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Martha Yujra

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Bolivian politician (born 1964) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Yujra and the second or maternal family name is Apaza.

Martha Yujra
Martha Yujra in traditional chola dress, including a pollera and a bowler hat.
Minister of Cultures and Tourism
In office
14 November 2019 – 4 June 2020
PresidentJeanine Áñez
Preceded byWilma Alanoca
Succeeded byOffice abolished
Personal details
BornMartha Yujra Apaza
(1964-01-19) 19 January 1964 (age 60)
La Chojlla, La Paz, Bolivia
ResidenceEl Alto
Occupation
  • Diplomat
  • politician
  • trade unionist
SignatureCursive signature in ink

Martha Yujra Apaza (born 19 January 1964) is a Bolivian politician and trade unionist who served as minister of cultures and tourism from 2019 to 2020. A prominent trade union leader in El Alto, Yujra was the only indigenous member of the Jeanine Áñez Cabinet and was the final official to head the Ministry of Cultures and Tourism; the institution was abolished during her term. During her tenure, Yujra's office primarily dealt with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cultural sector, devising means of alleviating the economic ramifications of quarantine measures on artisans and entertainers. She subsequently served as a counselor at the Embassy of Bolivia in Quito from July to November 2020. Prior to serving as minister, Yujra gained notoriety for her fierce opposition to the government of Evo Morales. In 2017, she led a breakaway faction of the pro-government El Alto Regional Workers' Center. As its executive secretary, Yujra aligned the union with the Bolivia Says No alliance, running unsuccessfully to represent La Paz in the Chamber of Deputies in the annulled 2019 general elections.

Early life and career

Martha Yujra was born on 19 January 1964 in La Chojlla, a small mining community situated in the La Paz Yungas. An ethnic Aymara by descent, Yujra's mother died when she was seven; consequently, she was raised by her father, a local mineworker. From the age of 17, she was trained in trade union leadership, serving as a student representative in the Chojlla mine. There, she actively rebelled against the traditional machismo gender roles imposed by her community, seeking to pursue a career in the organized labor movement.

In her adolescence, Yujra moved to El Alto, where she studied at the Eduardo Abaroa School, later graduating from the Simón Bolívar Educational Unit. Some time thereafter, Yujra began a lengthy career in trade unionism; in 2000, she joined the Parent Federation before briefly becoming a member of the Bartolina Sisa Federation. Later on, Yujra became an active member of the Regional Workers' Center of El Alto (COR-El Alto), remaining involved in that organization for over a decade. Despite her tenure, she often faced typical patriarchal attitudes from her comrades: "at first, in the COR, my colleagues sent me to the store I was their peer. Until I stopped and said: women are to be respected". As a member of the COR, Yujra was present during the turbulent period of social unrest that El Alto experienced during the Bolivian gas conflict, which culminated in the fall from power of President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada in October 2003.

A chola woman hoists a Bolivian flag at a parade.
A COR unionist hoists the Bolivian tricolor at a parade, 4 March 2020.

Through her activism, Yujra came to be well-known in El Alto, gaining particular notoriety for her vocal criticism of President Evo Morales, a figure typically revered by labor sectors. As such, her positions occasionally put her at odds with the COR, which aligned itself with Morales's party, the Movement for Socialism (MAS-IPSP). In 2015, Yujra actively opposed Mayor Edgar Patana in his COR-supported bid for reelection, stating that his management had set the city back by half a decade. As a representative of the Neighborhood Civic Movement, she signed a political alliance to support the mayoral campaign of Soledad Chapetón, who ultimately denied Patana a second term in that year's municipal election.

Yujra's definitive break with the COR came in June 2017, when she was declared executive secretary of the COR in a congress she herself convened, challenging the rule of Eliseo Suxo, a former pro-government parliamentarian, who had enacted a series of mechanisms to prolong his term in power. The move split the COR into two factions, with both Yujra and Suxo declaring themselves the legitimate executive secretaries of the entire organization. To this was added a third faction led by Pedro Chinche, affiliated with the Chapetón administration. On 8 December, the COR's pro-government faction expelled Yujra from its ranks, accusing her of making commitments with political parties in violation of the union's statute of neutrality.

Despite her removal, Yujra's rival union continued to operate in the city. In the leadup to the 2019 general election, Yujra's COR participated in numerous opposition-led mobilizations, rejecting President Morales's re-nomination to a fourth term, which contravened a 2016 referendum that voted down the abolition of term limits. With the slogan of 21F, Yujra led marches across El Alto, stating that "the Alteño people have joined this fight because democracy also belongs to the Alteños". In January of that year, Yujra participated in a seven-day hunger strike against the president, only lifting the measure at the urgent request of medical staff. During the campaign, she supported the presidential candidacy of Senator Oscar Ortiz, with her faction of the COR becoming a component of his Bolivia Says No (BDN) alliance. BDN nominated Yujra as a candidate for deputy from La Paz, placing her second on its electoral list.

Ultimately, the BDN alliance failed to gain substantial traction in the La Paz Department, attaining only 1.19 percent of the vote. By the time the official count in La Paz concluded, however, Bolivia had entered a period of widespread unrest driven by accusations of electoral fraud at the national level. Amid nationwide civic strikes, Yujra's COR led demonstrations in El Alto, demanding the resignation of the members of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, whom she referred to as "traitors of the homeland". After twenty-one days of protests, the so-called Pitita Revolution culminated in the resignation of Morales and his government.

Minister of Cultures

Morales was succeeded by opposition senator Jeanine Áñez, who quickly moved to form an ad hoc cabinet to oversee a caretaker government. On 14 November 2019, two days after assuming office, Áñez appointed Yujra to head the Ministry of Cultures and Tourism. Yujra was the only indigenous member of the Áñez Cabinet, a point she highlighted at her swearing-in ceremony, where she ", as a woman in a pollera, ... to continue fighting for a country united in diversity". In her speech, she also declared that "it is women's time. We are the ones who take the reins of this country"; in its history, Áñez was only Bolivia's second female head of state.

Martha Yujra seated next to Jeaning Áñez in the Palacio Quemado
Áñez, flanked to her right by Yujra, in the Palacio Quemado, 19 November 2019.

Following her inauguration, amid continued social unrest in the country, Yujra presented herself as a mediator in the government's dialogue with labor sectors in El Alto. On 18 November, she traveled to the city to meet with leaders of neighborhood associations, seeking to negotiate an end to antigovernment demonstrations. Talks were partially successful, with most of El Alto's labor leaders agreeing to demobilize. However, more radical sectors maintained pressure measures, culminating in a police-led massacre in the Senkata barrio. Yujra blamed much of the unrest on supporters of the previous government, accusing ruling party members of forcing Alteños to participate in protests. Additionally, Yujra's administration cooperated with prosecutors in a criminal process against her predecessor, Wilma Alanoca, who stood accused of directing acts of violence in the city.

In her first major action as minister, Yujra endeavored to achieve official State recognition of Bolivia's indigenous chola community. On 27 January 2020, in a ceremony attended by dignitaries of various chola groups, Áñez signed a draft bill commemorating cholas from five departments and the Afro-Bolivian community, recognizing their identities as part of the country's intangible cultural heritage. For her part, Yujra—herself a chola—stated that "with this law, women in polleras are going to have a place that corresponds to us".

Under the slogan "a culture of peace and unity to heal", the Ministry of Cultures and Tourism launched the 2020 carnival celebration. The festival's inaugural act was held at the Viru Viru International Airport, featuring a flash mob of dancers, invited authorities—including Yujra—and other guests, all of whom shared in the festivities inside commercial aircraft. Throughout the celebration, Yujra's ministry worked in partnership with the private sector, seeking to promote tourism to the country.

At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Yujra's administration faced the impact of quarantine measures on the country's artists and entertainers. On 28 April, the Ministry of Cultures held a web conference with delegates from different entertainment sectors, in which viable solutions to face the difficult situation were outlined. Nonetheless, Yujra was criticized for failing to adequately meet the needs of artists, with opponents stating that her ministry lacked sound management throughout the pandemic. Additionally, the Federation of Neighborhood Councils of El Alto accused Yujra of not coordinating anti-COVID measures with local authorities, despite her being appointed as a presidential delegate to the city for that very purpose.

Martha Yujra speaks into a microphone during a press conference.
Yujra and her vice ministers at a press conference, 27 December 2019.

In the final days of her administration, Yujra authorized the grant, on a ninety-year loan, of La Sombrerería Cultural Center to the Central Bank of Bolivia's Cultural Foundation. Located in Sucre, La Sombrerería is the country's largest piece of cultural infrastructure, equipped with multiple theater rooms, a children's museum, and outdoor venues, all capable of housing hundreds of people. The cultural center was inaugurated in October 2019 but remained closed since, coinciding with the political crisis initiated at the time. Yujra considered that the loan—authorized through Supreme Decree N° 4243—would charge more capable officials with maintaining the property, allowing it to finally reopen after months of disuse.

Yujra's term in office lasted until 4 June, when it was terminated following Áñez's decision to permanently abolish three ministries; among them, the Ministry of Cultures and Tourism, which was merged with the Ministry of Education. The president characterized the decision as a cost-saving measure intended to conserve resources to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In an interview with Página Siete, Yujra noted that she had not been consulted about the decision to close the ministry: "the truth, it a surprise for me, ... I just had to accept it". The ex-minister considered the decision a mistake, expressing her hope that the ministry be reinstated, perhaps merged with the Ministry of Sports, which was also abolished. Yujra was nominally succeeded by Víctor Hugo Cárdenas, minister of education, though the vice ministry of interculturality—charged with heading the cultures portfolio—remained vacant for three months, with Marcelo Bazán being appointed to head it in September.

Two months after her removal from office, in late July, Áñez appointed Yujra to serve as a counselor in the Bolivian Embassy in Quito, Ecuador. Following the snap 2020 general elections and the return to power of the MAS, pro-government sectors from El Alto, La Paz, and surrounding provinces profiled Yujra among their list of more than thirty collaborators in the "coup d'état" of 2019, requesting that the Prosecutor's Office initiate criminal investigations against them. For her part, following her term as a counselor, Yujra retired to her residence in El Alto, affirming that she had no intention of leaving the country or going into hiding: "he who does nothing fears nothing. I have no reason to hide, why hide?"

Electoral history

Electoral history of Martha Yujra
Year Office Alliance Votes Result Ref.
Total % P.
2019 Deputy Bolivia Says No 19,892 1.19% 5th Annulled
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas

References

Notes

  1. Sabina Orellana, as minister of cultures, decolonization, and depatriarchalization; nominally Víctor Hugo Cárdenas, as minister of education, sports, and cultures; and partially Marcelo Bazán, as vice minister of interculturality.
  2. 21F (21 February) is an opposition political slogan referring to the date of the 2016 constitutional referendum, in which a majority of Bolivians voted against extending term limits.
  3. Presented on an electoral list. The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Ruvenal, Caio (23 September 2020). "Hay nuevo Viceministro y reina la incertidumbre". Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  2. Carrillo V., Liliana (23 February 2020). "'El museo de Orinoca es un elefante blanco, vamos a cambiar su función'". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  3. "Yujra es la ministra que representa a El Alto". Bolivia (in Spanish). La Paz. Agencia Boliviana de Información. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  4. "La residente de El Alto, Martha Yujra es la nueva ministra de Culturas". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 14 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  5. Herrera Farell, Ricardo David (14 November 2019). "Martha Yujra: 'Mi compromiso, como una mujer de pollera, es seguir luchando por un país unido en la diversidad'". El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  6. ^ "La Ministra de Culturas subirá a El Alto para pacificar los conflictos". El Alteño (in Spanish). 16 November 2019. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  7. Carrillo, Liliana (23 February 2020). "'El museo de Orinoca es un elefante blanco, vamos a cambiar su función'". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2022. Al principio a mí en la COR los compañeros me mandaban a la tienda cuando yo era su par. Hasta que me he parado y he dicho: a la mujer se respeta.
  8. "Áñez posesiona a cinco ministros, entre ellos una mujer de pollera de El Alto" (in Spanish). La Paz. ERBOL. 14 November 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  9. Staff writer (15 November 2019). Written at La Paz. "Una mujer aimara destaca en el gabinete del Gobierno transitorio de Bolivia". EFE (in Spanish). Madrid. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  10. "Alteña Martha Yujra asume como Ministra de Culturas y Turismo". El Alto Digital (in Spanish). 14 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  11. McNelly, Angus (12 November 2019). "Bolivia in crisis: how Evo Morales was forced out". The Conversation. Melbourne. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2022. The social base of Morales' political party ... a group of unions and federations ... They have an organic relationship with and as such will all turn out to ... defend on the streets.
  12. Staff writer (17 February 2014). Written at El Alto. "Edgar Patana asegura su victoria con alianzas sociales en El Alto". EABolivia (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  13. "Candidata de UN Soledad Chapetón firma acuerdo con movimiento vecinal para alcaldía de El Alto". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Agencia de Noticias Fides. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  14. "Partido de Morales es derrotado en principales ciudades de Bolivia". Deutsche Welle (in Spanish). Berlin. 30 March 2015. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022. Chapetón logró un 55 por ciento en El Alto ... frente Edgar Patana ...
  15. ^ Mamani Luna, Edwin (14 December 2017). "Expulsan de las filas de la COR a Martha Yujra". El Alteño (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  16. Mamani Luna, Edwin (20 February 2020). "Dirigentes de la COR se rebelan contra Suxo". El Alteño (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2022. Eliseo Suxo actualmente el secretario ejecutivo de la COR, llegó a la organización el año 2008 ... a partir de ahí activó una serie de mecanismos para prorrogarse en el cargo que hasta ahora detenta.
  17. Mamani Luna, Edwin (30 April 2018). "Las 3 'cores' de El Alto mañana medirán su poder de convocatoria". El Alteño (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  18. Arteaga, Wara. Written at El Alto. "El Alto celebra 33 años con dos desfiles sobre la misma avenida". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  19. "Cuatro años del '21F', día en el que el pueblo boliviano dijo 'No' a la reelección de Evo Morales". La Patria (in Spanish). Oruro. 21 February 2020. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  20. "TSE habilita la repostulación de Evo Morales y García Linera para elecciones de 2019" (in Spanish). La Paz. Agencia de Noticias Fides. 4 December 2018. Archived from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  21. Mamani Luna, Edwin (12 July 2018). "La marcha del 21-F se fortaleció en El Alto". El Alteño (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022. Me llena de orgullo que el pueblo alteño se haya sumado a esta lucha, porque la democracia también es de los alteños.
  22. Calle, Esperanza (22 January 2019). "Yujra fue dada de baja tras siete dias de huelga". El Alteño (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  23. "En El Alto COR de Martha Yujra firma acuerdo para respaldar a Oscar Ortiz". El Alto Digital (in Spanish). 7 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  24. Layme, Beatriz (23 July 2019). "Gente de confianza de los jefes figura en la franja de seguridad". Página Siete. La Paz. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  25. "Concluye el cómputo oficial en La Paz y Beni se queda en el 99,69%". Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Sucre. 23 October 2019. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  26. "Elecciones en Bolivia: el conteo preliminar sitúa a Evo Morales como virtual ganador sin necesidad de segunda vuelta y en medio de denuncias de fraude". BBC Mundo (in Spanish). London. 21 October 2019. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  27. Mamani Luna, Edwin (6 November 2019). "La COR de Yujra lidera marcha contra el TSE". El Alteño (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  28. "Alteña Martha Yujra asume como Ministra de Culturas y Turismo". El Alto Digital (in Spanish). 14 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022. declaró traidores de la Patria a los vocales del TSE por avalar la reelección del mandatario.
  29. "Evo Morales renuncia a la presidencia de Bolivia y denuncia un golpe de Estado". BBC Mundo (in Spanish). London. 11 November 2019. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  30. Collyns, Dan (14 November 2019). Written at La Paz. "Bolivia president's initial indigenous-free cabinet heightens polarization". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  31. Herrera Farell, Ricardo David (14 November 2019). "Martha Yujra: 'Mi compromiso, como una mujer de pollera, es seguir luchando por un país unido en la diversidad'". El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2022. Es tiempo de las mujeres. Somos quienes tomamos las riendas de este país.
  32. "Jeanine Áñez: stand-in president vowing to 'pacify' Bolivia". France24 (in Spanish). Paris. Agence France-Presse. 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2022. Áñez became the South American country's ... second woman to hold the post.
  33. "La nueva ministra de Culturas llama a dialogar con El Alto y se ofrece de mediadora". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 14 November 2019. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  34. "Ministra Yujra se reunió con juntas vecinales de El Alto en busca de diálogo". ATB (in Spanish). La Paz. 18 November 2019. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  35. ^ "Gobierno inicia diálogo con sectores movilizados de El Alto". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. Agencia de Noticias Fides. 19 November 2019. Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  36. "Ministra Yujra: No por una o dos personas vamos a lastimarnos entre nosotros" (in Spanish). La Paz. Urgente.bo. 22 November 2019. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  37. "GIEI califica de 'masacres' los hechos de Sacaba y Senkata y hace 30 recomendaciones al Estado". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 17 August 2021. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  38. "Culturas se suma a querella contra Alanoca; frenan tres salvoconductos". Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 25 November 2019. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  39. Staff writer (27 January 2020). Written at La Paz. "Bolivia busca declarar patrimonio cultural a sus icónicas cholas". EFE (in Spanish). Madrid. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  40. Carrillo, Liliana (23 February 2020). "'El museo de Orinoca es un elefante blanco, vamos a cambiar su función'". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2022. Con esta ley, las mujeres de pollera vamos a tener el lugar que nos corresponde ...
  41. Quispe, José Luis (10 February 2020). "Bolivia ya vive Carnaval en ambiente de unidad". El Alteño (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  42. Ortega, Erick; Mejía, Paola (30 April 2020). "A más de un mes de la cuarentena, Culturas se reúne con artistas y recibe propuestas". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  43. Ortega, Erick (2 June 2020). "Más de 700 personas del quehacer cultural solicitan la renuncia de la ministra Martha Yujra". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  44. Cama, Omar (2 April 2020). "Fejuve contestaría de El Alto exige la renuncia de la Ministra de Culturas en un plazo de 48 horas". Radio Splendid (in Spanish). El Alto. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  45. Ortega, Erick (26 May 2020). "La Sombrerería pasa a tuición de la FCBCB en comodato". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  46. Áñez Chávez, Jeanine (19 May 2020). "Decreto Supremo N° 4243". gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  47. "Bolivia elimina tres ministerios y dos embajadas: destinará esos recursos a luchar contra el coronavirus". La Tercera (in Spanish). Santiago. Europa Press. 5 June 2020. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  48. Vaca, Mery (13 September 2020). "Yujra desde Quito: Quiero que vuelva el ministerio, aunque no sea conmigo". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022. La verdad, ha sido una sorpresa para mí, pero son decisiones de nuestra Presidenta. Yo la tuve que asumir nomás.
  49. ^ Mamani Cayo, Yolanda (2 June 2021). "Cinco ministros de Áñez están fuera del país, dos presos y uno en la clandestinidad". Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2022. Yo estoy aquí en mi chaquito porque el que nada hace, nada teme. No tengo yo por qué esconderme, por qué ocultarme?
  50. Luna, Pedro (17 September 2021). "En el MAS elaboran lista de 30 personas vinculadas al 'golpe sangriento' y piden su procesamiento". La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  51. "Publicación de Resultados Nacionales: Elecciones Generales 2019" (PDF). www.oep.org.bo (in Spanish). Plurinational Electoral Organ. 2019. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
Political offices
Preceded byWilma Alanoca Minister of Cultures and Tourism
2019–2020 		Office abolished
Víctor Hugo Cárdenas as
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