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The Matres (Latin for "mothers") and Matronae (Latin for "matrons") were female deities venerated in Northwestern Europe, of whom relics are found dating from the first to the fifth century AD. They are depicted on votive offerings and altars that bear images of goddesses, depicted almost entirely in groups of three, that feature inscriptions (about half of which feature Continental Celtic names and half of which feature Germanic names) and were venerated in regions of Germania, Eastern Gaul, and Northern Italy (with a small distribution elsewhere) that were occupied by the Roman army from the first to the fifth century.

Matres also appear on votive reliefs and inscriptions in other areas occupied by the Roman army, including southeast Gaul, as at Vertillum; in Spain and Portugal, where some twenty inscriptions are known, among them several ones that include local epithets such as a dedication to the Matribus Gallaicis "to the Galician Mothers"; and also in the Romano-Celtic culture of Pannonia in the form of similar reliefs and inscriptions to the Nutrices Augustae, "the august Nurses" found in Roman sites of Ptuj, Lower Styria.

Motifs

Matres and Matronae appear depicted on both stones with inscriptions and without, both as altars and votives. All depictions are frontal; they appear almost exclusively in threes with at least one figure holding a basket of fruit in her lap and the women are either standing or sitting. In some depictions, the middle figure is depicted with loose hair and wearing a headband and the other two wear head dresses. In addition, snakes, children, and diapers appear. Other motifs include depictions of sacrifice—including burning incense, pigs, bowls filled with fruit—and decorations of fruits, plants, and trees. In most cases, the votive stones and altars are not found singularly, but rather in groups around temple buildings and cult centers.

Function

The motif of triple goddesses was widespread in ancient Europe; compare the Fates (including Moirai, Parcae, and Norns), the Erinyes, the Charites, the Morrígan, the Horae, and other such figures, including the Tridevi of Hinduism.

Rudolf Simek suggests that the loose hair may point to maidenhood whereas the head dresses may refer to married women, the snakes may refer to an association with the souls of the dead or the underworld, and the children and diapers seem to suggest that the Matres and Matronae held a protective function over the family as well as a particular function as midwives.

Veneration

Information about the religious practices surrounding the Matres is limited to the stones on which their depictions and inscriptions are found, of which more than 1,100 exist.

Motifs include depictions of sacrifice—including burning incense, pigs, bowls filled with fruit—and decorations of fruits, plants, and trees. In most cases, the votive stones and altars are not found singularly, but rather in groups around temple buildings and cult centers.

See also

• Matrika
• Dea Matrona
• Dís
• Idis
• Modron
• Mōdraniht
• Nehalennia
• Suleviae

Notes

1. ^ Lindow 2002, p. 224.
2. ^ Simek 1996, pp. 204–205.
3. CIL II 2776.
4. K. Wigand, "Die Nutrices Augustae von Poeticio" Jahreshrift Österreiches Archäologisches Institut 18 (1915), pp 118-218, illus., noted by Susan Scheinberg, "The Bee Maidens of the Homeric Hymn to Hermes" Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 83 (1979), p 2.
5. ^ Simek 1996, p. 206.

References

• Lindow, John (2002). Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983969-8.
• Simek, Rudolf (1996). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-0-85991-513-7.

Further reading

• Garman, Alex Gustav (2008). The Cult of the Matronae in the Roman Rhineland: An Historical Evaluation of the Archaeological Evidence. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-5224-4.
• Spickermann, Wolfgang. "NOUVELLES RÉFLEXIONS RELATIVES À LA GENÈSE ET AUXVECTEURS DU CULTE MATRONAL DANS LA RÉGION DU RHIN INFÉRIEUR." Cahiers Du Centre Gustave Glotz 13 (2002): 141-67. www.jstor.org/stable/24359212.

v t e Celtic mythology series
Ancient deities of Gaul, Britain and Gallaecia by region
Supra-regional	Alaunus Alisanos Andarta Anextiomarus Artio Aveta Belenus Belisama Borvo Brigantia Camulus Cernunnos Cicolluis Cissonius Condatis Damona Dis Pater Divona Epona Erecura Esus Genii Cucullati Grannus Ialonus Contrebis Lenus Litavis Loucetios Lugus Maponos Matres Matrona Mogons Nantosuelta Ogmios Ritona Rosmerta Segomo Sirona Sucellus Suleviae Taranis Telesphorus Toutatis Virotutis Visucius
Britannia	Abandinus Alaisiagae Ancasta Andraste Apollo Cunomaglus Arnemetia Belatucadros Britannia Clota Cocidius Coventina Iouga Latis Nodens Ocelus Ricagambeda Satiada Senuna Sulis Vinotonus Verbeia Veteris
Gallia Aquitania	Abellio Baco Fagus Sexarbores
Gallia Belgica	Abnoba Ancamna Arduinna Arvernus Icovellauna Inciona Intarabus Iovantucarus Veraudunus Vindonnus Vosegus Xulsigiae
Gallia Celtica	Acionna Anvallus Atepomarus Bricta Gobannus Icaunis Luxovius Nemetona Moccus Moritasgus Mullo Naria Robor Sequana Souconna Smertrios Telo
Gallia Cisalpina	Ambisagrus
Gallia Narbonensis	Albiorix Artaius Buxenus Cathubodua Lero et Lerina Nemausus Rudianos
Germania Inferior	Matronae Aufaniae Gebrinius Nehalennia
Gallaecia	Bandua Endovelicus Nabia Reue

• Abundance goddesses
• Childhood goddesses
• Death goddesses
• Deities of classical antiquity
• Gaulish goddesses
• Germanic goddesses
• Mother goddesses
• Nature goddesses
• Triple goddesses