer ships.

Mark 56 (Mk 56) VLS and Mark 57 (Mk 57) PVLS

The Mk 56 VLS is an evolution of the tactical length Mk 41 VLS which is a smaller version of the strike length Mk 41 used on Arleigh Burke-class destroyers.

The Mk 57 Peripheral Vertical Launch System (PVLS) used on the Zumwalt-class destroyers is composed of much larger VLS cells capable of venting much larger volume and mass of exhaust gasses (mass flow rate), but is an evolution of the smaller unarmored Mk 56 VLS. The Mk 57 PVLS are designed to be installed on the ship periphery with armor on the inboard boundary, instead of in centralized magazines used in the Mk 41.

Developed by Raytheon, Mk 57 provides backward compatibility with existing missiles while allowing new missiles with significantly increased propulsion and payloads. While allowing for larger missiles than the Mk 41, the primary improvement of Mk 57 is its exhaust gas management system which can accommodate new missile designs having up to 45 percent greater rocket motor mass flow rate than that of Mk 41. The unique symmetric geometry of the U-shaped gas management system facilitates the egress of gases, while minimizing flow into adjacent cells and reversed flow into the active cell. Another advantage is the elimination of the water deluge system, which is used to cool the missile canister in the event that the missile restraint bolts do not release after rocket motor ignition. Elimination of the water deluge system significantly reduces maintenance and personnel requirements, and protects against accidental missile wet-down.

Vertical Missile Launcher Mk 57 GMVLS specifications
Missiles	4 cells
Width	7.25 ft (2.21 m)
Length	14.2 ft (4.3 m)
Height	26 ft (7.9 m)
Weight	33,600 lb (15,200 kg)
Maximum canister width	28 in (0.71 m)
Maximum canister length	283 in (7.2 m)
Maximum canistered weight	9,020 lb (4,090 kg)

Variants

MK 41 Mod 0, Ticonderoga-class cruisers, two 61 cell Vertical Launcher Mk 158 Mod 0 or Mod 1, forward and aft.
MK 41 Mod 1, Spruance-class destroyers, 61 cells forward.
MK 41 Mod 2, Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, DDG-51 to DDG-78, one 29 cell Vertical Launcher Mk 159 Mod 0 forward, one 61 cell Vertical Launcher Mk 158 Mod 0 aft.
MK 41 Mod unknown, Constellation-class frigates, 32 cells.
MK 41 Mod unknown, Álvaro de Bazán-class frigates (Spain), 48 cells.
MK 41 Mod unknown, Deveselu Military Base
MK 41 Mod 3, Brandenburg-class frigates (Germany), 16 cells.
MK 41 Mod 5, Anzac-class frigates (Australia, New Zealand), 8 cells
MK 41 Mod 7, Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, DDG-79 to DDG-91, one 32 cell Vertical Launcher Mk 177 Mod 0 forward, one 64 cell Vertical Launcher Mk 176 Mod 0 aft.
MK 41 Mod 8, Barbaros-class frigates (Turkey), 8 or 16 cells
MK 41 Mod 9, De Zeven Provinciën-class frigates (Netherlands), 40 cells
MK 41 Mod 10, Sachsen-class frigates (Germany), 32 cells
MK 41 Mod 15, Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, DDG-92 and up, one 32 cell Vertical Launcher Mk 177 Mod 3 forward, one 64 cell Vertical Launcher Mk 176 Mod 2 aft.
MK 41 Mod 16, Adelaide-class frigates (Australia), 8 cells
MK 70 Mod 1, containerized four-cell launcher
Long-Range Missile (LMSL) Battery, containerized single cell launcher on a US Marine Corps ROGUE- Fires JLTV vehicle

Operators

Australia

Adelaide-class frigate - (8 cells) (Retired)
Anzac-class frigate - (8 cells)
Hobart-class destroyer - (48 cells)
Hunter-class frigate - (32 cells)

Canada

Iroquois-class destroyer - (29 cells) (Retired)
River-class destroyer - (24 cells)

Chile

Adelaide-class frigate - (8 cells)

Denmark

Iver Huitfeldt-class frigate - (32 cells)

Finland

Pohjanmaa-class corvette - (8 or 16 cells)

Germany

Sachsen-class frigate - (32 cells)
Brandenburg-class frigate - (16 cells)
F126 frigate (16 cells)

Japan

Maya-class destroyer - (96 cells)
Atago-class destroyer - (96 cells)
Kongō-class destroyer - (90 cells)
Hyūga-class helicopter destroyer - (16 cells)
Murasame-class destroyer - (16 cells)
Takanami-class destroyer - (32 cells)
Akizuki-class destroyer - (32 cells)
Asahi-class destroyer - (32 cells)
Mogami-class frigate - (16 cells)
Asuka - (8 cells)

Netherlands

De Zeven Provinciën-class frigate - (40 cells)

Norway

Fridtjof Nansen-class frigate - (8 or 16 cells)

South Korea

Chungmugong Yi Sun-shin-class destroyer (KDX-II) - (32 cells)
Sejong the Great-class destroyer (KDX-III) - (80 cells)

Spain

Álvaro de Bazán-class frigate - (48 cells)
F110-class frigate - (16 cells)

Taiwan

Kaohsiung-class tank landing ship - (Test ship)

Thailand

Naresuan-class frigate - (8 cells)
Bhumibol Adulyadej-class frigate - (8 cells)

Turkey

G-class frigate - (8 cells)
Barbaros-class frigate - (16 cells)

United Kingdom

Type 26 frigate - (24 cells)
Type 31 frigate - (32 cells)

United States

Spruance-class destroyer - (61 cells, installed on 24 of 31 vessels) (Retired)
Arleigh Burke-class destroyer - (90 or 96 cells)
Ticonderoga-class cruiser - (122 cells)
Zumwalt-class destroyer - (80 Mk 57 cells)
Constellation-class frigate - (32 Mk 41 cells)
DDG(X) class destroyer - (At minimum up to 128 cells (4x32 module configuration), dependent on number of hypersonic missiles carried as per current US Navy design proposal)

Gallery

The VLS cells onboard USS San Jacinto.
A Tomahawk missile canister being loaded into a VLS aboard the Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Curtis Wilbur
VLS cells open for inspection aboard USS Fitzgerald
An SM3 departs the Mk 41 VLS aboard USS Lake Erie with uptake hatch and cell hatch open.
VLS Strikedown crane folded, aboard USS Mitscher
VLS Strikedown crane extended, aboard USS Hopper
Diagram of a Mk 41 Mod 0 VLS.