| Markham | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Madang and Morobe Provinces, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian |
| Proto-language | Proto-Markham |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | mark1257 |
The Markham languages form a family of the Huon Gulf languages. It consists of a dozen languages spoken in the Ramu Valley, Markham Valley and associated valley systems in the lowlands of the Madang and Morobe Provinces of Papua New Guinea. Unlike almost other Western Oceanic languages of New Guinea, which are spoken exclusively in coastal areas, many Markham languages are spoken in the mountainous interior of Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, where they are in heavy contact with Trans-New Guinea languages.
Although the Markham languages are Austronesian, they have had much contact with neighboring Papuan languages.
A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Markham is presented in Holzknecht (1989) and is summarized below.
Languages
Labu (= Hapa)
- Lower Markham
- Aribwaung (= Aribwaungg, Yalu), Aribwatsa (= Lae, Lahe), Musom, Nafi (= Sirak), Duwet (= Guwot, Waing), Wampar, Silisili (Middle Watut), Maralango (South Watut), Dangal (South Watut)
- Upper Markham
- Adzera (dialect cluster: Sarasira, Sukurum), Mari, Wampur
Proto-Markham
| Proto-Markham | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Markham languages |
| Reconstructed ancestors | Proto-Austronesian |
Proto-Markham was reconstructed by Susanne Holzknecht in 1989 in her paper The Markham Languages of Papua New Guinea. It descends from Proto-Huon Gulf on the basis of shared phonological, morphosyntactic and lexicosemantic innovations, such as the merger of Proto-Huon Gulf *t, *r, and *R as Proto-Markham *r, the accretion of *ka- into focal pronoun bases (Proto-Oceanic *kamu "you" > Proto-Markham *ka-gam "id."), and the replacement of Proto-Oceanic *qacan "name" by Proto-Markham *biŋa "id.", among many others.
Vowels
The vowels of Proto-Markham, according to Holzknecht, are:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | *i | *u | |
| Close-mid | *e | *o | |
| Open | *a |
Consonants
The consonants of Proto-Markham, according to Holzknecht, are:
Consonants Labiovelar Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Stop voiced *b *d *ɟ *g voiceless *kʷ *p *t *c *k Nasal *mʷ *m, *ᵐb *n, *ⁿd *ᶮɟ *ŋ, *ᵑɡ Fricative *f *s Approximant *w *l, *r
References
- ^ Holzknecht, Susanne (1989). The Markham Languages of Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-394-8.
- Lynch, John; Malcolm Ross; Terry Crowley (2002). The Oceanic languages. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1128-4. OCLC 48929366.
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2019). "Glottolog". 3.4. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
| North New Guinea languages | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Sarmi–Jayapura | |||||||||||||||||||
| Schouten |
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| Huon Gulf |
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| Ngero–Vitiaz |
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