The mechanome consists of the body, or ome, of data including cell and molecular processes relating to force and mechanical systems at molecular, cellular and tissue length scales - the fundamental "machine code" structures of the cell. The mechanome encompasses biological motors, like kinesin, myosin, RNAP, and Ribosome mechanical structures, like actin or the cytoskeleton and also proteomic and genomic components that are mechanosensitive and are involved in the response of cells to externally applied force.
A definition of the "Mechanome" extending to cell/organ/body given by Prof. Roger Kamm, at the 5th World Congress of Biomechanics Munich, includes understanding: The complete state of stress existing from tissues to cells to molecules. The biological state that results from the distribution of forces. Requires knowledge of the distribution of force throughout the cell/organ/body, the functional interactions between these stresses and the fundamental biological processes.
The mechanome seeks to understand the fundamental physical-mechanical processes and events that affect biological function. An example at the molecular level includes the common structural designs used by kinesin and myosin motor proteins (such as dimer formation and mechanochemical cycles) that control their function and lead to properties such as processivity. The mechanome assembles the common features of these motors regardless of the "track" (microtubules, actin filaments, nucleotide based structures, membranes) they move on. A cytoskeletal example includes structures such as actin filament networks and bundles that can form from a variety of actin binding proteins that cross-link or bundle actin filaments leading to common mechanical changes of these structures. A cell machinery example includes common structures such as contractile ring formation formed by both actin and tubulin type structures leading to the same mechanical result of cell division.
In order to respond to loading cells require a functional mechanome, defined as the cellular and extracellular mechanosensitive elements (genomic, proteomic, metabolic etc.) that contribute to the mechanical responsiveness of specific cells within a defined mechanical environment.
Using mechanical force techniques, such as optical tweezers or atomic force microscopy, single proteins can be identified by a unique structural fingerprint .
Mechanomics
Mechanomics is the study of how forces are transmitted and the influence they have on biological function.
Mechanomics is also an emerging field between biology and biomechanics.
Physicomics
Physicomics it the complex of other than mechanical forces involved in cellular physiology and response to its environment. Besides mechanical one should think of other physical parameters such as pressure, temperature, electro-magnetic fields such as light, et cetera.
See also
External links
- Lang Laboratory at MIT, USA
- An animation of how the mechanome works in the cell by Harvard and XVIVO
References
- ^ van Loon, Jack J.W.A. "Microgravity and mechanomics". Gravitational and Space Biology. 20 (2): 3–18.
- ^ van Loon, Jack J. W. A. (January 2009). "Mechanomics and Physicomics in Gravisensing". Microgravity Science and Technology. 21 (1–2): 159–167. Bibcode:2009MicST..21..159V. doi:10.1007/s12217-008-9065-9. ISSN 0938-0108.
- Wang, J; Lü, D; Mao, D; Long, M (2014). "Mechanomics: an emerging field between biology and biomechanics". Protein Cell. 5 (7): 518–31. doi:10.1007/s13238-014-0057-9. PMC 4085284. PMID 24756566.
First use of the term "mechanome" by Matthew Lang at MIT
- First use of the term "mechanomics" was introduced in literature in 2001 by David Bradley in the November issue of Modern Drug Discovery in relation to protein-ligant complexes. In the same year Sem et al. used the same term in the J Cell Biochem Suppl. 2001, Suppl 37:99-105.